Citizenship status and the integration of immigrants : CITINT indicators

Access to citizenship and its impact on immigrant integration (ACIT)

Citizenship Status and the Integration of Immigrants: CITINT Indicators

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Financed by the European Fund for the Integration of Non-EU Immigrants (EIF)

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Contents

B-(#C$<(0,-!<-=!;0(0D#-+*0E!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!F! G*#!B-=#E#-=#-(!H<$0<8I#J!;0(0D#-+*0E!+(<('+!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!F! 23%*/%4%"5%"(*67&#71-%8*9"(%.&7(#,"*9"5#:7(,&'*;+929<2=!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!K! "<(<!L,'$)#+!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!M! N,E'I<(0,-!O$,'E+!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!4! L<7EI#!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!P! ;*<E(#$!:J!B-=0)<(,$+!,2!Q<8,'$!R,$)#!N<$(0)0E<(0,-!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!S! :>:!T#+'I(+J!U-#7EI,V7#-(!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!W! :>3!T#+'I(+J!X),-,70)!Y)(060(V!T<(#!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!:K! :>F!T#+'I(+J!Z6#$['<I020)<(0,-!T<(#!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!:S! ;*<E(#$!3J!B-=0)<(,$+!,2!L,)0<I!X\)I'+0,-!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!33! 3>:!T#+'I(+J!]#<-!Q#6#I!,2!X=')<(0,-!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!3F! 3>3!T#+'I(+J!"0220)'I(V!]<%0-C!X-=+!]##(!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!34! 3>F!T#+'I(+J!U-7#(!&#<I(*)<$#!5##=!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!F9! ;*<E(#$!FJ!B-=0)<(,$+!,2!Q060-C!;,-=0(0,-+!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!FF! F>:!T#+'I(+J!N,,$!"^#II0-C!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!FK! F>3!T#+'I(+J!Q#6#I!,2!N$,E#$(V!Z^-#$+*0E!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!K3! F>F!T#+'I(+J!L,)0<I!&,'+0-C!Z))'E<(0,-!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!KM! F>K!T#+'I(+J!&,'+0-C!;,+(!_'$=#-!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!KW! _08I0,C$<E*V!>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!MF! YEE#-=0\!:J!L<7EI#!L0D#+!````````````````````````````````````>>>!MM! YEE#-=0\!3J!O'0=#!(,!T#<=0-C!G<8I#+!``````````````````````````````>!MP! ! !

