The Development of the Italian Highway Network, 1924-1993. A Computerized Atlas

(1)

EUI Working Paper HEC No. 96/1

The Development of the

Italian Highway Network

1924-1993

A Computerized Atlas

A

lbert

C

arreras

and

E

lena

C

efis

EUI WORKING PAPERS

EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE

(2)

EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE 3 0001 0022 0803 3 © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(3)

EU ROPEAN U N IV E R SITY INSTITUTE, F L O R E N C E DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION

WP 940

EUR

pati

EUI Working Paper HEC No. 96/1

The Developm ent o f the Italian Highway Network, 1924-1993 A C om puterized Atlas

Al b e r t Ca r r e r a s

and

El e n a Cefis

B A D IA FIESO LA N A , SAN D O M E N IC O (FI)

'V n 0 1 0 ^ V © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(4)

No part o f this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission o f the authors.

European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I - 50016 San Domenico (FI)

Italy © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(5)

INTRODUCTION1

For more than three years a research project has been developed at the EUI focusing on the computerized historical mapping o f European transports and communications. It developed out o f a previous project on "the second technological revolution and the

economic growth o f Europe: the role of networks". Our interest in the relationship

between transport and communication networks and the peculiar European pattern of increasingly fragmented states called for a cartographical support. Looking for a proper one lead us to the conclusion that the best solution was to map the evolution o f transport and communication networks. There were some benchmarks, beautifully handmade, but nothing computerized. As we were mainly interested in the effects o f frontiers on the building of networks, some calculations and simulations were absolutely necessary. So, we decided to enter into the business o f map making. Because o f data availability we moved initially to railways. A working paper on the research done along these lines will be circulated more or less jointly with this one.

Looking for the appropriate networks to map we had many candidates, and we spent some time considering the best fitted for mapping. A series o f elements inclined ourselves

towards motorways. Motorways are a typical network o f the second technological

revolution. Motorways are manageable as far as the number o f relevant stretches is concerned. Motorways have enough available data to think o f a viable mapmaking research strategy. Motorways still are a relevant field o f investment in contemporary Europe. Last, but not least, motorways highly ressent the effect o f frontiers.

Although information is being gathered for all the European countries, we acutely felt the need to propose a first instance o f the progresses made by the research project. Without waiting for a whole European computerized map o f highways, we present here its Italian portion.

The beauty and interest o f the project lies in the computerization. Until very recently all the cartography was hand-made. Very recently -indeed, during these last three or four years- there has been a booming interest in computerized mapping. The geographical information systems, developed since the late nineteen eighties, have now become much easier and much cheaper to use than the previous computerized mapping softwares.

Although we present this small atlas in a very traditional way, i.e., on paper, the fact is that all the information is retrieved electronically and it may be used in many different ways.

1 The research has been funded by the Research Council o f the European University

Institute (Research Project # 35). We warmly thank the help o f Dr. Michael Goerke

(EUI, Computing Centre & History Department) in developing our computerized transport and communications mapping project. Thanks are also due to Dr. Andrea Giuntini (Istituto di Storia Economica, U.Firenze) who helped us in locating and gathering the relevant information.

(6)

2

A COM PUTERIZED ATLAS OF ITALIAN H IG H W AY NETW ORK, 1924-1993. The work supplies a digitalized instrument that shows the historical development o f the Italian highway network from its origins up to now.

Using the software program ATLAS-Gis, by Strategic Mapping Inc., it is possible to follow the evolution o f the Italian highway network year by year from its origins in 1924 to the end o f 1993.

The highways are the object of the analysis. They have been defined following the official classification by AISCAT - Associazione Italiana Societa’ Concessionarie Autostrade e Trafori (the association that groups all the companies constructing and managing the Italian highways). Moreover, the secondary highways (always according to the AISCAT classification) have been taken into consideration, but only for the last year because, for the moment, we do not know the year when the construction works ended. The European Roads, that is the roads classified with a European number E.., have not been taken into consideration and, therefore, they are present in the work as far as they are coincident with the analyzed objects.

The digitalized instrument consists in a data-set connected to a geographical file that allows the elaboration o f the appropriate map for every year.

(7)

3

THE DATA-SET.

The data-set is articulated in 9 fields as follows:

1. ID: identification number. Every section o f highway and secondary highway is identified by a unique number that establishes a one to one relationship between the data-set record and the geographical record that corresponds to that particular section. 2. SECTION. In this field the sections of the highway taken into consideration are identified by their starting and end points. They usually coincide with the name o f the highway exits corresponding respectively to the starting and end points o f the section Two criteria were used to define a section:

a) along the same highway, the sections were defined with reference to the different time periods o f construction;

b) where the highway crosses another highway this is desiganted as a starting or a end point of a section as well.

In the latter case, the starting/end points are indicated by the number of the highway that is being crossed. After the number, in brachets, the name o f the nearest exit o f the highway is indicated.

3. NAME. The number and the name o f the highway.

4. KMLENGTH. The distance in Kilometers between the starting and the end point of the section. The information about the length of the section was taken from:

T.C.I., Atlante Automobilistico Italiano, Milano, 1987, pp.

5. OPENYEAR. In this field the year in which the construction works were terminated appears. If we were not able to find this date in the sources, we have put the year in which the entire lane was opened to traffic. In this case there is a note in the field NOTES.

6. CONCESSION. The name o f the company that owns, as o f 1994, the concession to manage the highway is indicated.

7. TOLL. In this field, Y indicates that the concession company charges a price for the use o f the highway, alternatively, N means that the highway is toll-free.

8. LANES. The total (in both directions) number o f the lanes is indicated. When there are two numbers, for example 4/6, it means that the highway in some places has 4 lanes and in some others has 6.

