Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 IS SN 2724-6620 e-IS SN 2784-8507 DOI 10.30687/978-88-6969-487-5/011 ISBN [ebook] 978-88-6969-487-5 | ISBN [print] 978-88-6969-488-2 © 2020 | cb Cr ea tiv e Commons 4.0 Attribution alone for the tex ts | cbknd C rea tiv e C om m on s A ttr ib uti on -N on Co m m erc ial-N oD eri va tiv es 4 .0 I nte rn atio na l L ice ns e f or t he fig ure s 181
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Universit à de gli Studi di Fir enz e, Italia T h e sy st em of th e w or ld is en tir ely on e; sm al l th in g s an d g re at ar e al ik e p ar t of o n e m ig h ty w h ole . (Jo h n R u sk in , M od er n P ain te rs V )1
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1 H e i s n ow P ro fe ss or o f A rc h ite ct u re a t t h e G eo rg ia I n st itu te o f T ec h n olo g y i n A tla n ta . 1 w on a n i n vite d c om p et i Ab str ac t Th is c ha pter sta rts by co ns id erin g a re cen t d es ign fo r a br id ge na m ed aft er Ru sk in , w ho se in ad eq ua cy it a ttr ib ute s to dis re ga rd fo r R us kin ’s d efin itio n o f a br id ge ’s b as ic f un ctio n a s th at o f sa fe pa ss ag e o ver a r iver an d m isa pp lic ati on o f h is c on cep t o f ‘a bs tra ct l in es ’ a s o rn am en t. F or Ru sk in , cu rv atu re d eter m in ed b y t ha t fu nc tio n a llo w ed b rid ge s m ate ria lly to tra ce su ch lin es an d s o ep it-om ize gen er al l aw s g ov er nin g la nd sc ap e c om po sit io n, n atu ra l m orp ho lo gy an d h um an co -e xis ten ce . Ta kin g it as a f igu re of c on ne ctio n, t hre ad ed as a c lu e t hro ug h h is w ork , th e c ha pter ex plo re s R us kin ’s sen se o f th e s ign ific an ce an d s ac re dn es s o f b rid ge s, m an ife ste d e sp ec iall y in th e r ole h e a ssi gn ed to an id ea l Po ntif ex , g ua ra nto r o f s ec ure p as sa ge a cro ss n ati on al, c ult ura l a nd c og nit ive d ivid es . Key w or ds Ru sk in . E uro pe . T urn er. Sp uy bro ek . B rid ge s. A rc hit ec tu re . O rn am en t. C om po sit io n. Su m m ar y 1 A Br id ge fo r R us kin ? – 2 “A Br id ge as Pla ce ”? – 3 A Br id ge as O rn am en t? – 4 B rid ge Pa ss ag e a nd th e ‘V irtu es of A rchi te ctu re ’. – 5 B rid ge A ctio n a nd B rid ge A spe ct. – 6 Bri dg es an d th e La w s o f D es ign . – 7 Iro n Bri dg es . – 8 Bri dg es of ‘B yg on e D ay s’. – 9 Bri dg es an d ‘T he Sy ste m of th e W orl d’. John Ruskin ’s Eur ope A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays edit ed b y Emma Sde gno , Martina F rank , Myriam Pilut ti Namer , Pierr e-Henr y F rangnePaul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 182 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 hi st or ic al ly a s in g le g eo gr ap hi ca l a n d a d m ini st ra tiv e La n d v an R o de ( or va n s ’-H er to g en ro de ). T h e p ro je ct 2 ca n til ev er ed s up p or t o f t h e p ro je ct ed 1 4 m w id e c ir cu te rn in m os ai c c om p ris in g fo lia te fo rm s i n c rim so n a n d gr ee n o n a p in k gr ou n d .3 4 “r ev ita liz in g ”5 tu re a n d o rn am en t i n te rm s o f t h e c on te m p or ar y m et h 2 3 ht tp s:/ /w ww .b ol li ng er -g ro hm an n. co m/ en .p ro je ct s. ru sk in s-br id ge . 4 5 6 7 ht tp :// ww w. no x-ar t-ar ch it ec tu re .c om a n d ht tp s:/ /w ww .b ol li ng er -g ro hm an n. co m . a pio n ee r. H is R u sk in is a pr op h et of “a G ot h ic on to l og y” , i .e . th at h av e a ce rt ai n fr ee d om to a ct , th ou gh o n ly in en tit ie s. T h is co n ce pt tr an sc en d s th e ae st h et ic op p os itio n of st ru ct u re an d or n am en t, m ak in g th e w he n t he y s h ap e e ac h o th er .6 It is no t in its el f su rpr is in g, th en , th at in h is de sig n fo r R u sk in ” an d ev en n am ed th e pr oje ct af te r h im .7 Y et n ei