Integration and Citizenship

! B-!<!E,I0(0)<I!+#-+#@!)0(0D#-+*0E!a$#2#$+!(,!(*#!0-=060='<I!7#78#$+*0E@!$0C*(+@!<-=!E<$(0)0E<(0,-! 0-!<!E,I0(Vbc!0-!70C$<(0,-!),-(#\(+!0(!a7<$%+!<!=0+(0-)(0,-!8#(^##-!7#78#$+!<-=!,'(+0=#$+! 8<+#=!,-!(*#0$!=022#$#-(!$#I<(0,-+!(,!E<$(0)'I<$!+(<(#+b!d_<'8e)%@!3994J!:Mf>!B-!(*0+!60#^@! )0(0D#-+*0E!0+!<!$#),C-0D<8I#!(*$#+*,I=@!^*0)*!,-)#!)$,++#=!^0II!)*<-C#!(*#!['<+0g),-($<)('<I! $#I<(0,-+*0E!8#(^##-!(*#!0-=060='<I!<-=!(*#!),II#)(060(V!^0(*0-!<!E<$(0)'I<$!+(<(#@!<-=!<I(#$! +(<('+@!$0C*(+!<-=!,8I0C<(0,-+@!<-=!0=#-(0(0#+!0-!<!E,I0(0)<I!),77'-0(V>!! ! B770C$<-(+!2<II!,-!#0(*#$!+0=#!,2!(*0+!8,'-=<$V>!!B-!(*#!20$+(!0-+(<-)#!(*#V!<$#!,'(+0=#!(*#! -<(0,-<I!)0(0D#-+*0Ec!I<(#$@!(*#V!7<V!(<%#!'E!(*#!,EE,$('-0(V!,2!-<('$<I0D<(0,-!<-=!2<II!0-+0=#! 0(@!,$!$#7<0-!<+!I,-Cg(#$7!-,-g)0(0D#-+@!,$!=#-0D#-+@!^*,!7<V!8#!#I0C08I#!2,$!8'(!=,!-,(!(<%#! 'E!(*#!,EE,$('-0(V!,2!C<0-0-C!)0(0D#-+*0E!,2!(*#0$!*,+(!),'-($V>!!5<('$<I0D<(0,-!0+!8V!-,! 7#<-+!(*#!,-IV!0-=0)<(,$!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-!0-(,!-<(0,-<I!+,)0#(V!h!(*,'C*!(*#$#!0+!2$#['#-(IV! +,7#!),-($,6#$+V!,6#$!^*<(!0-=0)<(,$+!=,!7#<+'$#!(*0+>!!! ! G*#!$#+#<$)*!['#+(0,-!<(!(*#!*#<$(!,2!(*#!Y;BG!E$,A#)(!0+!(*#!#\(#-(!(,!^*0)*!)*<-C#+!0-! )0(0D#-+*0E!+(<('+!<22#)(!I#6#I+!,2!0-(#C$<(0,->!Z'$!20$+(!(<+%!0+!(*'+!(,!#+(<8I0+*!<!8<+0)! 2$<7#^,$%!2,$!'-=#$+(<-=0-C!(*#!),-)#E(!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-!0(+#I2@!<-=!*,^!8#+(!(,!7#<+'$#!0(! (*$,'C*!0-=0)<(,$+!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-!d;BGB5Gf>! !

The Independent Variable: Citizenship status

