V. 9 N. 13 (2018): New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop

ricerche e progetti per il territorio, la città e l’architettura

ISSN 2036 1602

Direttore / Editor in chief Luigi Bartolomei

Università di Bologna | in_bo.unibo.it

2018, n° 13

issue 13

Sérgio Barreiros Proença

Eduardo Delgado Orusco, Reset Arquitectura, Spagna

Esteban Fernández-Cobian

Arzu Gönenç Sorguç

Turchia

Silvia Malcovati

Sara Marini

Alberto Perez Gomez

Claudio Sgarbi

Teresa Stoppani, Architectural Association, Regno Unito

Jacopo Benedetti, Università Roma 3

Alessandro Tognon, Università di Bologna

DA - Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Bologna

ricerche e progetti per il territorio, la città e

l’architettura. ISSN 2036 1602.

digitale e open access, del Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Bologna.

indice

index

Sebastiano Maltese,

4

Allocation

Rossana Paparella,

Mauro Caini

5

Buildings

Editorial

Kalle Kähkönen

Alessio Pino,

2

1

to Knowledge Management in

36

Giuseppe Montanari

3

Ridracoli

6

con il patrocinio di

indice

index

116

11

Analysis and Evaluation

with the Methods Fault

8

nstru

ction Site

7

Multi-Dimensional Risk

Assessment

9

Stefano Politi

Fabrizio Sampietro

10

136

13

Management

12

Built Environment

indice

index

176

17

Framework Agreement and

Bim Approach

Gabriele Novembri,

Antonio Fioravanti

18

A Theoretical Framework

166

Vito Getuli,

Pietro Capone,

16

in_bo New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop 2018, vol. 9 n. 13

Authors

Autori

real word employment and worked

and Environmental Engineering

American Development Bank on public procurement.

research is related to Management and

participate in several research projects.

Technology.

Management.

building technology and construction to University, where he has been lecturer on building technology and project management. Actually, he is books.

Building Technology and Architecture innovation and sustainability in the building process and product. Author publications

Engineering and Architecture at the The master degree thesis subject supervisor.

Transport Roadstructures (University

historical heritage buildings” (University prevention in buildings” and “Working Florence.

methodology to public procurement general management team and then

Founding partner and head manager

Building Engineer graduated with and sustainable design, currently

and he obtained a Second Level Master’s degree in Sustainable improving his skills about parametric

in_bo New Frontiers of Construction Management Workshop 2018, vol. 9 n. 13

analysis. She was born in Bologna on the 5th

February 1991. She graduated in Architecture and Building Engineering

Alvise Bragadin as supervisor. She

Building Engineering degree in in Architectural Engineering at the TLS surveys and on the application heritage.

building construction, construction site

publications.

research topic concerns Digital Asset Management business process

Model Management and Building implementation.

the Ferrara University.

Enthusiastic about computational design he dedicated primarily to the the management and control in the

designer.

Building Recovery and Technological

Systems Engineering.

Building Engineer passionate by research and teaching and

is on knowledge management and collaborative environments in the digital transition.

single cycle degree in Building Engineering and Architecture at the Architectural Engineering. She teaches

land planning and management.

Architectural and Enviromental

estimate.

Milano she worked on sustainability, energy saving and renewable energy in the built environment. At Unibs she

a user-centered behavioral design approach.

on buildings sustainability (Rating constructions and on the technologies

Bologna.

Building Engineer with MSc thesis

Monitoring. and Economics at Tampere University

interests and activities are addressing

cooperation between stakeholders and

project core team, the appearances

is currently working with construction project systems and innovative private-public procurement process.

Construction Management

Workshop 2018

change in the societies, business environments and in the real estate and construction

the sector can be improved only via large scale systemic changes and innovations.

and devices autonomously communicating each other along the value chain (EU,

co-operate with each-others, and with humans, in real time both inside the production

integrating the two systems, physical and virtual, an intelligent system is created.

technologies.

Kalle Kähkönen

Construction Management Workshop 2018

Europe and America when steam power combined with mechanical production led to

Industry 4.0”, indicate that the

Construction Project Management

Smart Factory Value Chains

construction companies and their suppliers.

Construction Management and Economics

construction and maintenance.

Smart Factory” in construction, aiming at creating a “Smart Building Site

method based on project activities’ understanding, grouping, planning, scheduling and controlling. The second has its intellectual roots in the social sciences, such as

theories.

theory, respectively the work needed to achieve project objectives and work needed to organise and develop project management processes.

Construction Management Workshop 2018

16

management.

amendments to construction management, or, even to reshape it.

1.

Industry 4.0

the construction sector.

•

construction site

•

the construction sector

•

process simulation

2.

Project Management & Lean Construction

•

•

management

•

management in construction projects

•

management

3.

Building Information Modelling& Built Heritage

renovation and conservation

•

•

and construction process

•

Modelling

•

and virtual reality in construction

4.

Low – impact building site design projects and urban regeneration construction projects.

•

•

Low-impact construction site design

•

Urban and building-blocks regeneration projects

5.

Facility Management & Life Cycle Planning

•

•

•

Facility management

•

operations

•

Quality management

•

•

•

7.

Construction site design and Off-site construction

•

logistics

•

process

•

•

8.

Project Management: standards and competences in the construction sector.