9. NOTES. The field for comments and notes. (not reproduced here).

(8)

4

SOURCES. Officiai source:

A1SCAT, Informazioni. From n.l, Anno I, 1955, to n.3-4, Anno XXVIII, 1993. Other sources:

S.p.A per l’Autostrada Serravalle-Milano-Pontechiasso (a cura di), 1955-1975. Le Autostrade della seconda generazione. Milano, 1980. pp.278-286.

Turing Club Italiano, Atlante per Viaggiare in Italia. Milano, 1992.

Federazione Italiana della Strada, Notizie e Numeri della Strada. Roma, 1956. Federazione Italiana della Strada, Notizie e Numeri della Strada. Roma, 1966. Federazione Italiana della Strada, Notizie e Numeri della Strada. Roma, 1970. Federazione Italiana della Strada, Notizie e Numeri della Strada. Roma, 1972.

(9)

5

MAPS.

We present a series o f maps that shows the historical development o f the Italian highway network.

The first one is the network at the end o f 1993 completed with the secondary highways. The following ones are the same map cut in four parts in which the main cities are indicated so as to facilitate an easier reading o f the map. Then there is a map for each year in which a new section was added. No map is presented when there isn’t any new addition.

INDEX OF MAPS:

Fig.l: Italian Highway Network, 1993.

Fig.2: Italian Highway Network, 1993. Including Secondary Highways. Fig.3: Northern Italy, 1993.

Fig.4: Central Italy, 1993. Fig.5: Souththern Italy, 1993. Fig.6: Sicily, 1993.

Fig.7: Italian Highway Network, 1924. Fig.8: Italian Highway Network, 1925. Fig.9: Italian Highway Network, 1927. Fig.10: Italian Highway Network, 1929. Fig.l 1: Italian Highway Network, 1931. Fig.12: Italian Highway Network, 1932. Fig. 13: Italian Highway Network, 1933. Fig.14: Italian Highway Network, 1935. Fig.15: Italian Highway Network, 1956. Fig.16: Italian Highway Network, 1957. Fig.17: Italian Highway Network, 1958. Fig. 18: Italian Highway Network, 1959. Fig. 19: Italian Highway Network, 1960. Fig.20: Italian Highway Network, 1961. Fig.21: Italian Highway Network, 1962. Fig.22: Italian Highway Network, 1963. Fig.23: Italian Highway Network, 1964. Fig.24: Italian Highway Network, 1965. Fig.25: Italian Highway Network, 1966. Fig.26: Italian Highway Network, 1967. Fig.27: Italian Highway Network, 1968. Fig.28: Italian Highway Network, 1969. Fig.29: Italian Highway Network, 1970. Fig.30: Italian Highway Network, 1971. Fig.31: Italian Highway Network, 1972. Fig.32: Italian Highway Network, 1973. Fig.33: Italian Highway Network, 1974. Fig.34: Italian Highway Network, 1975. Fig.35: Italian Highway Network, 1976.

(10)

6 Fig.36: Italian Highway Network, 1977. Fig.37: Italian Highway Network, 1978. Fig.38: Italian Highway Network, 1979. Fig.39: Italian Highway Network, 1980. Fig.40: Italian Highway Network, 1981. Fig.41 : Italian Highway Network, 1983. Fig.42: Italian Highway Network, 1984. Fig.43: Italian Highway Network, 1985. Fig.44: Italian Highway Network, 1986. Fig.45: Italian Highway Network, 1987. Fig.46: Italian Highway Network, 1988. Fig.47: Italian Highway Network, 1989. Fig.48: Italian Highway Network, 1990. Fig.49: Italian Highway Network, 1991. Fig.50: Italian Highway Network, 1992. Fig.51 : Italian Highway Network, 1993.

(11)

(12)

8 © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

I l © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

S E C T IO N N A M E K M L E N G O P E N C O N CE SS IO N T O I L A N E 58 z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z CO CO 10 CO CO CO CO C/D CO CO C/3 CO CO 10 CO C/5 CO (0 C/D < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < o o o q o q o q o q o q o o q o o q o OOBSCJl’fN'-O'-Tfrf'Nffi'-'lDtD'-ffl •'TcncM’-CMm»-cDcn*-»-CM'-*-«-ininco*-CM •'TcncM’-CMm»-cDcn*-»-CM'-*-«-ininco*-CM •'TcncM’-CMm»-cDcn*-»-CM'-*-«-ininco*-CM •'TcncM’-CMm»-cDcn*-»-CM'-*-«-ininco*-CM •'TcncM’-CMm»-cDcn*-»-CM'-*-«-ininco*-CM •'TcncM’-CMm»-cDcn*-»-CM'-*-«-ininco*-CM •'TcncM’-CMm»-cDcn*-»-CM'-*-«-ininco*-CM CO CO CD CD CD CD CD 03 03 03 05 05 03 05 CO CO CO < < < z z z < < < z z z 1313 3 CO CO CO < < < z z z < < < ID LLI UJ UJ LLi LU Q Q Q ---< ---< ---< x t r £E ) O Q O : < < < : cc cc cc r m i n N I CM CM CM 3 C7> 03 03 < < < O Q UJ CC CC Q UJ UJ < 2 5 £ u ju j - CO g 9 t P cc cc r ^ O O ' o f - H O D D CO < < S O T O ) CM CM CM I ot m ot ( CO CO < < z z < < UJ UJ Q O < < cc cr

88

( 5 5 : o o c z z j CE X ? o o < 5 o < g z n : cc UJ o g J - < CO CO < < c

2 2 5

< t < < £ £uj£ujujuj£ £ £ < £ £ < £ “: . - . - o . - r i « - «9(/J(0(/3Q ( / ) W Q t0( /) S p p o g o p j o p ) Q O > < < i CC CE 8 8l 8: i < < < 2 < <