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“a n in te lle ct u al jo u rn ey st ar tin g fr om th e w rit in g s of in ne r w or ki ng s, to th e pr od uc tio n of ne w re al m s of sp ac e,Fig ur e 1 Jo se ph M all or d W illi am Tu rn er, Co ble nz . 1 84 2. W ate rc olo ur, 28 6 × 4 45 m m . O hio, Cin cin na ti A rt M us eu m (C IN 61 98 92 3). Be qu es t o f M ar y H an na . © Cin cin na ti A rt M us eu m / B rid ge m an Im ag es
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 184 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 so u nd a nd m ov em en t”.8 9 q uo te s fr om Th e S ev en L am p s of A rc hit ec tu re10 ce pt u al iz at io n as on e va st or n am en t. T he elu siv e ch ai n of re as on in g st em s (s o to sp ea k) fr om th e in iti al re m ar k is a ss er te d, me nt in th e w or ld . H er e p eo pl e c an n ow si t o r s ta nd a nd 11 8 9 10 Wo rk s, 8 . 11 12 pe n tim en to T he ref er en ce is to th e fo u rt h ch apt er of Se ven L am p s, am in e th e w ay s in w h ic h th e “e le m en t of d el ig h t” re tio n th at “a ll m os t lo ve ly fo rm s an d th ou gh ts ar e d ir ec t “w h at is or is no t o rn am en t”, an d in th e pr oc es s d is m is s es se ve ra l tr ad itio n al “fo rm s of so ca lle d de co ra tio n in ar ch ite ct u re ” as “u gly th in g s” . T he se in clu de th e G re ek fr et , h er ald ic o rn am en t,12 te ct u ra l de co ra tio n , fo r u n n at u ra l ar ra ng em en ts ar e ju st as ug ly as u n n at u ra l fo rm s; an d ar ch ite ct u re , in is no t to im itat e dir ec tly th e na tu ra l a rr an ge m en t; sh e is no t to ca rv e ir re g u la r st em s of iv y up he r co lu m n s to ac sh e i s ne ve rt he le ss to p la ce he r m os t ex ub er an t ve ge ta ble or na m en t ju st w he re N at ur e w ou ld ha ve p la ce d it, an d to g iv e so m e in d ic at io n of th at rad ic al an d co n n ec te d st ru ct u re
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 185 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 ca u se it lo ok s as if th e le av es h ad on e ro ot , t ho ug h th at 13 It is h ar d t o s ee th e r ele va n ce o f t h e p as sa ge to th e r en 14 C er ta in ly , a s t h er e r ea liz ed t h e do es n ot “ im it at e d ir ec tly t h e n at u ra l a rr an gem en t” . gr ap hi c in fo rm a n d co nf ec tio n ar y in c olo u r, an d n ot in ne ct ed s tr uc tu re ”. ( It is in te re st in g t o c omp ar e i t, i n t h is Su sa nn ah a n d th e E ld er s ch ap te r i n Mo de rn P ain te rs V an d of w h os e “e ve ry lin e 13 Wo rk s 14 15 Wo rk s 16 Wo rk s 17 Wo rk s 18 Wo rk s lo os e; al l a re in d iv id u al, y et no ne s ep ar at e”) .15 su pp os ed ly ev ok ed . of Th e S to n es o f V en ice .16 va n t p ag es fr om St on es , w ith th e co rr es p on d in g p as su ch fo rm s d is tin ct ly im ita tiv e”17 “a ct io n o r fo rc e o f s om e k in d” , a s d is tin ct f ro m th e c ir “c u rv es o f p er fe ct r es t”.18
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 186 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212
