EUROPEAN
REVIEW
OF
PRIVATE
LAW
VOLUME 16 NO. 4–2008Published by Kluwer Law International P.O. Box 316
2400 AH Alphen aan den Rijn The Netherlands Sold and distributed in North, Central and South
America by Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle
Frederick, MD 21704 United States of America
Sold and distributed in all other countries by Turpin Distribution
Pegasus Drive
Stratton Business Park, Biggleswade Bedfordshire SG18 8TQ
United Kingdom ISSN 0928-9801
© 2013, Kluwer Law International This journal should be cited as (2013) 21 ERPL 3 The European review of Private Law is published six times per year.
Subscription prices for 2013 [Volume 21, Numbers 1 through 6] including postage and handling: Print subscription prices: EUR 684/USD 910/GBP 502
Online subscription prices: EUR 632/USD 844/GBP 465 (covers two concurrent users) This journal is also available online at www.kluwerlawonline.com.
Sample copies and other information are available at www.kluwerlaw.com. For further information at please contact our sales department at+31 (0) 172 641562 or at
sales@kluwerlaw.com.
For Marketing Opportunities please contact marketing@kluwerlaw.com.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Permission to use this content must be obtained from the copyright owner. Please apply to: Permissions Department, Wolters Kluwer Legal, 76 Ninth Avenue, 7th floor,
New York, NY 10011, United States of America. E-mail: permissions@kluwerlaw.com.
The European review of Private Law is indexed/abstracted in the European Legal Journals Index. Printed on acid-free paper
european review of private law
revue européenne de droit privé
europäische zeitschrift für privatrecht
Contact
Marie-José van der Heijden, e-mail: erpl@kluwerlaw.com
Editors
E.H. Hondius, Universiteit Utrecht, Molengraaff Instituut voor Privaatrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
M.E. Storme, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Editorial Board
W. Cairns, Manchester Metropolitan University, England, U.K.; Florence G’Sell-Macrez, Université Paris 1, France; J.F. Gerkens, Université de Liège, Belgium; A. Janssen, Westfälische
Wilhelms-r e t s n ü M
Universität , Germany, and Università di Torino, Italy; R. Jox, Katholische Hochschule , n e l a f t s e W -n i e h r d r o
N Abteilung Köln, Germany; D.R. MacDonald, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K.; M. Martín-Casals, Universitat de Girona, Spain; B. Pozzo, Università dell’Insubria-Como, Italy; S. Whittaker, St. John’s College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, U.K.
Advisory Board
E. Baginska, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Torun, Poland; H. Beale, University of Warwick, England, U.K.; R. Clark, Faculty of Law, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland; F. Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy; A. Gambaro, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; G. Garcia Cantero, Departamento de derecho privado, Universidad de Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain; J. Ghestin, Université de Paris, France; M. Hesselink, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands; C. Jamin, Université de Lille II, France; K.D. Kerameus, Ethniko kai kapodistriako Panepistimio Athinon, Athinai, Greece; H. Kötz, Bucerius Law School, Hamburg, Germany; O. Lando, Juridisk Institut Handelshojskolen Copenhagen, Denmark; Kåre Lilleholt, Universitetet i Oslo, Institutt for privatrett, Oslo, Norway; B. Lurger, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria; H.L. MacQueen, Department of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.; B.S. Markesinis, University College London, England, U.K./University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.; V. Mikelenas, Teises Fakultetas, Vilniaus Universiteto, Lithuania; A. Pinto Monteiro, Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de direito, Portugal; C. Ramberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Göteborg, Sweden; R. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Facoltà di
Giurisprudenza, Italy; D. Spielmann, European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France; L. Tichy, Univerzita Karlova, Praha, the Czech Republic; F. Werro, Faculté de droit, Université de Fribourg, Switzerland; T. Wilhelmsson, Helsingen Yliopisto, Finland.