•

•

standards

•

Real estate development and construction economics

papers. Those address research results or on-going research activities that are clearly

elsewhere as well.

developments to change the built environment sector”.

Furthermore, three industry presentations were given in the workshop. Those were about

Construction Management Workshop 2018

committee.

Ernesto Antonini, Università di Bologna Andrea Boeri, Università di Bologna

Marco Bragadin, Università di Bologna

Lavinia Tagliabue, Università di Brescia

-€

BY NC

Construction Management and Economics

Edition

Construction Management and Economics

.

Management

Van Nostrand

Management

edition.

Construction Management Workshop 2018 M. Bragadin, K. Kähkönen

€

BY NC

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to

Knowledge Management in the

Construction Sector

allow its introduction in the construction sector. This main topic is integrated with

model with the means to analyse distributed and decentred organisations, and the

the construction sector introducing a spatio-temporal perspective that highlights the

the construction process.

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge Management in the Construction Sector

and consumption process in the construction sector dealing with the

temporal perspective that highlights

time during the construction process.

the schema to represent the typical

analysis, the second chapter introduces

organisation schema. The third chapter proposes a spatio-temporal perspective on knowledge creation and use in

work. decision support systems. Moreover,

proposed an evolutionary perspective

during knowledge and learning processes in the construction sector is

This paper proposes a novel

introduction in the construction sector.

organisation schema highlighted in the

vision based on the cultural historical activity theory. Furthermore, starting

research proposes an interpretation

T

he construction sector is an project, during each phase are generated

solving capabilities, understanding

project and once it is delivered they

documented with the consequence that knowledge remains stored in the minds

”

on the construction sector, e.g. Kamara,

management strategies. Robinson et al.

“

tract, store, share

and update this knowledge, who are the subjects involved, why do they learn, what do they learn, and how do they learn represent critical questions

where the learning process is introduced

knowledge creation process needs

The middle-up-down approach that they

a knowledge conversion layer between

knowledge construction in his or her mind. Moreover, each subject acts in

the knowledge perception (Tversky,

“ ”

knowledge dynamics. Moreover, the

its analysis and integration making it an ideal candidate to promote the discussion in the research community. The knowledge base layer represents the place where the knowledge can reside and where it can be categorised

as a whole. The individuals acting in the team project level can acquire and

the business system level in a complete

the same way, the knowledge created in the project level is interpreted in

management in the knowledge base

how knowledge can be converted

crucial point. The most popular model

•

•

•

•

Socialisation is based on direct interaction between individuals that

usually with analogical and practical means.

because there is a change in time and

when tacit knowledge is shared, it still requires to be decoded by individuals

and combine knowledge through

meetings, and computer networks. The

adding, combining and categorising

knowledge conversion process, Roos

mechanism is required.

in_bo

documents, graphical representations, or stories.

S

the above-mentioned principles cannot be directly applied. The temporary aggregation between clients, designers,

and the other stakeholders makes

hierarchical roles and consequently

processes. Furthermore, the conversion processes, that represent the learning activity, needto be managed in a cross

with other partners that are seen as competitor entities.

organisation schema proposed

representation, the business system level

level and the knowledge generated by the subjects as a whole at the team project level highlighting its volatility

companies that can have long histories

knowledge conversion model proposed

down approach (Engeström, Miettinen,

is in contrast with the typical project

societal and interpersonal relations in a

environment.

mediation. According to Engeström and

mediation idea, is commonly represented

connection between subject (“stimulus”

this schema, individuals and society cannot be understood without their mutual interaction and cultural means. The second generation, based on the

A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge

Figure 4:

centred on his or her community creating a human activity structure.

highlighting the movement, the evolution

object in the interaction between the

words, “

”.

can include several activity systems.

activity systems in the reviewed

At the business system level, each

business system level highlights the

subjectivity and its interrelation by means

level can be represented as an activity system that collaborate on a shared

interpretation in the construction sector

object is interpreted by each subject in

Moreover, the norms and rules that regulate each activity system at the team project level are generated by the

business system level and the directions

where the construction project is embedded.

This interpretation highlights the

generated during the project activities.

communities and perspectives shape the way in which subjects act at the project level and the way in which they interpret and convert the generated knowledge.

Figure 5 can help in understanding the organisational structure in construction projects and the interactions between subjects, it is not able to capture the spatial and temporal distribution that characterise the construction process.

these dimensions. Analyse the spatial

represents a critical point to understand

one place to another and while it moves

Figure 6 reports a qualitative

in the construction process. The graph

processes. The proposed representation includes three locations, namely construction site (i.e. the place where

product (i.e. the construction product

this last is designed and monitored and its components are designed, produced

indicates the time correspondent to the

process, namely design, construction, and operation and maintenance. The

especially in the construction site, there

the construction site is progressively

can be seen as longer than it is in the

the operation and maintenance phase

requirements can be converted in an

stored and used through digital tools. For

dimension. These include the use in

regulatory knowledge through open

possible ones that can be proposed by

During the construction phase, the

construction phase are generated problem solving, know-how, know-what

tacit and its collection and transmission

in_bo A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge

work is subcontracted to various trade contractors on a competitive tendering

phase the interaction between designers, engineers, clients, authorities, contractor, and subcontractors produce a dynamic

business level where can be established techniques and technologies to document this knowledge asset.