! G*#!2'-=<7#-(<I!8<+0+!,2!,'$!+('=V!0+!(*#!),--#)(0,-!8#(^##-!)0(0D#-+*0E!+(<('+!<-=! 0-(#C$<(0,-!I#6#I+>!!YC#$!<-=!L($<-C!d399Sf!+##!)0(0D#-+*0E!<+!(*#!2,'-=<(0,-!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-c! X-(D0-C#$!<-=!_0#D#6#I=!d399FJ!3Mg3Sf!+##!0(!<+!<!+'8g2#<('$#!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-!0-!(*#!I#C<I!<-=! E,I0(0)<I!+E*#$#>!!Y(!(*#!7,+(!8<+0)!I#6#I@!^#!7'+(!(<%#!<)),'-(!,2!d:f!$'I#+!2,$!80$(*$0C*(! <)['0+0(0,-!d#0'*',-#*<-=!#0'*'7".0#"#'fc!d3f!$'I#+!2,$!)0(0D#-+*0E!+(<('+!($<-+0(0,-+!d<)['0+0(0,-! <-=!I,++!,2!)0(0D#-+*0E!<2(#$!80$(*fc!<-=!dFf!=022#$#-(0<(0,-!,2!I#C<I!$0C*(+!<-=!='(0#+!<((<)*#=! (,!(*#!+(<('+!,2!)0(0D#-+!$#+0=#-(+@!-,-g)0(0D#-!$#+0=#-(+!<-=!-,-g$#+0=#-(!)0(0D#-+>!!B-!(#$7+! ,2!0-(#C$<(0,-@!(*0+!7#<-+!),7E<$0-C!(*#!+0('<(0,-+!,2!-<(06#!)0(0D#-+@!(*,+#!^*,!*<6#! '-=#$(<%#-!<!)0(0D#-+*0E!($<-+0(0,-!(*$,'C*!-<('$<I0D<(0,-@!<-=!,2!-,-g)0(0D#-+>! ! X\<70-<(0,-!,2!(*#!$#I<(0,-+*0E!8#(^##-!)0(0D#-+*0E!<-=!0-(#C$<(0,-!+*,'I=!<II,^!'+!(,! 07E$,6#!,'$!'-=#$+(<-=0-C!,2!(*#!$,I#!,2!)0(0D#-+*0E!+(<('+!0-!+,)0#(<I!),*#+0,-!<-=! 0-=060='<I!0-(#C$<(0,->!!G*#!EI#(*,$<!,2!=022#$#-(!)0(0D#-+*0E!$#C07#+!,2!(*#!XU!0+!^#IIg =,)'7#-(#=@!8'(!I#++!#\<70-<(0,-!*<+!8##-!7<=#!+,!2<$!,2!(*#!07E<)(!(*<(!(*0+!*<+!,-! 0-=060='<I!<-=!),II#)(06#!0-(#C$<(0,->!!G*#!+(<(#+!,2!(*#!XU!(*#$#2,$#!E$,60=#!(*#!E#$2#)(! I<8,$<(,$V!2,$!+')*!<-!<-<IV+0+>!!Z-)#!(*#!,6#$<II!2$<7#^,$%!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-!*<+!8##-! #+(<8I0+*#=@!(*#!-#\(!(<+%!0+!(,!=#(#$70-#!I0-%+!8#(^##-!)0(0D#-+*0E!$#C07#+!<-=!0-(#C$<(0,-! ,'(),7#+>! !