Founded in 1992 by Ewoud Hondius and Marcel Storme
ISSN 0928-9801
All Rights Reserved. ©2013 Kluwer Law International
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Typeface ITC Bodoni Twelve
Design Dingoj | Peter Oosterhout, Diemen-Amsterdam Printed and Bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
european review of private law
revue européenne de droit privé
europäische zeitschrift für privatrecht
Guidelines for authors
The European Review of Private Law aims to provide a forum which facilitates the development of European Private Law. It publishes work of interest to academics and practitioners across European boundaries. Comparative work in any fi eld of private law is welcomed. The journal deals especially with comparative case law. Work focusing on one jurisdiction alone is accepted, provided it has a strong cross-border interest.
The Review requires the submission of manuscripts by e-mail attachment, preferably in Word. Please do not forget to add your complete mailing address, telephone number, fax number and/or e-mail address when you submit your manuscript.
Manuscripts should be written in standard English, French or German.
Directives pour les Auteurs
La Revue européenne de droit privé a pour objectif de faciliter, par la constitution d’un forum, la mise au point d’un Droit Privé Européen. Elle publie des articles susceptibles d’intéresser aussi bien l’universitaire que le praticien, sur un plan européen. Nous serons heureux d’ouvrir nos pages aux travaux comparatifs dans tout domaine du droit privé. La Revue est consacrée en particulier á l’étude comparée de la jurisprudence. Les travaux concentrés sur une seule juridic-tion sont admissibles, à condijuridic-tion de présenter un intérêt dépassant les frontières.
Nous souhaitons recevoir les textes par courrier électronique, de préférence en Word. Ajoutez l’adresse postale compléte et le numéro de téléphone de l’auteur, un numéro de télécopie et l’adresse électronique.
Les textes doivent être rédigés en langue anglaise, française ou allemande standard.
Leitfaden für Autoren
Die Europäische Zeitschrift für Privatrecht will ein Forum bieten, um die Entwicklung des europäischen Zivilrechts zu fördern. Sie veröffentlicht Arbeiten, die für Akademiker und Juristen in ganz Europa grenzüberschreitend von Interesse sind. Vergleichende Untersuchungen aus jedem Bereich des Zivilrechts sind willkommen. Die Zeitschrift befasst sich insbesondere mit vergleichender Rechtsprechung. Artikel, die sich auf ein einziges Hoheitsgebiet konzentrieren, können angenommen werden, wenn sie von besonderem grenzüberschreitenden Interessesind . Wir möchten ihre Beiträge per E-Mail erhalten und bevorzugen Dateien in Word. Bitte geben Sie ihre Anschrift, Telefonnummer, Telefaxnummer und/oder E-Mailadresse an.
Manuskripte sind in korrektem Englisch, Französisch oder Deutsch zu verfassen.
Style guide
A style guide for contributors can be found in online at http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/ europeanreviewofprivatelaw.
Index
Conference Report: Pragmatic Issues in Legal Translation
LUCIA MORRA & BARBARA PASA*
The conference ‘Pragmatic Issues in Legal Translation: From the Different
Language Versions of the DCFR to the CESL Proposal’ took place in Torino,
Italy, at the end of November 2012. The conference was organized by the Centro
di Diritto Comparato e Transnazionale
(CDCT) (Centre for Comparative and
Transnational Law, see www.cdct.it) and the Department of Law of the University
of Torino; the event was part of a research project titled ‘The Making of a New
European Legal Culture: Prevalence of a Single Model, or Cross-fertilization of
National Legal Traditions?’ coordinated by Michele Graziadei, a member of the
Scientific Committee, together with Gianmaria Ajani, Silvia Ferreri, Lucia Morra,
Barbara Pasa, and Rodolfo Sacco.
The aim of the conference was to promote debate on legal translation, with
reference to recent philosophical, linguistic, and jurilinguistic reflection on
translation in general.