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19 ht tp :// ww w. no x-ar t-ar ch it ec tu re .c om . 20 21 ht tp :// ww w. no x-ar t-ar ch it ec tu re .c om ). 22 23 24 In d ir ec t ar g u m en ts fo r th e as su m ed re le va n ce of th is 19 a nd th e tw o p ag es de vo te d to th e 20 nu s th e q uo ta tio n fr om Se ven L am p s. A fte r ag ai n cla im th e lin e of lim ita tio n an d th e lin e of fo rc e. T he lin e of lim ita tio n is th e cir cle , th e p er fe ct fo rm of re st , th e ot he r is th e lin e of or n am en t, th e lin e of fo rc e, w in d, 21 cu rv es th at a re p oin te d at o ne e nd a nd r ou nd ed a t t he 22 T h is p ro m pt s a d ig re ss io n to w al k alo ng th e ve ge ta l c u rv es , lo ok in g do w n at th e mi dp oi nt .23 fr om T he S to n es of V en ic e tw ee n lin es of co nt ou r an d lin es of fo rc e” , a nd im pl ic itl y So th e cir cle as lin es of fo rc e an d ac tio n . So th e p ow er s of va ria tio n ar e op er at in g at th e sa m e tim e as th e p ow er s o f l im ita tio n .24Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 187 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 m os aic or n am en t as a st ru ct u ra l s ys te m , s in ce m y ar as R u sk in sa ys , al w ay s th at in te rt w in e an d co n ne ct to m ak e a st ru ct u ra l s u r in fo rm s m at er ia ls .25 ha ve “m at er ia lly ”. If tha t i t a ct s a s a s tr uc tu ra l p rin ci ple , Go th ic , or na m en t a ct s lik e st ru ct ur e an d st ru ct ur e ac ts lik e o rn am en t”. 26 I f, o n t he o th er h an d, t he p h ra se m ea n s lu d in g t o t he fo rm al an d q ua lit at iv e u n iv er sa lit y o f o rn a 25 26 27 Wo rk s 28 Wo rk s 29 Wo rk s 30 Wo rk s th e r en de rs o f s te nc ill ed p at te rn m ec h an ic all y a pp lie d t o te ct . To s ta y fo r th e m om en t w ith t h e or n am en t, th is Le c-tu re s o n A rc hit ec tu re an d P ain tin g 27 m ea n in g (a nd se n se le ss ly re pl ic at ed ) p ar od ie s of n at u ra l to th ei r p os itio n “a t th e ve ry to p of it, ju st u nd er its g ut te r” .28 in g, clo se to th e sp ec ta to r” ,29 w h ile c ar ve d o rn am en t i n 30
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 188 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 or n am en t p la ce d clo se to t he s p ec ta tor s ho u ld a ct u al ca cy w h en se en fr om a d is ta n ce . In th e ca se in p oi nt , ta te to so m e hei gh t ac tu al ly to e njo y th e in te g ra l p er ce p he nd an d co nv ey th e vit al vis u al lin k w ith th e n at u ra l e n vi ro n m en t w h ic h t he a rc h ite ct c la im s f or t he m . R u sk in in th e ch apt er fr om th e S to ne s o f V en ic e s uc ce ed 31 Wo rk s 32 Wo rk s 33 Wo rk s 34 Wo rk s -no e sp ec ia l d ut y.31 An d th e cr ite ria l r ef er en ce h er e to “ u se ” su gg es ts fu r co n sid er at io n n ot o n ly o f th e ap p ro p ria te n at u re a n d el le r fr om th e ne ed o r w is h to “ cr os s ov er to th e ot he r si de ”. A nd y et , a s R u sk in r em in d s r ea de rs o f Th e S to ne s of V en ic e, ge tt in g “s af ely ov er th e riv er ”32 is t he m in im al te lli ge nc e i n t h is e le m en ta ry m od e o f a rc h ite ct u ra l w or k.
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Vi rt ue s o f A rc h ite ct u re ”, s er ve s t o r at io n al iz e a nd ju st ify th e s tr uc tu re o f Th e St on es o f V en ic e as a w ho le . It is ola te s 33 34Fig ur e 2 Jo se ph M all or d W illi am Tu rn er, Rh ein fe ld en fro m th e N or th . 1 84 4. G ra ph ite , w ate rc olo ur an d pe n on pa pe r, 2 29 × 3 30 m m (su pp or t). Fro m th e Rh ein fe ld en Sk etc hb oo k. Ac ce pte d by th e na tio n as pa rt of th e Tu rn er Be qu es t 1 85 6. Lo nd on , T ate Br ita in . P ho to © Ta te