?88

8o b o < CO JCMCMCMCM CM CO D IO CO N C j n o n n r j o o o m i n i j )0)0)0)OT0)0)0)0)0)0)( 8 5 8 8 CO < CO CO cr ujujujuj U J O Q G O co < < < < CC CE CC CE 9 CO CO CO CO $ 0 0 0 0 E H ►“ I- H-§ 3 3 3 5 5 8 8 8 8 < CO CO CO CO 3 CD OT OT OT OT l u i i o i n i n m 3 O) OT O) OT CT) c o q q q q q q q c q c q c n c M C M q q q c n q o o o o o o o o o o * - q ocDcÒN'Ojoicj^uScòcM^'exjcòcd'-cniriòeDCDuSÒTrTTCMCMtbiritD CM CM CD ' T CM n ' I CM Tf CM i n - - II) *-J U I U I U I U *-J U I U I U *-J U *-J U *-J U I U I U *-J U I U I U *-J U *-J < < < < < < < GGOQCOQ < < < < < < < cece cr cc cr ce cr 3DDDDDD < < < < < < < OÒUÒUÒU 'JUUUOUU < < < < < < < C CE cr CE CE CE CC < < < < < < < < < Q Q Q D Q Q Q Q Q < < < < < < < < < x x x x x x x x x 3DDDDDDDD < < < < < < < < < d d d d d d d d d u u u u o u u o u < < < < < < < < < CECECrCECECECCCECE < < < Q O Q < < < CE cc cr < < < o d d 0 0 0 < < < cr cr cc 0 0 5 5 o ó z z 5 5 22 1 X 00 5 5 ó z _ 5 5 2 2 < < « o o co co A A A* o o o 5-. “f. < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < uj O o i 8 8< ; ° 2 i Ù-J O v I E pc b : O O 2 ' 9 O ^ CO S gò i g o < ^ UJ uj ™ : ujuj z - b m O r S y S 1 r Z 3 C < < X < o i w 2 3 <, CO £ Q co ° r n n . - rrQ O O k z H 9 < I— < u UJ O CD _ (n £ i § o UJ ° CC - L 11? UJ UJ 0 > < UJ CO I \U o 2 ci r01 < UJ _ CE CO O < < N O O - I S O CL ? < g o j l s s < ujq: N O . CL o o f B 0 g I w LU < X g f co 9 o < CO 0 - E c U J U D ^ I < ^ CO 2 O cc uj t tE Q. ? - Ul s. > r - < < < < [ - 2 ^ ^ "o- “o8o- 8 oOOOo” O i p i p ( D ( D ( p ( D ( p i p ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( D l £ ) l p < D I I ) D ( 0 I D X UJ X CD O _ Q CM 2 S? [ - ^ < 5 c > -«5 CD ,____ - • • ■ O - ' . ' r - o " ' 5 J S n 1 ! ) 0 < E o [ 23 d 3 § S “ 5 Ó ; 1 3 5 5

3i<

E 2 < O Z CL o z < < 5 o < ^ m g o < E 9 X X o □-o • p 3 o 2 uj t u - z < rsi -v S < 0 Z < O CD rr UJ m h — u j x § CO CO X < X m to to e 3 ! S ! : ^ U l UJ : < X ! 3 £ r a j - < = £ > « : 9 O a. : ad • : 2 < < ì x o X r T O O - X J - < _i < > X o m i - j < UJ 9 N 1x1 X UJ < ! ? i

» l i

< _1 < > O N § > 2 UJ CM X 0 < < 0 _ - * < < y g S J h U J UJ CE O O O < 5 <d3 c mX < cm — < < > < 2 z O _ o < 5 X 2 < CD O in . co »- ui < < - j CO < < < N > z m < U o i S CD _

i°

2 X X < o 2 9 x _ 5 Ì S < 2 CO A X < ^ O O X o o uj o 9 co X r

< < <

003 - cd i n co c i^inc > o o c © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(63)

59 > - > - > > > - > > Z > > - > - > > > - > - > - > - Z > - > - > > - > - > Z Z > - > > - > - > - 2 > > - > - 2 > - > - Z > - > Z > - > - > 2z > > - > > - > . 2 > >.z 55 CO co O O < < Q Q LU UJ < < > > < < LU UJ l Q Q ( < < « cece c 8 8 0 co c o co 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0) 0) - UJ LU l _ , o d < C < > > 2 l < ó ò g - œ 2 2 9 U c r UJ cn CE CE 3 LU Q o O UJ _co<HK2 E < E < < uj _ CE El CE CE CE ? CO c o c o co 0,^000 V U hKH 3 0 3 3 3 < CO < < < < < > > o o Q O < < Q. Q. < < NJ N 2 2 UJ UJ U O > > < < 2 2 O O CE CE UJ LU > > < < o o c o co UJ LU LU UJ Q CE CE Q < CO CD < E UJ UJ £ L wQQwC ^ O O ^ C 0 3 3 0 : c o < < c o « - CM CM CM CM ) co co co co ) O) O) O) O) LU LU CE Q CD <

Si

UJ LU O Q Q O < ce cr ce < n 1— o z p UJ ce

se

E < C fl Q o < 3 0 0 d 3000 0 c o co co < UJ L

|§|ÜC

d I - 2 h rr CO UJ c 5 O > C CL t r UJ H f c < r UJ UJ UJ UJ q a UJ o a < < f z < < CE CE W CE CE CO CO LU CO CO o o > o o CE LU UJ 0 9 9 << CE CE UJ UJ Q Q < < CE CE UJ UJ O Q < < CE CE = 8 5 8 8 5 8 ; < C O < C O C O < C O < < C O C O < C O C O < oj n t CO CO c O) O) c ) tn co co 1 co co CO ) CD O ) O) CO CO CO CO O) O) CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CD CD O) CD O) CD CO CO CO CO CD CO CO CD CD CD O) CD