The operation and maintenance is distributed in a long time span. Furthermore, once the design and construction phase is concluded, it is

interested in the collection, management,

other sectors, like the automotive one,

collector in all phases including design,

This paper proposes a critical analysis

possible integration in the construction sector. The above-mentioned paradigm presents several issues

cultural basis can hinder the principles

Figure 6: A spatio-temporal perspective in knowledge generation and use

stakeholders involved in a project,

organisational schema including the societal and cultural aspects derived

The author argues that a spatio-temporal perspective must accompany an organisational vision on knowledge

proposes a qualitative graph that can

creation and consumption during the construction process.

means and environments supported by digital processes and instruments represents one main area in the

related to both collaborative and KM environments. The proposed schema

between the involved stakeholders to

schema answering questions such as how can we optimise the integration

Moreover, a quantitative evaluation related to the proposed spatio-temporal

, E., and E.

-, Bhargav-, and Lauri

Automation in Construction

, Abhijeet, Salman , and Shreekanth , and Robert Audit.” struction -Research Interaction , and R-L .

, Edmund, and Stephanie . Beha

, Andreas, and Mike

and M.

, Abdul Samad, and Anssi

, edited by Abdul -, Lauri-, and Ruben

-Engineering, Construction and

through Web Map-Based Knowledge Manage-in Taiwan.” Automation Manage-in Construction

, J. , T. , and

S.

-EWork and EBusiness in ,

.

-,

. Barcelona, Spain.

Management in the Architecture, Engineering and -ve.”

M. , and Ahmed M.

-, and L. -New Business Landscape

, D.J., and D.M. Creating

, Amos, and Daniel

, Anastasiya, and Alain Automation in Construction

, Auto mation in Construction

in_bo A Spatio-Temporal Perspective to Knowledge C. Mirarchi

€

BY NC

Cost-Oriented Tool for Life Cycle

Planning

Alessio Pino

M M

one parameter, in order to guide designers towards choices that are consistent with

depreciation method.

between maintenance and economic value in a building, is also caused by the issuesin predicting with precision

uncertainty on determining the service

position on the building, constructive

on a component can change deeply

variation might apparently seem an unreachable goal.

and evaluations, estimated the mean

components, in presence or in absence

directly to evaluate the most convenient maintenance activity, as it was obtained

approach provides the suggestion to obtain similar values by carrying out

two opposite scenarios.

The other element is constituted by an encouraging research carried out by which the consequences related to the

proposed an application on medical

Their approach consisted in setting the periods between interventions and

economic incomes.

compute the negative consequences

and suggested a model in which the

taken into account. This makes it less realistic, as even with the same costs,

between maintenance and building

E

very year, the building sector is phenomenon which can be attributed to

becoming more and more relevant in comparison to new constructions,

shown several signals in the last decades.

cost, while management costs, which include maintenance as well, constitute a much more relevant share.So, together with the less and less consistent

to state that, in order to reduce the cost

in intervening on a component to

substituting it.Following this purpose, muchresearch has been carried out in

restoring intervention considered. This reasoning can be applied to any maintenance intervention, and

A to v , it is possible

calculating the economic value related

A_v

A_v

by the back-discounted residual value

which correspond to the vA

a painting intervention produces a more

less. Moreover, this connection with time is not only in relation to the

interventions that have already been

reasoning cannot be applied in the same way to ameliorative maintenance, as it is not true that carrying it out

produces little increases in it. So, since

in every case, and none has ever been

any component, it is necessary to avoid

takes into account all the interventions

time ti

i i

Aj on a component A at a time ti can Aj Aj(ti i

solution could also be represented by

So, considering a maintenance

k on the component A,

and mathematical models that describe

interventions on those components.

these purposes, and to the possibility

by using tools such as the Factor Method or by comparing the results

evaluations on maintenance choices.

For a given component A, the number

consists, can be named v_A. Then, during

Aj A1 A3 An

Aj A1 A3 An

increase changes according to the time

tendency that depends on the typology

paint applied on a plaster covering

years, when there is a drastic decrease v k v_A Aj k. r A_v

opportune to carry out at the same time works on all the components

cornices and balconies with all their components, coverings, downpipes, gutters, etc.

This means that, while two strategies

those components, their combination

might not too compatible, considering

the global convenience can be noticed

maintenance strategies on the single

solved by applying small adjustments parameter is constituted by the lowest

are not mutually independent parts

•

technological connections, those where two elements are bound to each other, so that it is necessary to intervene on both at the same time.

when intervening on plaster, paint

and so an intervention has to be

•

operative connections, related to the convenience to associate interventions on two elements,

nature, such as equipment, provisional works, work yard

k, then it results

between the two is indeed the economic

k on that

component.

k

on the component A corresponds to

over time, indicated as Maintenance

k

by an amount that is equal to the

strategy is obtained, and this, named

k

which the evaluations on the economic

based.

As when evaluating the economic

single maintenance strategies on the components that have shown to be

course, this process is on one hand easily applicable, but on the other hand hides other combinations which may have higher synergies.

As it has been shown, technological and operative connections make it necessary to consider the combination

the whole building together, rather than ranking the convenience on the single components separately, to

combinations, is a task which could

•

•

calculating, within a range, the

•

combining the single strategies on

•

•

ranking the maintenance scena-rios.

