Visual feedback training in young karate athletes

Testo completo

(1)Original article. Stefano Vando1 Monoem Haddad2 Lucio Maurino3 Daniele Masala1 Lavinia Falese1 Johnny Padulo4,5. 2. 3 4 5. KEY WORDS: balance, central pattern generator, martial artists, motor control, stabilometric.. Introduction. Department of Humanities, Social and Health Science, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar Italian Federation Martial Art, Rome, Italy Sport Science, University e-Campus, Novedrate, Italy Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sports Performance Optimization” National Center of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis, Tunisia. Postural sway is a fundamental human physiology phenomenon where the human body constantly displaces and corrects the position of the centre of gravity within the base of body support in order to maintain balance 1 . Since most other body actions are based on postural balance. Thus effectively controlling postural sway into a balance range plays an essential role in human’s normal life, and then this essential role makes postural control become an attractive object of various investigations in wide research areas of exercise physiology, experimental psychology, cognitive science and clinical medicine. Postural control becomes an attractive object of various investigations in wide research areas in young and adult athletes or patients since most other body actions are based on postural balance2,3. In general, postural control of normal healthy persons is highly related with the visual information that they have obtained. The scientific findings of the effects of visual feedback on upright postural control are controversial. Some researchers4-7 presented significant postural improvement and shown that Visual feedback training (VFT) of postural sway: 1) helps both healthy athletes and patients (with unperturbed stance) to be aware of their postural sway to improve its control, 2) keeps the body close to the vertical, to enlarge the boundaries of the area in which the body can oscillate safely, and 3) reduce left-right difference in weight bearing. There allow small body oscillations close to the vertical to reduce muscle activity, which requires less energy and larger distances between the gravity line and the limits of stability to safer and make recovery from perturbations more successful as shown by Duarte and Zatsiorsky (2002)8. Due appears the important of VFT in martial arts such as Karate. In other hand, others reported no enhancement of posture control9, 10. This controversy inspires researchers to further investigate whether and how the effects of visual feedback on postural control depend on the way the visual feedback is provided. Recently studies showed that new technology based on Play games “i.e. Nintendo” Wii Balance Board (WBB), can be a valid device to assess postural sway11. Indeed the WBB analyse the centre of pressure (COP) in clinical and sport field3. Several studies showed improve-. In te r. 1. na zi on. al i. Visual feedback training in young karate athletes. Summary. iz. io ni. Corresponding author: Johnny Padulo Sport Science, University e-Campus, Novedrate Via Isimbardi, 10 22060 Novedrate, Italy E-mail: sportcinetic@gmail.com. ©. C. IC. Ed. Background: the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a Visual Feedback Training (VFT) of the centre of pressure (COP) on postural sway in young karate athletes. Methods: 38 young male karate athletes were recruited and randomly in 2 groups: experimental group (SG; n=19, age =16.54 ± 2.00 yrs) and the control group (CG; n= 19, age 16.45 ± 1.53 yrs). The SG performed a battery test of VFT on stabilometric platform screening in a monitor of COP in a real time. During 10-min of the test, athlete tries to bring his own body to the centre of COP. CG followed the same procedure of SG without receiving any feedback of their COP. Results: ANOVA revealed an interaction training for type × F(1,360)=78.892 at p<0.001 (η2=33.178) and for training × time F(1,36)=7.479 with p<0.010 (η2=13.432). The results showed that VFT improved COP in SG of the 83% (p<0.0001) and decreased of the 26% in the CG (p<0.001). Conclusions: performing VFT improve stability and balance control and therefore greater ability to acquire motor control of the body in young karate athletes. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 2014; 4 (2): 137-140. 137.