The conference framework was outlined in the opening session by keynote
speaker Susan Šarčević (University of Rijeka), an expert in the field of legal
translation, with her seminal interdisciplinary work New Approach to Legal
Translation
(1997). She outlined theoretical as well as practical issues in legal
translation, starting from the difficulty of guaranteeing the principle of legal
certainty in translating multilingual legal texts, as is the case with European law.
The first session of the conference, Vagueness in Legal Texts and
Equivalence in Legal Translation
, centred on philosophical and jurilinguistic
issues arising from the relationship between law, language, and translation.
The pragmatician Nicholas Allott (University of Oslo) described the
varieties of vagueness that characterize normative texts and highlighted the value
that vagueness may have in these texts and the importance of preserving it in
translation, a task that requires reference to tools developed by inferential
pragmatics. Endorsing this view of vagueness in law, the jurilinguist Jan Engberg
(Aarhus University) emphasized that legal translation, as a form of human
communication, cannot avoid some general vagueness, although specific points of
indeterminacy can be recognized and signalled.
Francesca Ervas (University of Cagliari), a philosopher of language, spoke
about semantic and pragmatic equivalence in translation, concentrating especially
on what sort of equivalence a translation can achieve, since absolute equivalence
between texts of different languages is impossible. She suggests that the value of a
translation may be usefully related to the particular kind of ‘exchange value’ that
* LUCIA MORRA, Ph.D., Lecturer in Logic and Philosophy of Science at the University of Torino; BARBARA PASA, Associate Professor of Private Comparative Law at University of Torino.
European Review of Private Law 3-2013 [863–866] © Kluwer Law International BV. Printed in the Great Britain.
texts acquire in the boundary areas between different communities. Translation
may then be considered as a negotiation process in which the translator decides
step by step, throughout the text to be translated, which words of a language are
to be exchanged with the words of another language.
The comparatist Barbara Pozzo (University of Insubria, Como) spoke about
various problems of legal translation, such as false friends, boundaries of legal
concepts, stratification of meaning, immanent meanings, and those connected
with the ‘genius’ of a language, which lead comparative lawyers to conclude that
absolute equivalence in legal translation is a myth.
The session was concluded by two further contributions. Jaap Baaij
(University of Amsterdam) described the need for a ‘Common Coordinate System’
to establish a concrete methodology in translation; he argued that once this
system is set up, legal definitions in different languages will be able to refer to the
same common legal concepts. Finally, Martina Bajčić (University of Rijeka)
adopted a cognitive terminological approach to discuss the issues raised by the
translation of case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
The second and the third sessions of the conference attached special
emphasis to a number of practical issues.
The second session, Legal Translation as an Exercise in Comparative Law,
focused in particular on the five language versions of the ‘Draft Common Frame
of Reference’ (DCFR). As is known, the DCFR, originally drafted in English, is
the ‘tool-box’ of definitions and model rules that a network of European legal
scholars have produced in the last ten years in response to the European
Commission invitation to restate the existing acquis (both national and European
legal rules) on private law.
Most panellists in the second session had been involved in translating the
DCFR from the ‘original’ English version into versions in German (Christoph
Busch – Viadrina, Frankfurt Oder), French (Michel Séjean – Université
Panthéon-Assas, Paris), Spanish (Carmen Jerez – Universidad Autónoma de
Madrid), and Italian (Cristina Amato – Università di Brescia; Anna Veneziano –
Università di Teramo). They either discussed the reasons that had led them to
adopt a specific term or a certain expression rather than other possible solutions,
or they questioned the principle of equivalence and correspondence in these legal
translations. Gerhard Dannemann (Centre for British Studies, Berlin) explained
what ‘system neutrality’ means in the legal drafting process before the legal
translation
process,
providing
examples
(translation
of
non-performance
,
agreement
, termination, due) drawn from his experience as a member of the
Terminology Group within the Research Group on Existing EC Private Law
(known as the Acquis Group, see Contract II, 2009).