!

The Dependent Variable: Integration Indicators (CITINT)

! T,80-+,-!d:WWSJ!::S@!)0(#=!0-!YC#$!<-=!L($<-C@!399SJ!:4Pf!=#+)$08#=!0-(#C$<(0,-!<+!<!a)*<,(0)! ),-)#E(b!<-=!*0C*I0C*(#=!(*#!7V$0<=!h!<-=!,2(#-!),-2I0)(0-C!h!=#20-0(0,-+!C06#->!!G*#$#!<$#@! *,^#6#$@!)#$(<0-!),77,-!2#<('$#+!0-!(*#!6<$0,'+!<-<IV+#+!(*<(!*<6#!8##-!E'(!2,$^<$=>!B-! (*#!20$+(!0-+(<-)#@!<!-'78#$!,2!<'(*,$+!d#>C>@!_<'8e)%@!:WWKJ!W!<-=!3994J!::c!X-(D0-C#$!<-=! _0#D#6#I=@!399FJ!4c!O0I!Q#<I!#(!<I>@!39::f!*<6#!*0C*I0C*(#=!(^,!=022#$#-(!I#6#I+!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-J! (*#!7<)$,gI#6#I!d0>#>@!(*#!+(<(#!,2!+,)0#(<I!),*#+0,-!<+!<!^*,I#f!<-=!(*#!0-=060='<I!I#6#I!d(*#! 0-)I'+0,-!,2!C$,'E+!<-=!0-=060='<I+!^0(*0-!+,)0#(Vf>!G*'+!,'$!0-=0)<(,$+!+*,'I=!0-)I'=#! 7#<+'$#+!8,(*!,2!+,)0#(<I!0-(#C$<(0,-!<+!^#II!<+!(*#!0-=060='<I!2<(#+!,2!0770C$<-(+!^0(*0-! +,)0#(V>!!! ! Y(!(*#!,'(+#(!^#!+*,'I=!<I+,!8#!^<$V!,2!),-2'+0-C!#"(%.&7(#,"!<-=!7''#>#-7(#,">!!! Y++070I<(0,-!$#2#$+!(,!(*#!),-6#$C#-)#!,2!0=#-(0(V@!)'I('$#@!E,I0(0)<I!<-=!+,)0,g#),-,70)! 2#<('$#+!8#(^##-!-<(06#+!<-=!0770C$<-(+@!(<%0-C!EI<)#!<)$,++!7'I(0EI#!=07#-+0,-+!dO,$=,-@! :W4Kc!YI8<!<-=!5##@!:WWPf>!!B-(#C$<(0,-!0+!<!(^,g^<V!E$,)#++@!$<(*#$!(*<-!+07EIV!(*#! +'EEI<-(0-C!,2!,I=!(0#+!^0(*!-#^!d_<'8e)%@!3994J!::f>!O$,^0-C!<220-0(V!^0(*!(*#!-#^!),'-($V! =,#+!-,(!-#)#++<$0IV!07EIV!<!^#<%#-0-C!,2!(0#+!^0(*!(*#!,I=c!(*#+#!)<-!),#\0+(>!!! ! T#)#-(!<((#7E(+!<(!)$#<(0-C!'-020#=!+#(+!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-!0-=0)<(,$+!<)$,++!(*#!XU!d#>C>@!O0I!Q#<I! #(!<I>@!399Pc!/$<+D#^+%<!#(!<I>@!39::f!*<6#!*0C*I0C*(#=!+,7#!,2!(*#!7#(*,=,I,C0)<I!E$,8I#7+! ,2!),7E<$0+,-!<)$,++!=022#$#-(!)0(0D#-+*0E!$#C07#+@!8'(!<I+,!($0#=!(,!20-=!),77,-!C$,'-=!,-! ^*<(!),-+(0('(#+!+'))#++2'I!0-(#C$<(0,-!<-=!*,^!(,!7#<+'$#!0(>! ! L,)0,g#),-,70)!0-(#C$<(0,-!2,$7+!(*#!8<+0+!,2!(*#!2,'$!=,7<0-+!E$,E,+#=!8V!YC#$!<-=! L($<-C!d399SJ!:4WgPFf!<+!a7<$%#$+!<-=!7#<-+b!,2!0-(#C$<(0,-@!-<7#IV@!%>4-,)>%"(?*3,0'#".?* %50:7(#,"*7"5*3%7-(3>!!!G*#+#!+<7#!=,7<0-+!2#<('$#!0-!7,+(!E$<)(0(0,-#$g,$0#-(#=!<-<IV+#+! ,2!0-(#C$<(0,-!0-=0)<(,$+!dX-(D0-C#$!<-=!_0#D#6#I=@!399Fc!O0I!Q#<I!#(!<I>@!399Pc!/$<+D#^+%<!#(! <I>@!39::f>!!B-2,$7#=!8V!(*#+#!#\0+(0-C!<-<IV+#+@!^#!*<6#!=#6#I,E#=!(#-!),$#!0-=0)<(,$+!(,! 7#<+'$#!(*#!0-(#C$<(0,-!,'(),7#+!,2!70C$<-(+!^0(*0-!<-=!<)$,++!),'-($0#+!0-!X'$,E#!d+##! (<8I#!:f>!B-=0)<(,$+!<$#!,$C<-0D#=!0-(,!(*$##!)<(#C,$0#+J!I<8,'$!2,$)#!E<$(0)0E<(0,-@!+,)0<I! #\)I'+0,-@!<-=!I060-C!),-=0(0,-+>!! ! !"#$%&'J!Q0+(!,2!;BGB5G!0-=0)<(,$+!

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@71,0&*A,&:%*B7&(#:#47(#,"* U-#7EI,V7#-(!$<(#! QRL!399S!Y=!&,)!],='I#!

& X),-,70)!<)(060(V!$<(#! QRL!399S!Y=!&,)!],='I#& & Z6#$['<I020)<(0,-!$<(#! QRL!399S!Y=!&,)!],='I#&

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& "0220)'I(V!7<%0-C!#-=+!7##(! XUgLBQ;!399S! & U-7#(!*#<I(*)<$#!-##=! XUgLBQ;!399S!

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* Q#6#I+!,2!E$,E#$(V!,^-#$+*0E!! XUgLBQ;!399S!

* L,)0<I!*,'+0-C!,))'E<(0,-! XUgLBQ;!399S!