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 190 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 35 e ve n o n t he p ar t o f a “ m er e 36 35 Wo rk s 36 Wo rk s st on es , h ad to k n ow th e t im es a n d ti d es o f t h e r iv er , an d a ll th e g re at g en er al la w s of fo rc e an d w eig h t, an d t h ei r w or k in g ; an d in t h e ch oi ce o f t h e cu rv e as h e h ad , i n a pp ly in g s p ec ia l m ea n s t o o ve rc om e t he Figur e 3 John Henr y Le Keux aft er John Ruskin, The Bridge of Rheinf elden . 1860. Etching. Published as Pl. 83 in Modern Paint er s V (1860). Imag e sc anned from 1888 edition. © Paul Tuck er
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 191 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 in g h ow m u ch w it, h ow m u ch d ep th o f t h ou gh t, h ow re so lu tio n t h ere m ay h av e g on e to t h e p la ci n g o f a si n gl e s to n e o f i t.37 arc h ite ct u re an d th e i n ge nu ity c h ar ac te ris tic o f a ll ar t, em p lif y the s ec on d v ir tu e, ca lc u la te d , s hou ld he d is 37 Wo rk s 38 Wo rk s li g h ts ”.38 fe ct a cc or da nc e w ith th e R u sk in ia n u nd er st an d in g o f o r Figur e 4 John Henr y Le Keux aft er John Ruskin, Peac e [the w alls of Rheinf elden]. 1860. Etching. Published as Pl. 84 in Modern Paint er s V (1860). Imag e sc anned from 1888 edition. © Paul Tuck er
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 192 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 39 A nd t h is r ais es t he R he in fe ld en fr om th e N or th (1 8 4 4) [f ig . 2] in h is C at alo gu e of th e Tu rn er S ke tc he s in th e N at io na l G all er y 40 do w n in to th e d ar k sh ad ow of th e riv er , an d re tu rn s up to th e rig ht alo ng th e m ou nt ai n ra ng e, to th ei r ut m os t s u m m it.41 39 40 Mo de rn P ain te rs Wo rk s [f ig . 3] [f ig . 4] 41 Wo rk s 42 Wo rk s 43 Wo rk s 44 wo u ld a le rt o th er s t o. H old in g fa st th e “ g re at c on n ec t th ro u g h R om e, an d c olo u re d a n d p er fe ct ed fr om th e Th e S to n es o f V en ic e to “ st rin g a ll th e ty p es o f s u cc es siv e ar ch ite ct u ra l i n 42 no t h av e ne gle ct ed w h at R u sk in h as to sa y or sh ow , in th ei r re la tio n to r iv er s an d la nd sc ap es , no r h is u nd er to rie s of “m or al cu ltu re ”43 ca lle d h is “g eo g ra ph ic al im ag in at io n”44 p er at iv e ne ed “t o ge t sa fe ly ov er th e riv er ” sh ou ld th is ,
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 193 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 co he re nce . 45 Wo rk s un 46 Wo rk s 47 48 Wo rk s 49 Wo rk s I ca n n ot h er e fo llo w th at clu e in an yt h in g lik e th e de es sa y w ill ta ke it u p a t v ar io u s c ru cia l p oi n ts in a n a t
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bu ilt a nd it d is Pra et er ita R u sk in st at ed th e vie w th at de lig ht at co n st ru ct iv e co ly lo ve of ar ch ite ct u re ”, th an ks to h is in or d in at e fo nd 45 C on co m ita n tly , as se en in t h e p as sag e fr om Th e S to n es o f V en ic e d is pl ay s its ow n “s tr en g th ”. T h is ho w ev er is no t m er ely ed “t o ac t w el l, an d d o th e th in g s it w as in te n d ed to 46 Co ble n z47 [f ig . 1] in T he El em en ts of Dr aw in g Co ble n z a nd f re est a rc h to w ar d s on e si de , a nd a tr ai n of m in or a rc hes 48 in g th e n at u re o f t he thin g it h as to d ea l w ith a nd c on qu er ”49 (w he re t he m od e o f m ar ki ng is n ot , a s i n t he c as e an sw er to a u n iv er sa l c h ar ac te ris tic o f r iv er s, w h ic h up on , a nd an ot he r to g et co ol u nd er ; o ne sh in gly sh or ePaul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 194 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 an d ch ild lik e, an d an ot he r st ee p sh or e, u nd er w h ic h th ey ca n p au se , an d pu rif y th em se lv es , an d ge t th ei r st re ng th o f w av