-database schema contains the

inter

-intervention, and to the short code that

component on which the intervention is

component is the vertical enclosure,

machinery and provisional works

the costs needed to put them in use are

Aj(ti i

which is used to determine the increase

to the maintenance intervention. Since

maintenance interventions has not been implemented yet, the current one only contains placeholders. The

Every relation also contains additional strings, as many as the technical

can be considered through the strings

equipment and provisional works. The

same year on components that have an operative connection between them.

the unitary cost corresponding to

applies to the global cost a reduction

cost between the two. This appears to

the interventions on components with operative connections.

a Ranking Method script to show a

this parameter.

seemed appropriate to analyse its

mainly conceived as the practical

statements mainly stand as speculative hypotheses, rather than being related

possibility to create similar computing them will be relevant when evaluating

the economic convenience.

v

every time it appears in the sequence, by the quantitative measure that has

Jj

i, as the i

the single increases are summed to spontaneous duration to obtain the

A

produces all the combinations between the arrays containing the previously

others. When calculating the total cost

and operative connections have to be taken into account. While technological connections are mostly present between the elements within components,

components, operative connections contains the attributes related to the

equipment, machinery and provisional

the strings contain data on their

parameters as they are available in the

respectively the unitary costs which have to be multiplied by the quantitative

technical solutions, consisting in only one string whichreports spontaneous duration.

•

•

•

•

solution is necessary to restrict the set

component, to the ones in which the package corresponds to the chosen

combinations corresponding to the

maintenance activity. The computed set

the interventions automatically selected through the package parameter in the

l_.

codes and computer languages.

the users. The same principle applies to

which could be indicated in a more open

this would be subordinated, though, to

Although national regulations have

programmed maintenance, and in some local cases have deeply enhanced its

buildings are rarely considered an item

designing maintenance results limited to adapting pre-established patterns to

indeed conceived as an encouragement to carry out quantitative analysis on

planning, in order to choose the most suitable solution.

such apparently quantitatively accurate

anticipated aim, considering that

becoming available and comprehensive

solutions. Despite that, developing

. Real Estate . strategies , , . . metodi e strumenti , , . . , . . 1997. . .

and Land Rent. Applied Mechanics and Materials

. La qualità et al. . . . .T et al.

36

€

BY NC

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Uav) and

Building Information Modelling

(Bim) Technologies in Concrete Dam

Management: The Case of Ridracoli

Giuseppe Montanari

D S M E M

concerning volumes, mechanical characteristics, monitoring data, etc., it could be able

technological comparison between traditional topographic instrument and the innovative

important structural elements (i.e.

works (i.e. spillways, a stilling basin,

important elements can be investigated in static and dynamic conditions.

accurate as-built data collection, as

Laser Scanner technique, as employed can be monitored in order to guarantee a

dams is still rare and at an early stage,

A

innovative approaches beside traditional methods.

an inspection by traditional methods. Although a reliable terrestrial survey

in_bo UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam

uses into the predictive and proactive

milestone managed by Romagna Acque S.p.A.. So it is need to maintain

require an innovative maintenance

preventive one. That needs the adoption

about the dam and building a structural

stresses under several load conditions.

the surrounding topography on which a 3D model can be developed. This phase

structural behavior over time and, thus, the risk progressive levels which have to

be assumed.

The Ridracoli dam, managed by Romagna Acque Società delle Fonti

Ridracoli reservoir is to supply drinking

33Mlm3

.

started in 1975 and it was completed in

reservoir became operational.

The structure. The simple concrete

arch-curved structure, symmetrical with respect to the main section, resting on a

The thickness progressively increases

the base, in line with the arch gravity construction type. The connection

through the inspection galleries midway between two blocks, in a radial direction and repeated several times in order to

Moreover, during the concrete casting

stop elements were placed along the

in the key section the top thickness

the water discharge throughout them

in_bo

is governed by their geometry, with a

3

energy in the stilling basin constructed at

dam. Moreover, the dam has a middle height sluice gate, a bottom sluice gate and a depletion sluice gate.

The survey. The Ridracoli dam has been

between traditional topographic instruments and unconventional

traditional topographic instruments are

aerial photogrammetry. The surveyed

surrounding area at which is associated

the traditional topographic survey

geo-UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam

Groups

593 3 - picnic area 197 6 - crowning 163 9 - galleries 395 Total really high resolution. They are the basis

The interactive summary, reported in

summary, hyperlinks connect to the

to which the same link is related to. The structure and the surrounding area

and galleries, Fig.3. Tab.1 reports the

in which are reported, respectively, the

was taken and camera settings such

whole dam system.

mechanical characteristics, interactions

The criteria are based on the knowledge

changes. The selection operations are

open source 3D point cloud editing and

point list picking, Fig. 5b. Subsequently,

in which data integration procedure with other data sets, such as design

that, including a volume, are solids by

in_bo

joints, the spillways, the stilling basin

is imported in a FEA (Finite Element

the properties, the parts are assembled and loads, interactions and boundary

investigating the linear and non-linear

to traditional topographic tools, although

over time and cheaper. Moreover, some

accessibility, would require considerable

and management technicians would

possibility to have a photographic record

a base level by which to monitor

UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam

a predictive and proactive one. The

model, the solid elements developed

properties. Moreover, the position,

instrumentation can be included and

structures such as dams is not able

and a detailed three dimensional

the whole dam system which includes

those which can evolve over time. All

would be merged in the same tool,

the company archives and allowing the

the technicians are involved in, also in

by Romagna Acque Società delle

Education, University and Research

in_bo , Luigi., , , Mattia, and , Republic. , Laura, , Marco, , , Aandrea, and , Engineering. , Silvia, , Marco, and , Andrea. photogrammetry and traditional topographic

, Andrew, , L., , A.,

, Francesco and

.