5188;

3 < 03 03 < CO N N CD CO CD CD CD O) w o ) < J— ) 2 3 3 < < ; 2 < ) a i o c > < :u j é 3 > 03 3 3 < < o < 3 UJ UJ £E « O Q Q UJ C _j < < 03 < < £ £ < [ Q (/)w Q c 5 p p £ < d- f - r- co co CO ci CD O) CD C 03 03 03 o < < J - 2 2 3

< < <

. r-~ C'- r» ) CO CO CO ) CD O) CD ” o < < C 8 8 ; LU Q UJ < P Z 8 > 5 5 3 ^co<fco<ro)iriir)c\jcdr^corîr>c\i^r^încdcD'»»uÔ)òcococo^<rr^cdo)U3r^òu3<i: cDû)uScòòc\icd<j: corjoi C O S O ' - C M C O U ) C M C T ) i n c O ' - ( D t -_—_{. _} _{, n} _—_{_} _{o T}_{- >}_{- n n <}_- _{n >-}_c_m _r_-~_c_m_c_m_c_o _c_o _*_{- »- <}₀_c_m _c_m _c_m _-<_r_*_-_c_m_*_{- »}

-LU UJ LU LU LU d 03 d03 —OOO _{03 03 03}1 —1 —1 —J UJ q _ l LU Q —LUû Q Q1 — LU1 -J UJ j— _E _{f - h h} 3 3 3 3 < < < < < J-" mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< mincoJ-'-'j-rr*-< d £ o o

t

CO 2 o 5

8

"■ ' î CE o (D d CM 2 CD CM<CO CO CM O O 'T CO CVJO CM 2 Z zl CM zC CM « c m’- c oŒ ' - 'î — n n r - ^ c M » - ’- n ' r » - ' - c ,) ' - ' - c O ' - < n < M - < n n < - < - < < < < » — < < << < < << << < < << < << < <1— < » — < » — < < < l — < ► Q cr o 2 LU N 2 UJ O t UJ Î - S i r9 ï ï § < < UJ OT CE O

Q-II

□ < O O ce d ul UJ > P )3 ^ a . co < < < ~ “ z S S o Œ LL < qrc/3

s iis i

o S ° ^ 3 = 1 R E < O i - a . E ? < S 3 03 < CE g i s V t - u j < CE N 2: I II Z o : in 2 ? O <

Q-S “

CE < < E > 03 > ~ 0 w ■ s UJ R ü UJ E -n U. < 2 uj g u j H E Q- CE O E O 2 Œ E UJ < O > 0 0 g o f O 03 2 a : U — L x 9 ^ o { ü ^ < 5 2 CE 8 o < 3 < 2 CM £ 03 UJ < : 03 > □ ^ < £ o < O f 2 < x < cl o y > R S - ï o ^ : LU O *— CM O * O O < < CD C __.03 . < o

2 d

Q- < O

<5

9 o ï _ l 2 > O O X CD CO UJ UJ < 2 : o x 3 c m > < ' V s f p g i n < o £ 2 ï ï p s g î ï ïS q I

_s j

> UJ < Œ 0 c O UJ .

S iis i;

S- > 0 : O < oüç i r S 9 S i l e g § e R 5 a 9 c m< CD CM , - U ,< U < 2 < Z

si?

lè ï

cm cn -CM »— u < < c. <- <0 s CD co co m tn œ s co en cmcm cm cdco mcd r t; „ w r ;_____ÎS ÎZ ÊT S £2 NOCD^OO’-^CM’-COCOCMOOOrrMO’t'J'fCD^CMOMOCOlD'-OCD'-lO'-COin'-crOO'-SgCMCMOIŒÿroOr^0 ^ ' - • " C M i n C O T r T j C M C M C O C O C M C O C O C O C O C M ' - C M ’ r C M C M C O t O C M C M N C M ' - C M S C M C O t O C O C M C M i n C M C M C O C M C D C O D C M C M i n C n C M C O ^ C M C M Y ' M LU - ^±-z 5 ° Q O Z 3 « S ■—-en < < _J CD > < “ ° a. < 2 < 03 < 2 O 2 0 z - J > < < < ü uj ». t a ô s “ s , _ _ TftO--O^OCM<N <<<<<CD<LL< £ 0 < tO < ? 3 U- 1 > -A < O < O < 5 ^ CM © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(64)

60 r co ■>? co -ZZ>>Z>>->-Z>Z>>>>>>->>->->->->->->>->->->->->-2Z:>->>->->->->>->>->->>>>-2>>.>>.>-co CO co I 5 - co co . o

: < < O x

) Z Z O 3 > < < CO < Q co tfJ

5 c >

E

2

uj

C

O

^ >

C

O

O < O

< h- X I—

Z 3 < 3

< < C

O

<

0.cr;cnc75O5CT>o>c

z 8 _ < CO <

>

O

) C

T> C

T>

« C

D

C

D

C

D

>000)

eS CO 9 CO -5 co 5

£:0<

I J J 2 < 3 < < U J U J < L O C D O C D Q O O O O C

<□<□<<<<<<

ce^ce^ceaicececec J CO o

301

8 5 5 8 ; 3

,7

3 3 3 3 3

J < 55 < < < < <

- Ò H ò Ò Ò O O

_3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 __

CO<CO<COCOCOCOCOCO<COCOCO CO CO CO c < < o c Z Z H H < < 3 :

<:<:<•

Ü O Uü P œC C Ü UhO ' 0 0 0 0 3 < < 0 0 3 0 :

000 C

D

C

D

C

D

000 000000

000000

C

D

C

D

C

D

C

D

C

D

C

D

000 C

000 D

C

D

C

D

o o

C

o o

D

C

D

CO < CO < 0 0 0 0

000 C

D

C

O

C

D

_ _ .