es f u lly t og et he r f or d ue o cc as io n .50 g re at do or to le t th e ca t th ro ug h , an d lit tle do or s to le t a g re at ar ch fo r th e g re at cu rr en t, to g iv e it ro om alo ng th e sh al lo w sh or e. T h is , ev en w ith ou t an y pr u 50 Wo rk s 51 Wo rk s w ou ld do in sim ple ec on om y of w or k an d st on e; fo r th e sm al le r yo u r ar ch es ar e, th e le ss m at er ia l yo u w an t 51 ca p ac ity fo r r es ili en t e n du ra n ce in s tr at eg ic fu n ct io n , Ou r F at he rs ha ve T old u s Th e B ib le o f A m ie n s i n 1 8 8 0, w ith Figur e 5 Jac ob Philipp Hack ert , The Pont e a Mar e in Pisa . 1799. Oil on canv as, 643 × 963 mm. Gr eif sw ald, Pomer anian Sta te Museum. © Wikimedia Commons
Figur e 6 John Ruskin, The Pont e della Pie tr a, Ver ona . 1869. W ater colour and body colour ov er gr aphit e on gr ey , w ov e paper , 176 × 261 mm. O xf or d, Ashmole an Museum (WA.R S.ED.295.a). © Ashmole an Museum, Univ er sity of O xf or d
Figur e 7 John Ruskin, Pont e Vec chio . 1882. Gr aphit e on cr eam w ov e paper , 356 × 484 mm. Cambridg e (MA) Har var d Art Museums/F ogg Museum (1957.192). Gi ft of Edw ar d W . F orbes. © Pr esident and Fello ws of Har var d Colle ge
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 197 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 vo lu m es d ed ic at ed to , a m on g st o th er s, th e cit ie s o f P i Po n te -a -M ar e no g u ar d in g P is a f ro m the s ea , w h ic h h ad c ol la p se d in [f ig . 5] ; Po nt e de lla P ie tr a ov er th e A d ig e at V er on a [f ig . 6] ; a nd Po nt e V ec ch io a fte r [f ig . 7] .52 H er e to o, p er h ap s, is a re as on fo r th e fa m ily re se m w h ic h se em s to h av e g on e lit tle n ot ic ed , th an k s p er th e de ve lo pm en t of h is d ra w in g st yle an d h is de te rio ra t Po nt e p ie -tr a a t V er on a) .53 A nd w h ile re co g n iz in g th at a d ra w in g of th e Po nt e ve cc hio d at in g fr om 18 82 [f ig . 7] w as m ad e fo r t he p la n ne d e p on ym ou s O ur F ath er s ha ve To ld u s v ol um e 54 tu ra l m on u m en t a s en do w ed w ith a co lle ct iv e hu m an p er 52 Wo rk s 53 54 Lu n -g ar n o de g li A cc aiu oli 55 56 57 58 th ou gh ts an d fe el in g s” , c on tr as tin g th em w ith th e “ja u n ad es ea rlie r.55 Po nt e S an ta T rin ita , w h ic h 56 th e d ra w in g of th e Po nt e v ec ch io st re ng th an d re ac h . A nd th e sa m e is tr ue of ot he r d ra w in g s of th e Po n te v ec ch io 57 a s Po nt e p ie tr a c ite d [f ig . 6] .58
Figur e 8 John Ruskin, Bridge at Lau ffenbour g. 1863 [wr ongly da ted by Ruskin 1868]. Gr aphit e on pale pink w ov e paper , 137 × 223 mm. Har var d Art Museums/F ogg Museum (1926.33.149). Transf er from the Fine Art s Dep artment , Har var d Univ er sity . © Pr esident and Fello ws of Har var d Colle ge
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 199 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 to w n s59 60 61 o ve r 62 Br em ga rt en63 de pt h, va ry in gly ti lte d to w ar d s or a w ay fr om the v ie w 59 Wo rk s 60 Wo rk s 61 Wo rk s [fig . 8 ] 62 Wo rk s 63 Wo rk s sa ril y a q ue st io n o f it s h os tin g f or m s i m ita tiv e o r e vo ca tiv e Figur e 9 Samuel Pr out , T w o-ar ched Bridge , from A Series of Eas y L essons in Landsc ape Dr awing , L ondon: R. Ack ermann, 1820. Lithogr aph, 210 × 270 mm. Imag e from cop y held by the Fine Art s Libr ar y, Fogg Art Museum, Har var d Univ er sity , digitiz ed by Google and av ailable from Ha thiT rus t Digit al Libr ar y (www .h at hi tr us t. or g)