, Matthias, , Michael, , Frank, and

models created by unmanned aerial systems

Geomatics,

, Kyriacos, , Athos, and

and delay and disruption analysis” Engineering

UAV and BIM Technologies in Concrete Dam

€

BY NC

Ifc-based Maintenance Budget

Allocation

Sebastiano Maltese

some additional attributes may be associated to elements and stored in custom

during new constructions (to prepare the maintenance plan, as required by current

has been employed in order to store

has been associated to components belonging to the same building entity

maintenance interventions. For that

the current maintenance status has Facility maintenance management

some demonstrations have proved the possibility to implement this approach

addresses the issues related to the

T

he built environment is currently characterised by an increasing

physical characteristics,it is more and

hand, the building intended as a physical

physical asset producing and gathering

implementation must be addressed

in_bo Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation S. Maltese, G. Branca,

Figure 2: Research schema

budget allocation and the prioritisation

approach has been tested on a case

among project stakeholders(Eastman

what concerns the implementation

beginning, FM has been supported by

Maintenance Management Systems

building stocks and their parts into the

has also been promoted through the use

universal approach to the collaborative

buildings based on open standards

regarding the asset during its whole

in_bo

maintenance budgeting and scheduling

this process to other several activities,

during assets operations (e.g. space management, contracting, rent,

maintenance cost (i.e. maintenance

The research is willing to overcome an

be employed, since it can be associated to single elements (e.g.

be

assigned and maintenance scheduled.

how to store maintenance operations

to work on these data. The entity used

research, connected to the by .

a time series (

by using in combination with

the property set ,

which allows to save one or more data with a time stamp (

The methodology depicted in the previous paragraph has been validated

above the ground and one underground.

operational phase. All spaces and main

developed and all data concerning maintenance management and implementation have been collected and

associated to maintenance operations

each component to be maintained (

synthesis reasons,Figure 5represent the

Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation S. Maltese, G. Branca,

The data inserted in the model thanks

on 73 components surveyed. The total

shown inFigure 6.

A simulation with a budget constraint,

curve related to the total maintenance interventions to be accomplished to

interventions carried out with the DM

in_bo

the case study showed the possibility

Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation S. Maltese, G. Branca,

to be implemented into a management

market.Moreover, the methodology allows also to reduce the costs related

in_bo

, R. and

Automation in Construction.

Engineers and Contractors. John Wiley and Sons.

,

, S., , J. A. and

, S. and

, X., , D. and ,

mathematical models in building simulation. Automation in Construction , A. K. and Engineering , E. A., , D. J. and Automation in Construction , , F., , S. and , M. , R., , J. and Automation in Construction

Ifc-Based Maintenance Budget Allocation S. Maltese, G. Branca,

€

BY NC

Innovative Approach to the

Rossana Paparella

Mauro Caini

•

•

•

empowering and making the user aware, especially in the management phase, depending

environmental, social and economic

and operational tools, with which the sector can be restarted. Aiming at

integrating renewable sources and

opportunities to relaunch the sector that must be pursued by all means.

prototype project in order to create

low-typologies, involving the user into a

within a pre-constituted grid, its needs,

building, directly related to estimates.

an approach innovative and oriented to

aimed at empowering and making the user aware especially in the management

the relationship between technological

also including this last aspect in the

the initial moment to the building legislation encourages the construction

solutions are widely used. Smart buildings are created when these

systems, managed by supervisory and

a smart building, users are involved

requirements.

Technologies, solutions, materials and

available on the market, but so that

a concrete application it is necessary

means more security, sustainability, accessibility and usability. The demand

and sustainability in construction

T

he European Union pursues and decarbonised energy system

States will have to adopt measures to achieve the long-term emission target

the housing stock, which accounted emissions

housing stock. Taking into account

renew its building heritage, giving

term renovation strategies will have to have clear and measurable objectives, as well as initiatives to support

Directive also promotes economically

air conditioning systems. Among the objectives pursued are also to underline those that encourage the use

in_bo

REFERENCE GRID F U N C T IO N A L S P A T IA L

Residential type Detached Semidetached Terraced

1 3 5 6 7

1 3 5 6 7

1 3 5 6 7

Day area Living - Kitchen -

Dining Dining Master bedroom 1 3 Single room 1 3 Double room 1 3 1 3 Bathrooms 1 3 Single in Double in ASPEC T Wood Aluminium

Whole ceramic Whole wood

Shielding system Blinds Blackout curtains Shutters 1

TE

CHNICAL

- ENERGY

X-Lam wood Brick

By air Transmittance values

Best values Transmittance

Best values the operation phase is essential to

developed in the various phases that can

1.

2.