0000000

CO o < h— Z 3

_{< <}

o o

_r~-

o o

3 1 8

OOO

r-» r-- r''

000 O O

x cc LU LU Z z _ z z a : lulu O ce ce

E mm

_ _i _

j UJ UJ LU

Q Q Q

< < <

Q Q Q , ce < < < ce ce 0$ Ë ° fi % a 9 CD Z -j ce s g

< <

n O

Q

Ì < < > cr ce

< >

O z £ P LU p < > œO O CD Z Z -ina: L L J O O

Ûhh

< < <

O Q Q

< < <

CE OC CE S 3

< <

z z

< <

o o

CO CO

o o

H h-

UJ UJ CE CE 3 3

o o

_{-j _i}

< <

D O

< <

CE CE »— I— H-CEI— H- h— »— t— UJ UJ

< <

Z Z g g

< <

00 —

00500

_l-h<Hh

3 3 Z 3 3 < < < < < c

£Q

₃

(3 ED

□ Q

< <

Q D

< Œ

F <

000 r- r^. r-.

000

r-- r-.

₀₀₀

0 0 0

_00000000000

-—

i o q q o o o q o o q q r ^ q o q o q o o o o q q o q o p o q q q o o p o p o o o o q q q p q o p o q o o o o o :n'fffl^(DricDnòcda)DeDciia)caTfO'fNdòriòori-': c3>s^cj>òt: {\ÌNiriiD': wcriòo>oicDS'-’ có^'wciiÒNd_' ■ w T- in n o ’_--- _---^ O CM ' _{~ CM ’ - T T C O ^ C D » - * - C O ’- C O ' - C O r > - ’- C D T j - * - C M ’- C M} _{» - < ■ » - TT TT 1 - CM} _{CM CM} _{TT TJ}

j cm «n co v o s ^ w - cm — c\j — ' r m ' f ' f o c D w n o c M c o ^ t c M O C M C M i n c v i ' c . ' C D ^ - C M ^ C O — C O ’- ’- C M — — CM — C MC M’ - — C M ' - ' - C M C M ’- ' r - C M ’- ’- C D C M — C MC N J- ' - C M CM CM C MC DC

:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<*

CM CM O CM O § <

o i

< C

O

_J UJ < 5

2o

_ co 7 z CE p 0 3 <

h- tr Ó

o 2 M

uj

O y

C

O

O Q

.

Qo^

Ï Z z

< o < .

CE CD CO < CD

0°

N o

§gsr

n= >

cm O Î Î > o < w o £

9d<

< < < o ~ P-CD < ^ < _J

^<m<

0

^ § < § s < g S > ►“ LU 1 ••• < Ql t e l ujg

:

o CE

< fi cô

§ 5 ° uj g 3 CD < <

■

Cdn ^ ^

o cm O u PX X P CM CE CD CD <

_d

- o P

<z^

2 < F o CC ° > O CE <

1

— < P . S T co CD CM UJ < < CE u j O

«r ° < F

Œ

5 NI g —

< o ï ? r § < Z < <■ z § ? < I

2

m L_ ÇO (O LU cm

O <

SïSS | Î S < o < □

S? 0.

3 i l

< CE Z _J —i O CD < _ i m t - D i o h S (E c\| CO < < CD < < - C O ï - < o £ F w CÔ x eo O > CO O CE • < < UJ < < 8 5 8 X < o < O X CE - J Û < Q r i Üj 5 8 < ~ x 2 Ulu X O q < > z X H < 3" ^ X < < CD > co 2

o <

X

Q O < £p£ 2 k Zj < lu 0 z co

s|§

< o  D < O CD CE

•9 O 3

£ 2 5 O z < X < O x b ._{< m} w g a < 0 1 < ° o < “ 3 f 9 i = E Œ S 5 1 _ L U < < -> X O -> « < Pg o g < — CD K O O — h- < X UJ X > X < < UJ O o J > co LU - O LU Z i ^ F ^ô ; o ; g ' t— 3 lu ;z < h ; l U i n r : X CO F : I - CO > < < LU P < O § 9 § < < < CO Z co W Œ o O < ’-X > < CO o

^

<UI<

gxd

l Ë l

3uj O O co x o _ i < > CD f 2 CM ÜJ

_r;

»-< - Z h- r: < < < UJ CO X “ 1 < < X — E =i X co

O < X

CO O CO N

X

2

£ 2 5

S Kg

< UJ CD

5 > O

p x m z ± < xœ

E

b

y-

m

O CO £ — x F

<

CO

_

O O CD ' J O n w N c j o ° i n i o - o ô j N Ü i y s s

Q.CyCyEOJlO^nCVISCMtDCVJ^CMCM

)OoœNO--ocMT-oinnoiD CMSMCMniDOtûtû*- o

• O O O l D N ’ - C D f f l T t O N O C M N C O ’ - ' - N ' f C M i n n C M i n C M i n ' - n W C O O l C M N O C M M n

o q m

co

- C M ’ - ’- C M C M ' - C M C M » - » - C M C O ’- C M C O C M ’- C M ’- ’- C M - ^ - T - ^ ^ r r » - T Î T j - C M C M C M C M C M i n i n C M © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(65)