Data Sources

! 6"#*5)&7*)2%&8").,2,9".,*-'_& & B-=0)<(,$+!,2!I<8,'$!2,$)#!E<$(0)0E<(0,-!*<6#!8##-!=#$06#=!2$,7!(*#!399S!X'$,+(<(!Q<8,'$! R,$)#!L'$6#V!Y=!&,)!],='I#!,-!(*#!I<8,'$!7<$%#(!+0('<(0,-!,2!70C$<-(+!<-=!(*#0$! 077#=0<(#!=#+)#-=<-(+>!G*#!X'$,E#<-!U-0,-!Q<8,'$!R,$)#!L'$6#V!dXUgQRLf!0+!<$C'<8IV!(*#! 7,+(!),7E$#*#-+06#!+'$6#V!,2!0(+!%0-=!0-!X'$,E#J!<!I<$C#!+<7EI#!+'$6#V!(*<(!),II#)(+!=<(<!,-! #7EI,V7#-(@!'-#7EI,V7#-(@!<-=!#),-,70)!<)(060(V!0-!(*#!3P!X'$,E#<-!U-0,-!]#78#$! L(<(#+@!<+!^#II!<+!5,$^<V@!L^0(D#$I<-=@!;$,<(0<@!<-=!XU!)<-=0=<(#!),'-($0#+>!!B-!7,+(! ),'-($0#+@!<II!<C#!C$,'E+!<$#!0-(#$60#^#=>!!R,$!,'$!<-<IV+0+@!^#!2,)'+!,-!(*#!^,$%0-Cg<C#=! E,E'I<(0,-!<-=!),-+0=#$!,-IV!(*,+#!$#+E,-=#-(+!<C#=!:M!(,!PK>! & 5<(0,-<I!+(<(0+(0)<I!0-+(0('(#+!<$#!$#+E,-+08I#!2,$!+#I#)(0-C!(*#!+<7EI#@!E$#E<$0-C!(*#! ['#+(0,--<0$#+@!<-=!),-=')(0-C!(*#!0-(#$60#^+>!!G*#!+<7EI0-C!'-0(+!0-!(*#!XUgQRL!<$#! =^#II0-C+@!*,'+#*,I=+!,$!0-=060='<I+!=#E#-=0-C!,-!(*#!+<7EI0-C!2$<7#!'+#=!8V!(*#! ),'-($0#+>!],+(!-<(0,-<I!0-+(0('(#+!#7EI,V!<!7'I(0g!+(<C#=!+($<(020#=!$<-=,7!+<7EI#!=#+0C-@! '+0-C!E,E'I<(0,-!$#C0+(#$+!<-=!)#-+'+!<==$#++!0-2,$7<(0,-!<+!(*#!+<7EI0-C!2$<7#>!G*#! <6#$<C#!XUgQRL!['<$(#$IV!+<7EI#!0-!399S!^<+!:>S!70II0,-!0-=060='<I+>!!i'#+(0,--<0$#+!<$#! E$#E<$#=!0-!-<(0,-<I!I<-C'<C#+@!<-=!=<(<!<$#!),II#)(#=!(*$,'C*!E#$+,-<I!0-(#$60#^+@! (#I#E*,-#!0-(#$60#^+!<-=!+#I2g<=70-0+(#$0-C!,2!['#+(0,--<0$#+>!YII!),'-($0#+@!^0(*!(*#! #\)#E(0,-!,2!G'$%#V!<-=!L^0(D#$I<-=@!),-=')(!(*#!XUgQRL!<+!<!),-(0-','+!+'$6#V!<-=! ($<-+70(!=<(<!(,!X'$,+(<(!,-!<!['<$(#$IV!8<+0+>

!!