3.

quantities to be included in the

4.

once the Revit model has been imported, an instant parametric estimate can be generated.

energy resources in the management

possibly by more descriptive documents, in which, by answering open questions,

completed. The grid illustrated in table

•

•

•

•

to a photovoltaic system with power

in_bo

•

•

between a wooden structure and

The work continued in-depth analysis

have been associated with technological

and its cost calibrated according to the

online estimate.

Following the above logic, the second

the constraints set out above, to make

and technological choices proposed and

meets his needs, but also its cost, thus obtaining a true online estimate. This

directly on the network. This computer system will also allow to control costs

process has been implemented through

used in buildings were created, and the

way has been possible to improve the computation process.

windows and French windows specially designed is shown.

construction elements, are summary

peculiarity is that these schedules,

Thus, ordered abacuses have been

are instantly updated.

possible to generate computations and complete estimates. The work that was

communication between Revit and STR. To do this, we worked in the STR

56

1.

2.

3.

4.

creating the rules, we need to create

will serve as a container to the rules.

5.

necessary to create all the articles

and a price. These are the basic parameters that each article must have. Articles can be added,

paying attention to the hierarchy that commands them. Subsequently

6.

project, it will be possible to import

and, once active, use it.

7.

that is, make sure that STR detect

8.

The imported model is displayed and proceed with the measurements. The measurements must be made by setting the search conditions,

have been generated, they will be

9.

have been created.

10.

be used in Revit.

11.

all the rules created are loaded and the automatic estimation

STR generates the Automatic

12.

template has been created and the estimate can be printed and presented.

should show an image in which he can

in_bo

structure.

environmental units, such as living room, kitchen, living-dining room, laundry and power plant, garage and porch.

illustrated in Figure 5.

the cost, on the other hand the designer

semidetached house, Figure 6. The

below. Altitude 6 meter. above sea level,

garage and laundry room and the

living room, kitchen, hallway, bathroom.

bedrooms, a single bedroom, a walk-in closet, a bathroom and a lodge.

MODEL IN REINFORCED CONCRETE AND EPS

Load-bearing perimeter wall and wall

Load-bearing internal wall between heated-unheated rooms

Metal and stone wool structure - 75 mm

Floor on the ground

Mineralised wood wool 35 mm

Windows

Air conditioning

in_bo

The construction techniques, materials

bearing walls considers 16 possible

the minimum transmittance value equal

the heated and non-heated rooms. For

because between environments that have the same temperature does not

The model provides the supporting

and thickness. The package has been

layers, at steady state and at periodic

that the optimal solution is that that

•

•

Load-bearing internal wall

•

•

•

•

in_bo

used in design between the heated and unheated rooms (between living room and garage

The model provides the load bearing

which can vary in thickness and thermal

also evaluated.

Kit. The heat pump is equipped with

lower accumulation is the accumulation

provides domestic hot water with a

tank is equipped with a circulation pump

During the design phase it is necessary to make sure that these powers are

the heat pump, which is equipped with

connect to the air-conditioning terminals depart. The smaller air handling unit can

3

system scheme is shown in Figure 7.

according to user needs and aims to

terminals will be installed. Building

•

the AAL system can be connected to cameras and sensors placed in

•

the user the possibility to choose

•

application, it is possible to manage the temperature and humidity in

were held between the suppliers to understand what protocol to use in the communication between the home automation system and the air conditioning system.

•

energy savings. The dimming

already present in natural lighting

•

are elderly or with motor disabilities.

natural ventilation whenever the ambient operating temperature

•

distribute audio and video signals.

•

Since the various system components, as commonly happens

supplier companies, a single AAL touch has been studied, able to dialogue with all the components in order to have a single building management. For this purpose, it

open building automation standard,

logic.

The present work, shows how it is

a smart tool whereby, through an online

technological, as well as its cost. A

subsequent steps. The consequences

that will be installed in the building work,

this approach helps to make the planning

been carried out upstream, with the

, Feneal Uil - , M.,

, M., , J.,

, M., , M., , J.,

,

managers, designers, engineers and contractors. , A., , U., ,

, S., , E., ,

, Architectural

, Energy and strategygroup,

Forum.

€

BY NC

Planning, Scheduling and

Controlling Long Term Projects

The paper will show how a long term project can be controlled using dynamics or

according to the project characteristics and duration.

term is substantially stochastic.

as a project whose duration is more

We dare then to propose a new

•

short term

be calculated with high reliability and a limited contingency margin

•

medium term

durations can change not in a way to impact on the constraint structure

•

long term can change

•

project can be adjusted during the

owners and then in the goals to be achieved through the project (in this case, it would probably be better to divide the whole project in several medium term or long term minor

and medium term, this is to say that deterministic methods are not enough.

The most used deterministic method

scheduling are only limited to work start, it becomes quite impossible, or

since there is always something deterministic and, on the other side,

deterministic.

allow us to project the past data towards

The historical data we have are generally not enough, in addition short-term statistical data and indicators are not

•

needed

•

•

Major political or economic events,

•

company, normally “short term” means

sheet, “medium term” means within the

while “long term” means beyond the

say that short and medium term are substantially deterministic while long

T

his paper is relevant to long term well as industrial project, however we

other, longer term projects.

composed by 15 hydroelectrical projects, 17 power plants (thermoelectric or

Even long term project can be duly kept under control, but we must consider

meaning. Sometimes the owners do not really own the time span they need, in some cases the original budget are estimated lower on purpose in order to get a project decision. This has

important projects. Without those

heavily underestimated at the beginning,

beginning, nobody would make the decision to go on and the world, today, would be poorer.

time and on budget.