61 “ CD CD CM CD CM CD T t r r (o ' r t D c o ^ T r w ' f ' T r T f ' i r T r ' c f ^ T f T f W ’ t w w T f ' f C D ^ c D V T f ^ T f ^ i > - > - > > - Z > - > - > - Z > * > - > > - > > - > > - Z > - > > - > > - > - > > - > - 2 Z > - > > - > Z > - > - > - Z > - Z Z > - 2 > > > - > > . > . 2 > - > > > § 2 1 < I zi 0 § > < < < Q Q Û < < < x a: x < o < i w LU Z C 2 < c tu < y f g c QuUJl < 3 0 C 2 < LU < ( Ô O Û C £ 9 O c/) o S s e f 0 0 3 : CD O < < > LU Q m ■) CD § > P 2

;28

: < CD 5 < ° < ci a: LU LU CE CD z > □ Z n O ÿ y a . £ Z < CD LU CE Z - I LJ û O - UJ C < H Q o < EE < lu < E CD Q < Q C 9 CD LU CD ; „ 0 0 0 ; U < O 2 c i *7 U CD LU 2 — CE ï g 2 0 < “1 3 Z < UJ - - Q Q D O < < r m CE CE 2 g < CE O o CD O % O 3 ( CD < C CM CM C

^53

O • •

?88

t— CD CD CMCMCMCMCMCOCOP)

i— i— p~i— i— r ' - r ' - r ' - r ^ r ' - r - - r - ' - r ^ r ' ' r ' - r ' - - r ' - 0)0)010)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0)0 O O CD CD CD CD < < X X O O LU LU h- h- Z Z O O cl a. Ó Ò z z d 3 2 2 < LLJ LLJ P < < " = * ! > > Zj œ X û x x “ UJ LU LU LH O CD CD 9 <

,§|ls

- S £ l § CD CD O d O O O <• I— L— H O 3 3 3 0 < < < CD CD CD CO CD < < °r'c t ' : < 2 < 2 û ; o < c

gË

2 O C LU P C O 3 H UJ < * § ° ‘ X Q Q < < X X t— h-CD h-CD

es

5 3 m P r q O o Q X UJ O cd o <£ < H Z Z 3 O _____________________ < < O < C D C D < O < <

;88:

CD O < h- Z 3 < < CD CD < < Z Z < < = l x p LU h- ÇL Q CD < LU P E < 3 O Z < UJ O O < 2 g m < £ z 0 ^ 0 3 O < < O h Q < LU CC CD < CD CD CD 2 § S 2 5 3 Ï Ï < 3 § X Z o X X < < O < < CD h- CD CD CD < U ( - LU CD » -O z < O O X lu O H z I UJ LU

> i

s

Ì x 5 CE X LU X O LU 9 x h— CD < f— < < £E < û û mû < < / - ) < X X P X H I --- » )— CD CD 9 CD CD O O • O < h h ü h Z 3 3 O 3 < < < CD < CD CD CD t 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 > 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) C, r^. r*. r • i' . j'- i^. i i ~ ~ i ^ i — i'» i r - »)0)00)0)0)0)0)0)0)0) o o q o o q q q q o ^ o q o n o qq q o s i n œ q N q q o o q o q q q q q q o r - q q q q N q q q q q o i o n q q a D N I / j M O ) C D t f ) 0 ) C \ i U o ) Ò O ) C V Ì O ) M : C \ i U c Ò ^ C O U n c d S M ’ a D O Ì C ' i l O c r i M : Ò C £ ) C Ò O Ì ' " U ) r - T - M C O lC ) C O ( £ ) 0 ) U » - U ) O Ì l Ò M : Ò c b _ — --- - 3 IT) t- rf — — — -<r — — CM CD - r - T - T f CO O * - CD CM CM CM * - r - O) -r- if) r- CM O 5 L X J— « UJ CD -O -O X X LU LU Z Z Z Z : . . CO * - CM CM : O) » - CM CM CM C - < < < < < < O t -Z CD s X ^ C O O L x V : ) o O c i r , Z Z i I *- < < c O O z z S 3 2 5 H- H- CD CD LU LU NÌ N Z Z UJ LU O O - M- Z Z l

_

____

....

_

m o Z ' - ' ^ Z Z m r ^ » -o Z m-m- » -o c m'cm’ oo m o Z ^ Z T M n T f f f l ) — C M < — — < < — C M C O C M C M < » ' r C M C M C M C M C O C M C O C D ’ C M < C M < ' C M C M T -f 1 < < J_ h— < < < ^ < H - < < < < ^ < < < < < < < H“ < h- < < < <

51

Ê £ o o 3 Z M- Ü < *-o *-o x x LU UJ Z z z z UJ LU X X CD CD - O CM CM* UJ > O UJ b o z •

° â

O O Q ; 5 < 8 s C H J- < < LJ i C r < , * Q. O O ~ o <en O z 5 < rr < Z O z z Ü] o x O O O UJ X < O < M CD Z CD < LU < Z X X CD O § | i

IF5Ì

t O < 0 O 7 LU x d X LU O X > O < O UJ CD X X X x > O J - < h CD U I2Ï O < CM JT) UJ CD — X _ C D 5 H-5 o 8 S 9 < « — S LO < 2 > ü < (— X O «3 m [= < z ^ x O > < 5 O Œ ii] ü < ^ P > o o < X < U) o = ° O Z O CM 3 UJ P x < u___1 O -j LU < r î — ^ w 9 g < o < n Œ O h g ! l | < LU O u. O £ £ - L - Z CD -J

l ? I §

Z o CD < O O LD 2 < 3 LU < CD I - S O 0 9 <D O a. 2 «

§s

> <

3 S

8 i < _ o

a i e

58 à

1- 83 < O CD A — UJ O Z X z z X 8 5 3 0 0 8 O x X 5 O O 3 x N « i | m < O o it £ 1 3 5 > Œ j s 2 s ^ Z <; O O J t O -5 3! CM S < a m g i = - < ' t o ' ? 2 < 5 ÒSO > X ^ Q O <