Figur e 10 Joseph Mallor d William Turner and Charles Turner , LITTLE DEVIL ’S BRIDGE ov er the RU SS abo ve AL TDORFT , SWIS SḌ , fr om Liber St udiorum , p art IV . 1809. Etching and mezz otint . Pho to of Impr ession in the Me tr opolit an Museum of Art , Ne w York . © Wikimedia Commons
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 201 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 Figur e 11 Jo se ph M allo rd William Turner , R ich m on d H ill and Bridge . 1 82 8-1 82 9. W ate rco lo ur on pa pe r, 2 91 × 4 35 m m . L on do n, Bri tis h M us eu m (1 95 8.0 71 2.4 35 ). Be qu ea th ed by Ro be rt W ylie Llo yd . © Wikimedia Commons Le ct ur es on A rc hit ec tu re a nd P ain tin “Go th ic o r R om an es qu e c on st ru ct io n is no ble r t ha n G ree k co ns tr uc tio n 64 Wo rk s 65 Wo rk s 64 T hu s, ma n n er , w ith a le ve l r oa d w ay a n d eq u a l a rc h es , a re ly th ro w n a w ay fo r t h e sa ke o f f or m a lit y.65
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 202 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 of c oh es iv e d es ig n i n n at u ra l a nd d epic te d l an d sc ap e. 66 Wo rk s 67 Wo rk s 68 Wo rk s [f ig . 9] a nd Tu rn er [f ig . 10 ] ci de n ta lly s h ow ed R ic hm on d H ill an d B rid g e (“A m or e w on de rf u l o r in st ru ct iv e pie ce of co m p os itio n I c ou ld no t [f ig . 11 ] ). 66
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In Th e E le m en ts o f D ra w in g Co ble n z [fig s. 1, 12 a] , siv e t h ir d p ar t o f h is m an u al. is in vit ed , ta k in g th e lin ea r sc he m e of th e co m p os itio n pr ov id ed [f ig . 12 b] 67 th at h is sy st em of cu rv at u re sh ou ld h av e its or ig in is a lim iti ng cu rv e of g re at im p or ta nc e, an d Tu rn er 68 al l t he cu rv es th at ar tic u la te an d u n ify th e co m p os itio n . em plo ye d an d of an ad d itio n al en la rg em en t [f ig . 12 c] o fFigur e 12a John Ruskin, The Elements of Dr awing. In Thr ee Le tter s to Beginner s, L on do n: S m ith , E ld er, an d C o., 18 57 , 2 53 , fig . 3 2: w oo dc ut b y M iss B yfie ld aft er d ra w in g b y R us kin . Im ag e d ow nlo ad ed fro m co py at U niv ers ity of C alif orn ia d igit ize d b y In te rn et A rch ive an d a va ila ble fro m H ath iTr us t D igit al L ib ra ry (www .h at hi tr us t. or g) Figur e 12 b John Ruskin, The Elements of Dr awing. In Thr ee Le tter s to Beginner s, L ondon: Smith, Elder , and Co ., 1857, 268, fig. 34: w oodcut by Miss Byfield aft er dr awing by Ruskin. Imag e do wnlo aded from cop y at Univ er sity of Calif ornia digitiz ed by Int erne t Ar chiv e and av ailable from Ha thiT rus t Digit al Libr ar y (www .h at hi tr us t. or g) Figur e 12c John Ruskin, The Elements of Dr awing. In Thr ee Le tter s to Beginner s, L ondon: Smith, Elder , and Co ., 1857, 271, fig. 35: w oodcut by Miss Byfield aft er dr awing by Ruskin. Imag e do wnlo aded from cop y at Univ er sity of Calif ornia digitiz ed by Int erne t Ar chiv e and av ailable from Ha thiT rus t Digit al Libr ar y (www .h at hi tr us t. or g)
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 204 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 in ev er y go od pic tu re , ne ar ly al l la w s of de sig n ar e 69 er al th in g s to ge ther , s o as to m ak e on e th in g ou t o f th em ; th e n at u re a nd g oo d ne ss o f w h ic h th ey a ll h av e 69 Wo rk s 70 Wo rk s 71 Wo rk s 72 Wo rk s g iv en to n ot es , o r c olo u rs , o r f or m s, o f t he a dv an ta ge o f pe rfe ct fe llo w sh ip , d is cip lin e, an d c on te nt m en t.70 C om p os itio n ar e no t lim ite d to th e re al m of pic to ria l a rt , th ei r re vi sio n in g in Mo de rn P ain te rs 71 en ce a nd h ar m on y.