The third session, From the DCFR to the Proposed Regulation on CESL,
focused on the Common European Sales Law (CESL), the ‘Proposal of Regulation
on a Common European Sales Law’ (October 2011). The CESL is a concrete
Proposal of Regulation on sales law and comes directly from the European
institutions and not from legal scholars. This means that, once promulgated, it
will have direct effect: thus, the definitions of legal concepts and the
terminological choices will play a strategic role in the process of translation of the
CESL into the 23 authentic language versions of the EU. Although Article 33,
paragraph 3 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties states that the terms
of a Treaty are presumed to have the same meaning in each authentic text and
Article 55 of the Treaty on European Union codified the same idea, namely that
all language versions of the Treaty are considered as authentic (the so-called
principle of equality of EU official languages), legal scholars are the first to admit
that equal meaning is rarely achieved in the parallel texts of a legal instrument.
How then can the multilingual version of the CESL enhance transnational
commerce within the EU internal market? On the other hand, could EU citizens
agree to be regulated by a ‘monolingual’ CESL, written in ‘European English’? As
regards sales law, does the requirement to respect linguistic diversity better
protect European consumers and their health and safety?
The panellists of the third session offered some examples of the complexity
and ambiguity of multilingual legal instruments: Onofrio Troiano (Università di
Foggia) looked at the CESL and the exclusion of ‘mixed-purpose contracts’; Elena
Ioriatti (Università di Trento) dealt with the CESL and the concept of ‘obligation’,
with its varying national connotations. The linguist Jacqueline Visconti
(Università di Genova) provided examples of comparative textual analysis of the
CESL in four language versions (English, French, German, Italian). Finally,
Manuela Guggeis, Head of Unit of the ‘Quality of Legislation Directorate’, Legal
Service (Council of the European Union) described the legislative process for the
adoption of the Regulation on CESL and the role lawyer linguists can play within
the EU institutions.
Rodolfo Sacco (Università di Torino, Accademia dei Lincei) closed the
conference with his speech in French (a fitting choice, in view of the conference
theme) on legal translation as translation of an untranslatable text (Traduction
juridique: traduction d’un texte intraduisible?
).
The conference proceedings will be published by Peter Lang (Summer
2013).
List of Contributors
THOMAS KADNER GRAZIANO Dr. iur., LL.M. (Harv.)
Professor of Law/Professeur ordinaire Faculty of Law, University of Geneva Department of Private International Law (INPRI) 40, boulevard du Pont-d'Arve CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland Tel.:+41 22 379 85 07 Fax:+41 22 379 84 63 E-mail: Thomas.Kadner@unige.ch PETER ROTT Associate Professor
Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen Studiestraede 6
1455 Copenhagen K Denmark
E-mail: Peter.Rott@jur.ku.dk JOSEPH SPOONER
Ph.D. Candidate, Teaching Fellow Faculty of Laws, University College London
Bentham House, Endsleigh Gardens London WC1H 0EG United Kingdom Tel.:+44 (0)7758616605 E-mail: joseph.spooner.10@ucl.ac.uk Website: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/ experts/selfservice/index.php?id=9 ANNINA H. PERSSON
Professor of Private Law
Department of Law, Psychology and Social Studies, Örebro University Sweden
E-mail: ahp@live.se
annina.persson@oru.se
ANN-SOFIE HENRIKSON Doctoral candidate of Private Law Department of Law, Umeå University Sweden
E-mail: ann-sofie.henrikson@jus.umu.se KARIN LUNDSTRÖM
Doctoral candidate of Private Law Department of Law, Psychology and Social Studies, Örebro University Sweden
E-mail: karin.lundstrom@oru.se NADJA JUNGMANN
Law Professor at the University of Applied Sciences Utrecht in the Netherlands
Management Consultant at Social Force Heidelberglaan 7
3508 AJ Utrecht The Netherlands
E-mail: nadja.jungmann@hu.nl MARC ANDERSON
Researcher and Teacher
University of Applied Sciences Utrecht in the Netherlands Hogeschool Utrecht Heidelberglaan 7 Postbus 85397 - 3508 AJ Utrecht The Netherlands E-mail: marc.anderson@hu.nl THOMAS HOFFMANN Dr iur., LL.M. DAAD-Lecturer in Law Faculty of Law, University of Tartu, Näituse 13a, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
Tel.:+372 5919 6614
E-mail: thomas.hoffmann@ut.ee Website: www.rechtintartu.ee
European Review of Private Law 3-2013 [895–896] © Kluwer Law International BV. Printed in the Great Britain.