(2) S. Vando et al.. na zi on. al i. ments in postural sway5 symmetry12 and dynamic ability13 providing visual Feedback. Indeed, the use of WBB might be a useful and low cost device to assess VFT14. To date, to our best knowledge, there is no report on the additive value of VF to balance training paradigms for young martial artists. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of balance training when standing with visual feedback on stance in young karate athletes. We hypothesized that this type of training will enhance stability and balance control.. Material and methods Subjects. In te r. Thirty-eight young male karate athletes (means±SD: age 16.42±2.76 yrs, height 164±6.73 cm, body mass 54.19±7.15 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. All participants was randomly 15 in 2 groups: Experimental group (SG; n= 19, age 16.54±2.00 yrs), and Control group (CG; n=19, age 16.45±1.53 yrs). Both groups had at least 3.8 years of karate training background with two/three karate training session per-week (total 3/4 hours per week). None of the subjects ever underwent any endurance strenuous activity or resistance training outside of their normal training program. The study conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 and was conducted after approval from the local Ethics Committee wich followed the ethical standard of the Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal16. The procedures, risks and goals were explained to the participants tutor and written parental consent was obtained prior to participation in addition to the subjects’ consent.. ©. C. IC. Ed. The procedure was performed on 3 steps with one day of recovery in-between. In the first and last step all participants was assessed in two occasions (Intra-class Correlation Coefficient)17 on a stabilometric platform with CoreMeterTM software to analyze the centre of the pressure (COP) from the point of origin the Cartesian plane3. The second step, SG performed a battery test of VFT on stabilometric platform that screen in a monitor the COP in real time (Fig. 1) during a total duration of 10 min. Athletes’ are asked to bring his own body to the COP. CG performed the same battery test as SG without receiving any feedback of their COP. This battery test of postural stability lasted 20-s during which eyes open on NintendoTM Wii Balance Board (WBB). The WBB, validated by Clark et al.,11 contains 4 micro foil-type strain gauge transducers that are located in each of the 4 corners of the board with Sampling rate at 100-Hz. The WBB was interfaced with a laptop computer using custom-written software CoreMeterTM 0.9 (Latina, Italy) and calibrated by placing a variety of know loads at different positions on the WBB. Random order is respected during the protocol procedure (Latin square design) with 1 minute of recovery between tri-. 138. als. During each trial, young karate athletes were asked to keep their hands placed on their hips and to remain as still as possible for the duration of the trial. The WBB is a peripheral Bluetooth device that requires pairing with the personal computer to establish communications. Once paired successfully, the device can be accessed through the standard Bluetooth stack. The device can be interrogated at any time to read the current settings from the four strain-gauge sensors on the board, which are delivered as 16-bit integers. By taking into account the position of the sensors and the values recorded, the position of the COP can be easily calculated. The WBB sensors have an internal fixed sampling rate, which we determined to be 100-Hz. Raw calibration data and raw sensor values are stored in a relational database on the local machine. This allows for flexible post -test processing of data. A report generation tool analyzes collected data from the database and produces summary reports. The outcome measure used in this study was total COP. Therefore total COP was chosen as the primary outcome measure because it is known to be a reliable and valid measure of standing balance.. io ni. iz. Experimental set-up. Figure 1. Visual feedback training.. Visual Feedback Training Each young karate athlete performed a standing position on WBB during 10-minutes to familiarize with the position. Then, he positioned on WBB for experimental procedure and asked to stand still on the platform and try to be the most central without outside visual signal by researcher. At the last step, SG performed Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 2014; 4 (2): 137-140.

(3) Visual feedback training in young karate athletes. Results. iz. io ni. The reliability of the measures showed an ICC of 0.909 of COP. ANOVA revealed an interaction training for type × F (1,36) = 78.892 at p < 0.001 (η 2 = 33.178) and for training × time F(1,36) = 7.479 with p < 0.010 (η2 = 13.432). The results showed that VFT improved DCOP in SG of the 83% (p < 0.0001) and decreased of the 26% in the CG (p < 0.001) Figure 2.. Discussion. al i. In te r. Statistical Analysis Normality of the distribution for outcome measures was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The variables studied: DCOP were analysed using a separated two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni’s correction18. For testing the repeatability of the measure, we performed an Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) within COP before the start of this study as a standard quality assessment procedure. The within factor was the time with two levels (pre and post- feedback effect) and the between factor was the training with two levels (SG and CG). The t-student test for independent samples was used to detect any initial differences between groups19. The probability level of statistical significant was set at p < 0.05 in all comparisons. Data were analyzed using XLSTAT 12.3.01 (Addinsoft, SARL, New York) statistical software package. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean±SD.. VFT improve the sensibility of the postural sway. Results of the present study confirmed the positive effects of visual feedback on upright postural control as shown by many other researchers4-8. Indeed, stabilometric analysis the athletes revealed that a higher central in SG than in CG. This result is consistence with the study of Vando et al.3 In another study, Vando et al.7 showed an improving on the balance in older when the stabilometric device is related to virtual reality. Moreover, the balance performance in Karate is useful when the subject is on one leg in a short time especially that several karate training are made on one leg with continuous jump20. However, the results of the present study disagreed with those of other researchers who reported no enhancement of posture control 9, 10. This controversy may be caused by the difference of the providing way of the visual feedback. The present study support the validity and the use of the new technology based on Play games “i.e. Nintendo Wii™” WBB11. The developments of this Novel technological allow for integrating an athlete’s own movements in virtual environments, alongside other elements borrowed from the gaming industry, such as real-time 3D rendering, avatars, and score-keeping. Balance exercises are often included in game consoles (such as Nintendo Wii™ as used in the present study). The methodological approach used to assess postural sway might be useful to improve the proprioception sensibility with simple play device21 in martial artists with special reference to young karate athletes. However, further study still necessary to clarify the origin of this effect: central neurons or central pattern generator13. In conclusion, one session of VFT appears effective to improve the centrality of the COP in young karate athletes. Based on the scientific literature aimed on balance training, greater ability to acquire motor control of the body is shown with young athlete. Therefore, it is desirable to use this method in young martial artists.. na zi on. during 10 min - Visual Feedback Training (Fig. 1) on stabilometric platform (that screen in a monitor the COP in real time) trying to bring his own body to COP.. C. IC. Ed. The present study is the first to show the effect of VFT (in a real time) of the COP on the stance and stability in young karate athletes. Higher improvement of COP was resulted by the VFT. Main Finding of this study confirmed the hypothesis and shown that the. Competing interests The authors declare no conﬂict of interest related to the present manuscript.. Funding No funding was received for this article.. Authors Contribution. ©. All authors contributed equally to this manuscript.. References Figure 2. Effect of visual feed-back training respect to baseline conditions in both groups (experimental and the control groups). * p < 0.001 – ** p < 0.0001. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 2014; 4 (2): 137-140. 1. Pei L, Li H, Fu Y, Yang Y, Li J. Influences of visual feedback indicator scales on human upright postural control. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control. 2013;35:883.. 139.