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[f ig . 14 ] , sc ale ”.72Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 205 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 Figur e 14 Joseph Dr edg e, Thames Bridges, from the To w er to the Sour ce , L ondon: Engineering , [1897], Pl. 6 (Blackf riar s R ailw ay Bridge ). © Wikimedia Commons si c of a ll fr ee d om in th ou gh t.73 ta l g ro up o f i ro n r od s s te ad ily a n d s tr ai gh t o ve r s to n e hi s a u di en ce , w oul d h av e s ee n thi s c le ar ly a n d wo u ld h av e sa id t o h im se lf (o r fe lt w ith ou t sa y 73 Wo rk s 74 Wo rk s wo u ld h av e p ut s om e life in to th os e ir on te n on s. A s a G re ek p ut hu m an lif e in to h is pi lla rs an d pr od u ce d of t h em w ou ld h av e p ut s om e g ig an tic or s om e an ge lic li fe in to tho se c olo ss al s oc ke ts . H e w ou ld p er in g t h eir w in g s, a n d gr a sp in g t h e ir on r a ils w ith th ei r h a n d s; or m on str ou s e ag le s, or s er p en ts h ol d ho ld in g w ith te et h .74 Figur e 13 The badg e of the London Cha tham and Do ver Railw ay , originally part of the fir st Blackfriar s R ailw ay Bridg e (1864). Pho togr aph by “SyndV er ” (2013). © Wikimedia Commons
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 206 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 at in g to a n e n or m ou s s iz e a w ea k f or m o f i ro n n ut , a n d in c on ve yin g th e inf or m at io n u p on it , in la rg e le tt er s, wa y C om p an y” [f ig . 13 ] .75 76 In Pr os er p in a da ys fo rm er ly “s pe nt p at ie nt ly a n d w el l” in c ov er in g t he th e u n h ap p y tr av ell er , “ co ve re d w ith d u st , a n d fe el in g ai g u ill es o f C h am ou n i”.77 An d n ot lo n g a ft er th is , i n h is Gu id e t o t he P rin cip al Pi ct ur es in th e A ca de m y of F in e A rt s at V en ic e 75 Wo rk s 76 Wo rk s Wo rk s Mo de rn P ain te rs V (p l. 8 4; [f ig . 4] Wo rk s 77 Wo rk s Wo rk s 78 Wo rk s 79 80 Wo rk s 81 Wo rk s 82 Wo rk s Pra et er ita 78 d e en g in eer ”,79 kn ow a h ow l f ro m a s on g ”.80 81 Th e A rt of E ng la n d th e r iv er in fr on t o f i t [f ig . 15 ] .82
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 207 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 Figur e 15 Geor ge Hawkins, Lithogr aph sho wing the sec ond wr ought -ir on bo x gir der tube of Robert Stephenson ’s tubular railw ay bridg e at Conwy being flo ated int o position (Sep tember 1848), 300 × 465 mm (im ag e), 37 0 × 54 7 m m (p ap er) . Im pre ssio n d igit ize d b y N atio na l Lib ra ry o f W ale s. © Wikimedia Commons
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tu b e” ( Wo rk s 83 Wo rk s In ot h er la te w rit in g s, cu ltu ra l ra th er th an p er so n al es th e de vo tio n al te st im on y pr es er ve d in th ei r n am es or Fo rs C la vig er a to g iv e cr ed en ce to co nc er n in g ot he r m at te rs th an er m in e ta ils ; a nd st ill 83Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 208 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 84 Wo rk s 85 86 T h e Po n te N u ov o P on te a M ar e [f ig . 4] Po n te N u ov o ce n tu ry . 87 Wo rk s ht tp :// ru sk in .a sh mo le an .o rg in cid en ta lly (fo r th e sa ke of its n am e), to th e Po nt e S an -ta T rin ita ro u nd th e w al ls , a nd , a s to th e old ar t of th e co u nt ry , 84 R u sk in lik ew is e re ca lls th e m ed ie va l pr ac tic e of er ec t S an ta M ar ia de lla S p i-na , a s re ad er s of Fo rs C la vig er a w er e in fo rm ed in an ac co u nt of its p er so n al ly w itn es se d “d es tr uc tio n”85 It w as a w on d er fu l th in g to s ee d on e. T h is P is an 86 w as a s h rin e l ik e t h at 87 si n ce , h av e s ee n , t h e u se o f su ch a th in g a t t h e m ou th Figur e 16 Vit tor e Carp ac cio , The Re turn of the Ambassador s (de tail), from the St Ur sula series. 1490s. Temper a and oil on canv as, 2970 × 5260 mm (whole). Venezia, Gallerie dell’ Ac cademia. © Wikimedia Commons