Every project goes through a stochastic

in_bo Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term

66

become clearer, this is still a deterministic methods albeit organised into two levels

method, with the possibility to consider some durations with a stochastic approach.

contingencies and work variation can help up to a certain point, however it

due to owner related events or to major political events, as well as to causes

methods, as they are known in the operational research, we would like to

•

either the probability that an

•

the stochastic network creating an equivalent reduced network, that can be managed as deterministic

•

simulation

•

as well as stochastic methods can be

operational research, that is beyond the

allow stochastic routines and add-ons.

quite impossible to make a reliable

adjusted through projected economic

resources needed, whose amount is

as in the overall project budget.

term projects cannot be managed in a

be considered neither in level 1 nor in

those cases, also budgeting becomes stochastic.

cases the best way is to divide it into

motorway or railway projects than can be divided in several sections to be put in operation one by one, being the other sections still not completed or even cancelled. The same has been applied

side, a project like the bridge to connect

divided into sections with the same

would become quite useless.

economic indicators are normally

work processes. Those indicators are quite reliable in the short and medium

and analysing is quite completed and statically correct, but they start

•

that are assumed as a sample has

•

services are varying,

•

the technology evolves,

•

equipment evolves too.

maintenance workshop whose contract was stipulated on 1976 and suspended

in_bo

and then to re-negotiate the contract.

When we investigated into the design,

we noticed that

•

the railway signal technology used

•

calculated considering that the rails be installed by hand, while the

on mechanical installation

•

installation works had had a sensible increase

the workshop should have been in the

to say, contractor should have been

years, but this consideration was

span suspension bridge with a central

budget was again estimated in about 6

using regression methods and then comparing with the actual data. Some

•

times the estimated cost

•

estimated cost

on the assumption that no major change happens neither in the world

economic system. The same will apply to sensitivity analysis, that makes

A major petrochemical plant in Middle East was composed by 13 process units centred around a steam cracker, 6 utility units and a connecting network

canteen, etc. The project was actually

•

onsite (process units), that were

•

offsite (connecting network and

•

utilities

cooling water system, steam

•

services (workshops, warehouses, restaurant, emergency toom,

was about 6 years, standard workload

the term sub-project was misused. The project controls was based on a project schedule and on a budget, that were

value criterion to compare the planned versus the actual cost. When the project went into delay and then toregister cost overrun, although the assumption was still to use a deterministic method,

constraints as well as the critical path

this is to say that the planning became

that such change was never declared

was necessary to redraw the structure

any sense to keep the process units and to cancel the utilities. Simply, the plant would not work. By this way, the scope

Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term

been better to consider this possibility since the beginning, by introducing

by taking into consideration a more suitable division into autonomously sustainable sub-projects.

term project is a medieval cathedral

To have an idea about how those

a modern project that is more similar to a medieval cathedral than to the projects we are usually taking into consideration in recent times. Thisis

in Barcelona, whose construction

been consecrated by pope Benedict

death, in order to complete his design.

construction had to rely only on private

not any possibility to make a reliable planning, the work packages were

was changed several times, the actual design is not anymore the original one

completed.

“

[2]

The Messina bridge was clearly a long term project, albeit articulated in several subprojects (bridge properly so said, road connection in Sicily, road

not make any sense to complete the bridge without the road connections on both sides.

corresponding to the reality, it would have been better to consider the

subdivided into Project A

•

gasoline hydrogen, LLD

•

•

utilities,

•

services. Project B

•

butadiene, polybutadiene rubber Project C

•

•

has been managed. When the works

were still in the strategic phase. Then,

some years.

A long term project whose scope is quite

time to time the parametres to the

kept under control section by section,

impossible to make any assumption about time and cost, thedesign was

only the willingness to build a cathedral. Like in medieval cathedrals, design

during construction, parts were added

Even now, that the cathedral is already consecrated (business-like, we can say

in_bo

- ,

, Flaccovio

, John W., Kenneth K. editor. , , Marcel, Stuart

, and Eddy

, Alessandro, and Aldo . , Franco Angeli

, Roger, and Donald R. The

Ingegneria Economica, Alinea Editrice , [1] L.it [2] La Sagrada Família is

Notes

Note

Planning, Scheduling and Controlling Long Term

€

BY NC

Multi-dimensional Risk Assessment

and health on workplace topics. “ ”, “ ”, “

Assessment

”, “ ” and “

”.

risk assessment.

Through these indications we can deduce

to be taken to eliminate or reduce risks

legal requirements in regard to system

are to be used, that eliminate or minimise

highlighted

•

•

•

•

•

promotes decent and productive work

the minimum international standards

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

D

regulations concerning the health and

not yet been adopted by the national one.

many sectors have improved over time

others have remained practically the same

procedures, organisation, health and

out by applying the tools indicated in the

construction site in Milan.