ALEKSEI KELLI Dr. iur.
Docent of Intellectual Property Law, University of Tartu,
Estonia
E-mail: aleksei.kelli@ut.ee AGE VÄRV
LL.M.
Lecturer of Civil Law, University of Tartu, Estonia
E-mail: age.varv@ut.ee ARTHUR SALOMONS Professor of Private Law Oudemanhuispoort 4-6 1012 CN Amsterdam Kamernummer: B104 The Netherlands Tel.: 0205253489 Tel.: 0205253519 E-mail: A.F.Salomons@uva.nl LUCIA MORRA
Ph.D., Lecturer in Logic and Philosophy of Science
University of Torino Italy
E-mail: lucia.morra@unito.it BARBARA PASA
Associate Professor of Private Comparative Law
University of Torino Department of Law Lungo Dora Siena 100, Torino
Italy
E-mail: barbara.pasa@unito.it
RODRIGO MOMBERG
Honorary Lecturer, Molengraaff Institute of Private Law, Utrecht University. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Austral University, Chile
Janskerkhof 12 3512 BL Utrecht The Netherlands
E-mail: r.momberg@uu.nl MEL KENNY
Professor of Consumer and Commercial Law
De Montfort University Faculty of Business and Law Hugh Aston Building Leicester LE1 9BH United Kingdom
E-mail: mkenny@dmu.ac.uk PAUL J. DU PLESSIS
Senior Lecturer in Civil Law and Legal History
School of Law
University of Edinburgh Old College
South Bridge Edinburgh EH8 9YL United Kingdom
Tel.: 0131-650-9701 Fax: 0131-650-6317 E-mail: p.duplessis@ed.ac.uk
european review of private law
revue européenne de droit privé
europäische zeitschrift für privatrecht
Contact
Marie-José van der Heijden, e-mail: erpl@kluwerlaw.com
Editors
E.H. Hondius, Universiteit Utrecht, Molengraaff Instituut voor Privaatrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
M.E. Storme, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
Editorial Board
W. Cairns, Manchester Metropolitan University, England, U.K.; Florence G’Sell-Macrez, Université Paris 1, France; J.F. Gerkens, Université de Liège, Belgium; A. Janssen, Westfälische
Wilhelms-r e t s n ü M
Universität , Germany, and Università di Torino, Italy; R. Jox, Katholische Hochschule , n e l a f t s e W -n i e h r d r o
N Abteilung Köln, Germany; D.R. MacDonald, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K.; M. Martín-Casals, Universitat de Girona, Spain; B. Pozzo, Università dell’Insubria-Como, Italy; S. Whittaker, St. John’s College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, U.K.