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 209 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 sh rin e at t h e en d o f th e lo n g es t p ie r; a n d a s th e Bo nn e E sp ér an ce , o r Gr âc e-de -D ie u or Vi er g e M ar ie , or No tr e D am e de s D un es , or Re in e de s A ng es , r os e 88 Gu id e t o t h e A cc ad em ia in V en ic e w er e re m in d ed th at in fo rm er tim es , e ve n th e ru in s Re tu rn o f t he A m b as sa do rs fr om h is in p er fe ct p ow er a n d p ro sp er ity” , R u sk in h om es in o n [f ig . 16 ] 89 s o at Ro m e, fo r ag es , s to od t h e P on te Ro tt o, til l t h e en 88 Wo rk s 89 T h e P on te a m ar e 90 Wo rk s 91 Wo rk s [f ig . 17 ] , m a k in g wh at w as in m y y ou th th e mo st lo ve ly a n d h oly s ce n e in R om e, no w a p la ce w h er e a s w in eh er d co u ld n ot st an d w ith ou t ho ld in g h is no se , an d w h ic h no w om an c an s to p a t).90 on “ m od er n p ro g re ss ”, of t h e ar ea s im m ed ia te ly s u r in g s o f t hi s p er io d .91 Figur e 17 Fra telli D’ Alessandri, Pho togr aph of the Pont e rott o, Rome. 1875. Print in the Ar chivio fo togr afic o comunale, Rome. © Wikimedia Commons
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 210 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212
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92 Wo rk s 93 Wo rk s 94 Wo rk s es h ad to d o n eit h er w ith n am e n or a dja ce n cy o f c h ap el, arc h ite ct u ra l s ys te m an d m ig h t c on st itu te o n e am on g si g n al le d c on tin uo u s s ec u re pa ss ag e a cr os s t h e d iv id es 92 wh ic h, th ou gh fr om e ve r s h ift in g a ng le s, he c on sis te nt ly th e u n iv er sa l s ec u rit y a n d c er ta in ty , m eta ph ys ic al a n d so cie ty a n d h is to ry , o ne o f t he p rin cip al g ua ra nt or s w as Po n tif ex In Pra et er ita R u sk in m oc ke d h is c h ild is h s el f f or P ro te st an t a s y ou p le as e” , t ot al ly ig n or an t, h ow ev er , o f on th e C on tin en t, th at m os t im pr es siv e fa ct to m y ev an ge lic al m ot he r, w ho se of p er so n an d su rr ou nd in g s; w h ile sh e an d m y fa th er A nd h e r ec al le d i n p ar tic u la r h ow h is p ar en ts h ad fa ile d no t, th er ef or e, to lo ok ca ref u lly on th e m ap fo r th e se p ar at io n o f P ro te sta n t f ro m th e C ath ol ic c an so rr ow fu l, en fo rc em en t u p on m e o f t h e n at u ra l c on se q u en ce s o f P op er y.93 Ou r F at he rs h av e T old u s, Ar a C œ li ( af te r t h e R om an c hu rc h o f 94 R u sk in d is tin g u is h ed th re e ty p es o f la st o f t h es e u n ite dPaul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin 211 Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212 di sc ip lin e 95 in th e m in d s o f a ll ed u ca te d m en th e tw o fu n ct io n s of t h e p rie st h oo d , in d iv in e a n d h u m a n s er vi ce , Hi er at ic , 96 T h is in te rp re ta tio n of w as no t in fa ct ce rt ai n , fe rr ed it, u nd er pi n n in g h is glo ss w ith a q uo ta tio n fr om 97 T h is cit es th e op in io n of V ar ro in De lin -gu a l at in a po ss e fa ce re (t o do , m ak e, cr ea te ), opt ed f or a de riv at io n f ro m fa ce re a nd po n s 95 Wo rk s 96 Wo rk s 97 a ‘p os se fa ce re ’, q u ia illi s ju s er at sa cr a fa cie n di; ve l p ot iu s a p on te fa cie n do , n am ab iis su bli ciu s Li v. iv . 4 . Di on ys 98 Wo rk s 99 Wo rk s 10 0 R u sk in se em s to h av e in te rp re te d sa cr a, n ot as th e p lu ra l o f th e n ou n sa cr um fy in g t h e l oc al iti es i m p lic itl y r ef er re d t o i n t h e p re p os iti on al p h ra se u ls e t c is T ib er im . 10 1 Wo rk s Po n s S ub lic iu s. R u sk in co m m en d s th e la tte r in te rpr et a tio n in p ar tic u la r to t h e “y ou n ge r re ad er ”, w h o w ou ld “t w o pr im ar y id ea s to it ”. T he Po n s S ub lic iu s su bli ca e w as da ng er ou s, se cu re w ha t w as u nc er ta in; ar ch ite ct no t 98 m is re ad in g fa ct u s ( fr om fa ce re ) a s pa ct u s ( fr om pa ng ere st ru al of th e ep on ym ou s pi le s as m an ife st at io n s of th e cl av u s o f Fo rs 99 T he se co nd id ea , q u in te ss en tia lly R u sk in ia n in it s m is tr an sla te d em ph as is ,10 0 th e Is ra el ite s th ro ug h th e p ar te d w at er s of th e Jo rd an 10 1
Paul Tuck er Division, Junc tur e, Sys tem: Bridg es and Bridg e-Building in the Work of John Ruskin Fonti, le tter atur e, arti e paesaggi d’Eur op a | Sour ces, Lit er atur es, Art s & Landsc apes of Eur ope 1 212 John Ruskin ’s Eur ope. A Collec tion of Cr oss -C ultur al Essays, 181 -212