OUTPUTS SHOULD BE

State clearly and precisely what is to be delivered

Measurable

Achievable

Be within resources, skills and competencies, joimtly _{determined, challenging}

Relevant

Be linked to the unit workplan and be within your job _role

Time bound

complete risk assessment.

assessment documents, it does not mean that written procedures have to

that are clear, and easily understood.

procedures is that they serve as a clear

how the work is done, not just how it

poor match between the procedure and that can be done in practice it will devalue the procedure and others and

is achieved, in a manner that is clear to workers and supervisors, there is a higher chance that it will be complied with and the supervisors will be more

“

”.

To achieve what is indicated in the

an analytical and complete approach

have occurred in the same conditions deeper and more detailed, observing not only the direct causes but also the

indirect ones. Regarding this issue the

1.

2.

3.

recurrence. states that “ ” Since the actions releted to determine

in_bo

physical symptoms wich can be seen or sensed. Whilst these symptoms can not be ignored, only the direct preventive

ensure that recurrence is prevented.

workers and employers. The European

this process and to create in 1996 an agency dedicated to this purpose,

EU-anticipating possible new and emerging risks through the European Risk

main topics involved in the research and

Aging workers.

prolonging working lives are important

sensory, decrease due to the natural

began to be evaluated, linked to the ability to support working conditions that can cause physical and psychological

•

•

•

work in noisy environments or in low or high temperature conditions.

occupational diseases when they are

the workplace, young people do not have

both physically and psychologically, as

situation they do not have adequate

present danger.

Several European national regulations

” (e.g. “

Materials in the correct Environment to

“

Testo Unico

elaborated in compliance with the

Recently some innovative elements introduced by TUS have concerned the

among the risks also those related to work-related stress, to pregnant workers,

With regard to the management systems, these regulations recall the

should be noted that their application in

limited.

consideration may also vary substantially

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Mechanical and machinery contacts

•

Risk assessment, according to a traditional approach, results in a

two-preventive and protective measures necessary to eliminate and reduce the assessed risks are concentrated towards

belong to protective nature and will

connected to an eventual accident (risk

dimensional risk analysis must deal

adequately taken into consideration,

•

vulnerable people, young workers,

•

moreover those that belong to traditional

•

This concept is closely correlated

the substandard act happened or the conditions arose. They are not always

•

•

•

equipment and layout, environment,

must appeal to technical-engineering

with which it was conceived, however,

no adequate case study to measure

would not be possible to determine the

to address these risks by carrying out

workings. For this reason they have

contribute to increase the attention

The case study is based on the

construction site, as he had to have the

detailed and precise planning and

management, especially with regard to

the aspects related to the health and

in_bo

individual measures to those already

•

•

•

•

•

•

lone workers

Their possible presence must induce

supplementary measures, such as

76

adapting them to national regulatory requirements. The criteria with which it

outputs provided by the Deming cycle concepts.

has gone through a systematic, cyclic and dynamic approach that involves the direct managers involved in the

1.

indicates the procedures to be

•

•

•

•

circa

•

circa € 3

•

6

to avoid dangerous repercussions on the

the opportunity to use additional security procedures compared to those established by current regulations, to protect both workers and the

The intervention that has been carried

protective measures relating to all the risks envisaged in the

2.

a.

spatial and temporal planning

evaluating and adopting the preventive and protective measures relating to all the risks

b.

c.

adopted and applied to eliminate

cyclic and dynamic steps.

1.

2.

Work on plant with live electrical

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Working at height during the intrinsically dangerous working phases

risks were those that can be attributed

objects. To prevent them it was vital that SSW should be in place.

previously made, as an integrative tool that was considered to be included in the

envisaged. This procedure, already widely used in industrial areas (eg chemical

document, just to point out the cogency

contractors involved.

construction site was a unique tool in the

The criteria with which it was conceived,

•

• • • •

•

and to check the quality and quantity

•

The outputs challenging are within

•

All the responsible shall sign in the template. The document has a

•

the key steps to reviewing the

What is highlighted during the meeting

determines how that job shall be carried

authorised and properly trained people

that these are avoided by using suitable precautions. Those carrying out the job should think about and understand what they are doing and how their work may

also take the necessary precautions which they have been trained to take

responsible.

it is necessary that this instrument

•

it is not regularly applied, because it

•

be underestimated by the workers

in_bo

due attention.

Register has been compiled, where all

chronological order.

systems are to be applied at a particular

instruction-training session should be done and registered in appropriate

indicated above, but also to respond

•

on site. For these reasons it was considered necessary to assign the

•

done. For these reasons it was considered necessary to assign the

Furthermore, among the peculiarities

has emerged to avoid dangerous

contractors. This will apply equally

another.

dimensional risk evaluation according to parameters comparable with those

analysis. This step would allow a

risk classes and thus lead to a more

The approach used to address the

a multi-dimensional risk assessment

by the companies involved, since its

workers involved.

Minor results were instead made in the

work phases involved, as the contractors have not always managed to respect

•

•

•

•

proper conditions.

by the contractor involved. Despite a

Bologna. . , Bologna. (available .

82

€

€

€

BY NC

Construction Site Planning for the

Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake

City: the Case Study of L’aquila

Serena Di Marco

Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila in_bo

INTRODUCTION

I

in_bo Construction Site Planning for the Reconstruction of a S. Di Marco Historic Earthquake City: the Case Study of L’Aquila