Advisory Board
E. Baginska, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Torun, Poland; H. Beale, University of Warwick, England, U.K.; R. Clark, Faculty of Law, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland; F. Ferrari, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy; A. Gambaro, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; G. Garcia Cantero, Departamento de derecho privado, Universidad de Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain; J. Ghestin, Université de Paris, France; M. Hesselink, Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands; C. Jamin, Université de Lille II, France; K.D. Kerameus, Ethniko kai kapodistriako Panepistimio Athinon, Athinai, Greece; H. Kötz, Bucerius Law School, Hamburg, Germany; O. Lando, Juridisk Institut Handelshojskolen Copenhagen, Denmark; Kåre Lilleholt, Universitetet i Oslo, Institutt for privatrett, Oslo, Norway; B. Lurger, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Austria; H.L. MacQueen, Department of Scots Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K.; B.S. Markesinis, University College London, England, U.K./University of Texas, Austin, Texas, U.S.A.; V. Mikelenas, Teises Fakultetas, Vilniaus Universiteto, Lithuania; A. Pinto Monteiro, Universidade de Coimbra, Faculdade de direito, Portugal; C. Ramberg, Göteborgs Universitet, Göteborg, Sweden; R. Sacco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Facoltà di
Giurisprudenza, Italy; D. Spielmann, European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, France; L. Tichy, Univerzita Karlova, Praha, the Czech Republic; F. Werro, Faculté de droit, Université de Fribourg, Switzerland; T. Wilhelmsson, Helsingen Yliopisto, Finland.
Founded in 1992 by Ewoud Hondius and Marcel Storme
ISSN 0928-9801
All Rights Reserved. ©2013 Kluwer Law International
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Typeface ITC Bodoni Twelve
Design Dingoj | Peter Oosterhout, Diemen-Amsterdam Printed and Bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
european review of private law
revue européenne de droit privé
europäische zeitschrift für privatrecht
Guidelines for authors
The European Review of Private Law aims to provide a forum which facilitates the development of European Private Law. It publishes work of interest to academics and practitioners across European boundaries. Comparative work in any fi eld of private law is welcomed. The journal deals especially with comparative case law. Work focusing on one jurisdiction alone is accepted, provided it has a strong cross-border interest.
The Review requires the submission of manuscripts by e-mail attachment, preferably in Word. Please do not forget to add your complete mailing address, telephone number, fax number and/or e-mail address when you submit your manuscript.
Manuscripts should be written in standard English, French or German.
Directives pour les Auteurs
La Revue européenne de droit privé a pour objectif de faciliter, par la constitution d’un forum, la mise au point d’un Droit Privé Européen. Elle publie des articles susceptibles d’intéresser aussi bien l’universitaire que le praticien, sur un plan européen. Nous serons heureux d’ouvrir nos pages aux travaux comparatifs dans tout domaine du droit privé. La Revue est consacrée en particulier á l’étude comparée de la jurisprudence. Les travaux concentrés sur une seule juridic-tion sont admissibles, à condijuridic-tion de présenter un intérêt dépassant les frontières.
Nous souhaitons recevoir les textes par courrier électronique, de préférence en Word. Ajoutez l’adresse postale compléte et le numéro de téléphone de l’auteur, un numéro de télécopie et l’adresse électronique.
Les textes doivent être rédigés en langue anglaise, française ou allemande standard.
Leitfaden für Autoren
Die Europäische Zeitschrift für Privatrecht will ein Forum bieten, um die Entwicklung des europäischen Zivilrechts zu fördern. Sie veröffentlicht Arbeiten, die für Akademiker und Juristen in ganz Europa grenzüberschreitend von Interesse sind. Vergleichende Untersuchungen aus jedem Bereich des Zivilrechts sind willkommen. Die Zeitschrift befasst sich insbesondere mit vergleichender Rechtsprechung. Artikel, die sich auf ein einziges Hoheitsgebiet konzentrieren, können angenommen werden, wenn sie von besonderem grenzüberschreitenden Interessesind . Wir möchten ihre Beiträge per E-Mail erhalten und bevorzugen Dateien in Word. Bitte geben Sie ihre Anschrift, Telefonnummer, Telefaxnummer und/oder E-Mailadresse an.
Manuskripte sind in korrektem Englisch, Französisch oder Deutsch zu verfassen.
Style guide
A style guide for contributors can be found in online at http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/ europeanreviewofprivatelaw.
Index