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G*#!(#)*-0)<I!=#+)$0E(0,-+!2,$!#<)*!E,E'I<(0,-!C$,'E!<$#!E$#+#-(#=!0-!(<8I#+!3!<-=!F>!! B-2,$7<(0,-!,-!),'-($V!,2!80$(*!,2!(*#!E<$#-(+!,2!(*#!$#+E,-=#-(!0+!<6<0I<8I#!2,$!0-=0)<(,$+! =#$06#=!2$,7!XUgQRL!=<(<@!8'(!-,(!2,$!(*#!0-=0)<(,$+!=#$06#=!2$,7!(*#!XUgLBQ;!=<(<>!!Y+!<! $#+'I(@!=#20-0(0,-+!,2!E,E'I<(0,-!C$,'E+!=022#$!+I0C*(IV!2,$!(*#!(^,!)<(#C,$0#+!,2!0-=0)<(,$+>!! & !"#$%&@J!N,E'I<(0,-!C$,'E!=#+)$0E(0,-+@!XUgQRL!0-=0)<(,$+! 8*95$".,*-&A)*59& 3%42),9.,*-& ;0(0D#-! ;0(0D#-+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!*,I=!(*#!)0(0D#-+*0E!,2!(*#!),'-($V!,2! $#+0=#-)#>! 5,-g)0(0D#-! 5,-g)0(0D#-+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!=,!-,(!*,I=!(*#!)0(0D#-+*0E!,2!(*#!),'-($V! ,2!$#+0=#-)#>! 5<(06#! 5<(06#+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!^#$#!(*#7+#I6#+!<-=!8,(*!,2!(*#0$!E<$#-(+! 8,$-!0-!(*#!),'-($V!,2!$#+0=#-)#@!,$!0-=060='<I+!^*,!<$#!(*#7+#I6#+!8,$-! ,'(+0=#!,2!),'-($V!,2!$#+0=#-)#!8'(!8,(*!,2!(*#0$!E<$#-(+!<$#!8,$-!0-!(*#! ),'-($V!,2!$#+0=#-)#>! R0$+(!C#-#$<(0,-! 0770C$<-(! R0$+(!C#-#$<(0,-!0770C$<-(+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!^#$#!(*#7+#I6#+!<-=!8,(*!(*#0$!E<$#-(+!8,$-!,'(+0=#!(*#!),'-($V!,2!$#+0=#-)#! XUg8,$-! T#C0,-!,2!,$0C0-!0+!(*#!X'$,E#<-!U-0,-!^*#-!<-!0-=060='<I!^<+!8,$-!0-!<-! XU!]#78#$!L(<(#F_{!<-=!8,(*!E<$#-(+!^#$#!8,$-!,'(+0=#!(*#!),'-($V!,2!} $#+0=#-)#>! 5,-!XUg8,$-! T#C0,-!,2!,$0C0-!0+!,'(+0=#!(*#!X'$,E#<-!U-0,-!^*#-!<-!0-=060='<I!^<+! 8,$-!,'(+0=#!(*#!XU!<-=!8,(*!E<$#-(+!^#$#!<I+,!8,$-!,'(+0=#!(*#!XU>!! ! !"#$%&BJ!N,E'I<(0,-!C$,'E!=#+)$0E(0,-+@!XUgLBQ;!0-=0)<(,$+! 8*95$".,*-&A)*59& 3%42),9.,*-& ;0(0D#-! ;0(0D#-+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!*,I=!(*#!)0(0D#-+*0E!,2!(*#!),'-($V!,2! $#+0=#-)#! 5,-g)0(0D#-! 5,-g)0(0D#-+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!=,!-,(!*,I=!(*#!)0(0D#-+*0E!,2!(*#!),'-($V! ,2!$#+0=#-)#! 5<(06#! 5<(06#+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!^#$#!8,$-!0-!(*#!),'-($V!,2!$#+0=#-)#!<-=! *,I=!(*#!)0(0D#-+*0E!,2!(*#!),'-($V!,2!$#+0=#-)#! R,$#0C-g8,$-! R,$#0C-g8,$-!E#$+,-+!<$#!0-=060='<I+!^*,!^#$#!8,$-!,'(+0=#!(*#!),'-($V! ,2!$#+0=#-)#! XUg8,$-! T#C0,-!,2!,$0C0-!0+!(*#!X'$,E#<-!U-0,-!^*#-!<-!0-=060='<I!^<+!8,$-!0-!<-! XU!]#78#$!L(<(#!,(*#$!(*<-!(*#!),'-($V!,2!$#+0=#-)#>! 5,-!XUg8,$-! T#C0,-!,2!,$0C0-!0+!,'(+0=#!(*#!X'$,E#<-!U-0,-!^*#-!<-!0-=060='<I!^<+! 8,$-!,'(+0=#!(*#!XU>!