Sa

x o £ ° Q o X CD LU < z z O CD M CD < LU < 1 1 o x p 9 w

à | i

CD O 9 LU P < 5 > < < < z x

ygs

O_{> z}x o ° ?Z CE LU O c û x 5 X Z

£8

0

5

5 Q « CD < 3 ‘ ^ X X I X X O < CD X < O O z x X O CD ^ 3 0 < CD X 3 ° < ° a s i i ï i ^ P i o i c u j q o o p t X X -— . Q C x x o < O <

1

< z z z z a U X J O Ï ' - 8 £ Ìe|

-S§2|£

< S - O 2 O I ^ ~ o - o < < x < g CD °

§ P

X < o < O < CD CD 2 < £ <105 5 o O »Z CE - < N : x X X J CD CD < U < < < < < < - ( D ( 0 0 0 ' f C M O ( O U ) C ) C O - - 0 ) C M C M - - S t - r - c O M ; C - C M ’- ’- ’- ’- C M - ' - C M C M C M C O C © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(66)

S E C T IO N NA ME K M L E N G O P E N C O N C E S S IO N T O tL A N I M O N T E L U N G O -P O N T R E M O U A l5 11 0 1 9 7 5 A U T O C A M IO N A L E D E LL A C IS A Y 4 62 > > > Z Z Z Z 2 > > Z > > > Z > > > > Z > > > > > 2 Z 2 2 Z > > 2 > > > 2 > > > > > > > > > 2 > > -én co en en < < < < z Z z Z < < < < LU LU O û < < X CL

88 :

en en ' CO CD r-~ C' en CT) . -» 3 3 ^ en en en en en ^ ^ O O 22 x cl LU LU O O < < CL CL § 1 1 1 O CO CO CO - i en en en < LU LU LU > 2 2 5 Q LU l u LU Û_ O Û D — < x x > a: < < > 0 ^ 0 £ £ 0 1 < 3 < 3 3 < : E < E < < ËE ? en O en O O en : O N O N NJ O : t : ce tr cr a: tr ) 9 o 5 o o 5 ) < en < en en < e

UJ

co < o < CE h Z < 3 _________________ < c o < c o o c o o o c o en en en en < < < O < r Z Z H Z < < 3 < [ < X X O CE C Z < < O < * < en en en en (OCOCDCOCOCDCDCD r ^ N - f ^ r v - r ^ r ^ r ^ r ^ oiooicncnooio)O (O (Or - r-~ r-_{O) O) O)}F-- I-- r~- i _{0)01010)0)0)010)0)0)01}n - r - r-- r--NJ ; cr O o en en en en t < < < z E Z Z Z O C < < < O LU LU LU ^ LU Q Q Q O Q < < < ce < S E E S f en en en < en O O O g O LU UJ LU O O O t < < < \ CL CL CE Ç h h I - * co co en ç O O O : CO < O f f l i u a j m a j o j a j " 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 0 ) 0 ) l < c o 5 8 : __________ __ C 0 C 0 C C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 O 3 < < < t

:88888c

8 8 8_{en en en} -•-'-nviointDNM > 3 < 0 ^ 5 H O CE 3 O < < CO CO o eo o o d co co CO D O O O n LL LL y LL LL ^ _J _J Q UJ LU “j LU LU O ^ Q O Q. LU CE CE ^ CE J— h- N > CO CO UJ T O O Z O UJ Z 3 3 > CE < < LU O O O Û < o o f ? § < < § o —■

^

<-H O O O 3 0 0 0 < en en en o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - > o o o o q i n o o o q o o o o o o c o o o i n o o o c o o o o o o O ' f O T T O O - ' o o m n o w < < < O O O O O CC ; O LJ v u_ < < < < CD —• u j u i o ) o i o ) ( O t D o i f i ' - œ o ( 0 0 0 ( 0 ( O i n i n n ' j < n - n : r r : n : e o ' t n Z n 5 . co c\j co c C MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC OC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MCM CMC E - - - — C M C M < C M » - C M C O C M C < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < l - C D C D C D C D < < < > - < < < < < : « CD > . CO CO c\j »- eo cmcm < < < < < ce en O g d d TT Z CM CM Z CM < CO CO < < ! — < <► — o z ^ < o o Z ence > o < < g e S o O O < u o n3, S S B S S f o o S Z Z g < < < - § s

s

>«

y . 5 _j y < < < 5 K CE CE < <>7 < < J— -LNJ q 1 2 S | ;

l l i l i

o & < 5 ! CE > < < 0 £ x 3 5 CD h CL ff, 2 2 2 < x gç x CL Q O Q £ N 5 < Œ 3 8 S E S ? t < Û i r lu g E

a s

ï < 8 o < 8 t ? o o : 0 CD CO UJ ) 5 j Z D ^ CE LU < LU > 5 CO Q 2 . < S ° E ? < s s i g g . ° 3 Q I $ ! o d crm JE c o 3 > < < £ co O CO LU O N — Z N Z — CD M = UJ S l o S f o 9 c Q O . LU O C CE CE C m ó c n CE q- CO 2- j— ^ co % CO P < < £.< o - $ c ? « £ o k co m ce ^ 5 co . o O C LU O H- Z ô < ? c75 ~ q _) co — lu r) o O CD 3 1 3 3! _ z g ç 8 § D i _ CvJ LU u X 1 1 o CE < < CM _J CD < U l < 5 Ü I D

