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Export Restraints in a Model of Trade with Capital Accumulation.

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(8)

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(9)

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(10)

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(11)

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(12)

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(13)

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(14)

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(16)

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(17)

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(18)

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(19)

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(20)

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(21)

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(22)

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(24)

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(26)

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(27)

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^5;` Nulvkqd/ N1 +4<;<,/ Wudgh Uhvwulfwlrqv dv Idflolwdwlqj Sudfwlfhv/ Mrxu0 qdo ri Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Hfrqrplfv/ 59/ 5840:31

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^64` Qhuoryh/ P1 dqg N1M1 Duurz +4<95,/ Rswlpdo Dgyhuwlvlqj Srolf| xqghu G|qdplf Frqglwlrqv/ Hfrqrplfd/ 5</ 45<0751

^65` Srpiuhw/ U1 +4<;<,/ Wkh Hfrqrplfv ri Yroxqwdu| H{sruw Uhvwudlqwv Djuhhphqwv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Vxuyh|v/ 6/ 4<<05441

^66` Udpvh|/ I1S1 +4<5;,/ D Pdwkhpdwlfdo Wkhru| ri Vdylqj/ Hfrqrplf Mrxuqdo/ 6;/ 87608<1 Uhsulqwhg lq Vwljolw}/ M1H1 dqg K1 X}dzd +4<9</ hgv1,/ Uhdglqjv lq wkh Prghuq Wkhru| ri Hfrqrplf Jurzwk/ Fdpeulgjh/ PD/ PLW Suhvv1

^67` Uhlqjdqxp/ M1 +4<;5,/ D Fodvv ri Glhuhqwldo Jdphv iru Zklfk wkh Forvhg Orrs dqg Rshq Orrs Qdvk Htxloleuld Frlqflgh/ Mrxuqdo ri Rs0 wlpl}dwlrq Wkhru| dqg Dssolfdwlrqv/ 69/ 5860951

(28)

^68` Uh|qrogv/ V1V1 +4<;:,/ Fdsdflw| Lqyhvwphqw/ S uhhpswlrq dqg Frpplw0 phqw lq dq Lqqlwh Krul}rq Prgho/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ 5;/ 9<0;;1

^69` Vlpddq/ P1 dqg W1 Wdnd|dpd +4<:;,/ Jdph Wkhru| Dssolhg wr G|0 qdplf Gxrsro| Sureohpv zlwk Surgxfwlrq Frqvwudlqwv/ Dxwrpdwlfd/ 47/ 4940991

^6:` Vlqjk/ Q1 dqg [1 Ylyhv +4<;7,/ Sulfh dqg Txdqwlw| Frpshwlwlrq lq d Glhuhqwldwhg Gxrsro|/ UDQG Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 48/ 8790871 ^6;` Vrorz/ U1 +4<89,/ D Frqwulexwlrq wr wkh Wkhru| ri Hfrqrplf Jurzwk/

Txduwhuo| Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ :3/ 980<71

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^73` Vx}xpxud/ N1 dqg M1 Lvklndzd +4<<:,/ Yroxqwdu| H{sruw Uhvwudlqwv dqg Hfrqrplf Zhoiduh/ Mdsdqhvh Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ 7;/ 4:90;91

^74` Wvxwvxl/ V1 dqg N1 Plqr +4<<3,/ Qrqolqhdu Vwudwhjlhv lq G|qdplf Gxrsrolvwlf Frpshwlwlrq zlwk Vwlfn| Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkh0 ru|/ 85/ 4690941

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