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&

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Chapter 1: Indicators of Labour Force Participation

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1.1 Results: Unemployment

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HF0GJ\! MVU! MVU! MVU! "XVM! L! "XVM! L! L! L! L!

HFRE7SG0! MVU! MV#! MV"! MVN! L! MVK! WVN! WVW! KV"! "5VX!

RFYGJIG! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L!

$0FQG]IG! "5V"! "5V"! "5V"! MV6! L! L! L! L! L! L!

$0FQ+JIG! NV#! NV"! UVW! XVU! L! XVU! WVX! 6VK! L! 6VK!

$HGIJ! "5VU! WVW! WVM! ""VX! ##V5! "#VN! "MV"! "MV"! "NVM! "6V5!

$_+\+J! UVW! UVM! #V6! "NVX! NVN! "XV#! "5V6! MV5! L! L!

$_IEP+R0GJ\! NV"! #VX! #V5! XV"! NVX! MVX! KVW! XV5! UVW! WVK!

7JIE+\!]IJS\FY! NVW! NV6! NVK! MV5! UVX! MVU! XV6! XVM! NV"! 6V6!

GQ+RGS+! KVK! KV#! NVW! 6VM! MV#! WVU! 6VX! 6V"! XVU! "5VU!

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! BCDCEFGH! GIGJBCDCEFGH!

KILFC%GJMILG! KILFC%GJMILG!

DIDNO! FPJMILG! GIGJFP!MILG! DIDNO! FPJMILG! GIGJFP!MILG!

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1.2 Results: Economic Activity Rate

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DEDF0! JFDIQ+! 2ER+ISJLTERJ! DEDF0! 2ER+ISJLTERJ!

DEDF0! +HLTERJ! JEJL+H!TERJ! DEDF0! +HLTERJ! JEJL+H!TERJ!

FH$DRIF! ##UV! ##U6! ##UN! #5UW! NMUV! M6UW! M"UV! M"UM! MVU"! M6UW!

T+0SIHX! KMU5! KMUV! KMU7! KNU#! N"U#! KWU"! KMU"! K#UN! KWU#! #MU7!

TH0SFRIF! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L!

OYGRH$! #NUM! #VUN! #VUM! #NU5! L! L! M5UK! MVUM! #MUM! MMUV!

OP+OZ!R+GHT0IO! KWU#! KWUK! KWU#! N#U"! NVUK! L! M6U"! M6U6! M6UV! #WUK!

[+JXFR\! MVU6! MVU"! MVU"! L! L! L! M6UW! L! L! L!

+$DEJIF! #VU7! #VU5! #5U"! ##UV! L! ##U6! #5UV! KWUW! L! KWU"!

2IJ0FJ[! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L!

2RFJO+! #6UW! #"U5! #"UK! K7U6! N7U"! #6UW! K#U5! KKU7! K7UK! KNU"!

S+RXFJY! #6U6! #6U"! #VUN! M"UV! ##U7! MVUK! KWU"! #NU6! M5UM! KWU"!

SR++O+! K#U6! KKU"! K#U5! K7UN! L! KWUN! M"U#! M5UN! #VU7! MNUV!

ZHJSFRY! NWU#! NWU#! NWU#! K6U6! K6UW! N#U#! #"U7! #KUK! #MU#! #6UN!

IO+0FJ[! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L!

IR+0FJ[! #NUK! #VUK! #VUM! #KUN! #NU6! #7U7! MNU6! MNUW! MMU6! #WUN!

IDF0Y! N7U7! N7U5! K"UV! K5U6! N"U#! KMUN! #NU7! M6UV! M6U#! M6UV!