I p

5 | ll

z z p r co O CD S < < CD O 3 < Fd 3 £ ujû; o < < < CO O ^ > LL 2 < < < —I CO ^L. d 3 < > X Z — O < CD < H CE — < UJ z O CO Ç œ CO < T -< o -< CD O - _ z : < < ; m z C O ^ C D C ^ X ) > CD ô --ce z y 5 => 5 ' < ^ ” UJ . h C M H X < < D X ul O o < z z CO < < 3 u. CD X 3 " ^ O < < < < ^ X CD ^ Q 3" LU O < z UJ A O Z < UJ ~ Z d — < CL x o. m m o O 5 3 CO < o ^ o 5 ^ 8 CO < CE X 8 O z _ UJ UJ LD CE -J SB co O < UJ Q r L U Ü h 5 z w 2 < UJ if w w X CD NI < o Q o 5 x g i g t < J O o ^ <D O CM CM X < < Q O X < 2 § 8 | §e| m < o ! s > 2 8 3 Q cô d 3 0 O 6 en _ co O ° d < rr CJ z O ^ < ° X 7n z m d X LU ^ R 8 ô CD CD S z X Œ < o o J— CQ t— o o o o i o w n i n N O N T f r - m r - o M o m cri co co s co co m •- i d S S 2 “ ) N S S N a , , n i n s i n c 0 i n i n t £ > O ' J , ' D C M i n i n C 0 ' t f 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) 0 ) ^ C 0 N C 0 O t 0 C 0 ( D O L 0 - - C D e 0 < £ ) ' î i n c D C 0 Û 7 v V T T T T T T T , r T T ’7 ’ 7 l? 7 LM, - ^ C M - - ' - F - ' - ' - ' - ' - ' - ' - C M ’- ’- c O ' - C M > - ' - > - W ' - ( M ' - ' - ' - ' - t M ' - ' - ₁-25 0 A 4 A 27 T A N G E N Z IA L E M E S T R E -A E R O P O R T O © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(67)

63 2 Z > > Z 2 > > > - > 2 S S S S 2 S S S S o

* m ì m u

(68)

. © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(69)

EUI

W O R K IN G

PAPERS

EUI Working Papers are published and distributed by the European University Institute, Florence

Copies can be obtained free o f charge - depending on the availability o f stocks - from:

The Publications Officer European University Institute

Badia Fiesolana

1-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy

Please use order form overleaf

(70)

Publications o f the European University Institute

To The Publications Officer

European University Institute Badia Fiesolana

1-50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) - Italy Telefax No: +39/55/4685 636

E-mail: publish@datacomm.iue.it

From N am e... ;.

Address...

□ Please send me a complete list o f EUI Working Papers □ Please send me a complete list o f EUI book publications □ Please send me the EUI brochure Academic Year 1996/97 Please send me the following EUI Working Paper(s):

No, Author ... Title:

...

No, Author ... Title

:

...

Date ... Signature ...

X

(71)

W orking Papers in History

H EC No. 90/1 Elisabeth ELGAN/Jan GRÜNDAHL

Single Mothers in Early Twentieth Century Sweden:Two Studies

H EC No. 90/2

Jean-Pierre CAVAILLÉ Un théâtre de la science et de la mort à l’ époque baroque: l’ amphithéâtre d’ anatomie de Leiden

H EC No. 90/3 Jean-François DUBOST Significations de la lettre de naturalité dans la France des XVIe et XVÜe siècles

HEC No. 90/4

Alan BOOTH/Joseph MELLING Trade Unions Strategies and Productivity: A Suggested Framework *

H EC No. 90/5 BoSTRÂTH

Union Strategies in Historical Perspective: Sweden and Germany *

H EC No. 90/6 Patrizia GUARNIERI The Psyche in “Trance” : Inquiries into Hypnotism

* * * H EC No. 91/7 Bonnie G. SMITH

On Writing Women’ s Work *

H EC No. 91/8

Marie Dominique COUZINET La logique divine dans les

Six livres de la R épublique de Jean Bodin. Hypothèse de lecture * HEC No. 91/9

Nuno Severiano TEIXEIRA From Neutrality to Alignment: Portugal in the Foundation o f the Atlantic Pact *

HEC No. 91/10 Lorenza SEBESTA

The Middle East and European Security in the Fifties: a Historical Assessment

H EC No. 91/11 Stuart WOOLF

Europe and the Nation-State * HEC No. 91/12

António COSTA PINTO The Salazar “ New State” and European Fascism *

* * * H EC No. 92/13 Dominique POULOT

Le public, l'Etat et l'artiste. Essai sur la politique du musée en France des Lumières à la Révolution

HEC No. 92/14 G. Andrea CAMPANA

The Korean War as a Case-Study and some o f its Implications for Western Europe - A Reappraisal

*out o f print © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(72)

H EC No. 93/1 René LEBOUTTE

Les bassins industriels en Europe. Production et mutation d’ un espace 1 7 5 0 - 1992 * H EC No. 93/2

Agnès VAN DER PLAETSEN PCI, Art et Culture en 68: “ Peindre avec le peuple”

H EC No. 95/1

Albert CARRERAS/Andrea GIUNTINI/Michèle MERGER (eds)

European Networks/Réseaux euro péens - A Companion Volume/ Volume complémentaire H EC No. 95/2

Albert CARRERAS/Andrea GIUNTINI/Andreas KUNZ (eds) XIX and X X Centuries Transport History. Current Trends and New Problems

*

■&-H EC No. 96/1

Albert CARRERAS/Elena CEFIS The Development o f the Italian Highway Network, 1924-1993. A Computerized Atlas ♦out o f print © The Author(s). European University Institute. Digitised version produced by the EUI Library in 2020. Available Open Access on Cadmus, European University Institute Research Repository.

(73)

(74)

(75)

(76)