(4) S. Vando et al.. 14.. 15.. 16.. 17. 18.. al i. 13.. na zi on. 12.. lidity and reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance. Gait Posture. 2010;31(3):307-310. Winstein CJ, Gardner ER, McNeal DR, Barto PS, Nicholson DE. Standing balance training: effect on balance and locomotion in hemiparetic adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1989; 70(10):755-762. Cheng PT, Wang CM, Chung CY, Chen CL. Effects of visual feedback rhythmic weight-shift training on hemiplegic stroke patients. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18(7):747-753. van den Heuvel MR, van Wegen EE, de Goede CJ, BurgersBots IA, Beek PJ, Daffertshofer A, Kwakkel G. The effects of augmented visual feedback during balance training in Parkinson's disease: study design of a randomized clinical trial. BMC Neurol. 2013;13:137. Schulz KF, Grimes DA. Generation of allocation sequences in randomised trials: chance, not choice. Lancet. 2002;359 (9305):515-519. Padulo J, Oliva F, Frizziero A, Maffulli N. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal. Basic principles and recommendations in clinical and field science research. MLTJ. 2013;4:250-252. Hopkins WG. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Med. 2000;30(1):1-15. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.) Hillsdale, NJ.Erlbaum. 1988. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39 (2):175-191. Beneke R, Beyer T, Jachner C, Erasmus J, Hutler M. Energetics of karate kumite. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004; 92(4-5):518-523. Banister EW. Modeling elite athletic perfromance. In: Green H, McDougal J, Wenger H, eds. Modeling elite athletic performance.Champaign: Human Kinetics. 1991;403-424.. In te r. 2. Goble DJ, Coxon JP, Van IA, Geurts M, Doumas M, Wenderoth N, Swinnen SP. Brain activity during ankle proprioceptive stimulation predicts balance performance in young and older adults. J Neurosci. 2011;31(45):16344-16352. 3. Vando S, Filingeri D, Maurino L, Chaabene H, Bianco A, Salernitano G, Foti C, Padulo J. Postural Adaptations in Preadolescent Karate Athletes Due to a one Week Karate Training Camp. J Hum Kinet. 2013;38:45-52. 4. Sackley CM, Lincoln NB. Single blind randomized controlled trial of visual feedback after stroke: effects on stance symmetry and function. Disabil.Rehabil. 1997;19(12):536-546. 5. Shumway-Cook A, Anson D, Haller S. Postural sway biofeedback: its effect on reestablishing stance stability in hemiplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(6):395-400. 6. Wannstedt GT, Herman RM. Use of augmented sensory feedback to achieve symmetrical standing. Phys Ther. 1978;58(5): 553-559. 7. Vando S, Unim B, Cassarino SA, Padulo J, Masala D. Effectiveness of perceptual training - proprioceptive feedback in a virtual visual diverse group of healthy subjects: a pilot study. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Pubblic Health. 2013;10(2): e8844-1-e8844-10. 8. Duarte M, Zatsiorsky VM. Effects of body lean and visual information on the equilibrium maintenance during stance. Exp.Brain Res. 2002;146(1):60-69. 9. Di Fabio RP, Badke MB, McEvoy A, Breunig A. Influence of local sensory afference in the calibration of human balance responses. Exp Brain Res. 1990; 80(3):591-599. 10. Geiger RA, Allen JB, O'Keefe J, Hicks RR. Balance and mobility following stroke: effects of physical therapy interventions with and without biofeedback/forceplate training. Phys Ther. 2001;81(4):995-1005. 11. Clark RA, Bryant AL, Pua Y, McCrory P, Bennell K, Hunt M. Va-. 19.. 20.. ©. C. IC. Ed. iz. io ni. 21.. 140. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal 2014; 4 (2): 137-140.

(5)