0FDQIF! #VU5! #VU"! #"U#! #6UV! L! #6UV! #VUM! K"UV! L! K"UV!

0IDZHFJIF! KMUK! KMUK! KMUN! K#UN! L! K#UV! L! L! L! L!

0H]+XTEHRS! KNU#! K6U6! NWUM! KKUV! K"U7! L! #KUM! #MUK! #7UN! #6U"!

J+DZ+R0FJ[$! MKUN! MKUM! M#UK! #MUM! #VU7! #7U6! #KU7! ##UN! M#U5! #6UN!

JER^FY! MNUW! MNU7! MNU7! M5UW! #6UM! MKU5! M7U5! MMUN! 75U5! M"UW!

GE0FJ[! K5UM! K5UM! KKUV! ""U5! L! ""U5! L! L! L! L!

GERDHSF0! K7U#! K7U#! #5UN! M6U"! L! M"UW! #WU5! M#U5! K#UW! 76UV!

REXFJIF! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L! L!

$0EQF\IF! K7U"! K7U6! K7UV! KVUV! L! L! L! L! L! L!

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$^+[+J! 7"UV! 7"UN! 75UN! 7KU#! W"UW! MMU7! 76UK! 76U#! L! L!

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+HL"K! #5UK! #5U6! #NU6! #NUN! K#UK! #MUN! #MU"! #WUN! #7UW! #MUN!

!

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! ABCBDEFG! FHFIABCBDEFG!

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1.3 Results: Overqualification Rate

! $7.88!,.798),!%:!;.-&'.8<=)>!(<-<=);,!:%'!,)3)'.8!(%&;-'<),!9')3);-!(%79.'<,%;!%:! %3)'?&.8<:<(.-<%;!'.-),!1)-@));!;.-&'.8<=)>!.;>!;%;A(<-<=);!<77<B'.;-,C!$.798)!,<=),!.')! ,&::<(<);-84!8.'B)!-%!.88%@!:%'!(%79.'<,%;!1)-@));!;%;A(<-<=);!<77<B'.;-,!.;>!;.-<3)A1%';! (<-<=);,C! ! "#$%&#'()*+!,($()*-.!#-+!"/-01($()*-!233(4&#-$.!! ! D3)'?&.8<:<(.-<%;!'.-),!.7%;B!;%;A(<-<=);!<77<B'.;-,!.')!7&(E!E<BE)'!-E.;!.7%;B!;.-<3)A 1%';!(<-<=);,C!!F.9,!1)-@));!7<B'.;-,!.;>!;.-<3),!.')!8.'B)'!:%'!-E<,!<;><(.-%'!-E.;!:%'!7%,-! %-E)'!<;><(.-%',!<;!%&'!,-&>4C!!D3)'?&.8<:<(.-<%;!'.-),!.')!9.'-<(&8.'84!E<BE!.7%;B!;%;A (<-<=);!7<B'.;-,!<;!-E)!,%&-E)';!+&'%9).;!(%&;-'<),!%:!G-.84/!F'))()/!H49'&,!.;>!$9.<;C!! ! 5(4%&*!6*!D3)'?&.8<:<(.-<%;!I.-)/!F.9!@<-E!J.-<3),/!J%;A(<-<=);!G77<B'.;-,/!566#!KLM! ! ! ! 78!9(4&#-$.!#-+!"/-078!9(4&#-$.!! ! N7%;B!;%;A(<-<=);!<77<B'.;-,/!1%-E!+OA%'<B<;.-<;B!7<B'.;-,!.;>!-E<'>A(%&;-'4!;.-<%;.8,! .')!7%')!8<P)84!-%!1)!%3)'?&.8<:<)>!-E.;!;.-<3),C!F.9,!@<-E!;.-<3),!.')!?&<-)!8.'B)!:%'!-E<'>A (%&;-'4!;%;A(<-<=);,!<;!$9.<;/!F'))()/!.;>!G-.84C!! ! ! ! ! ! A"6! 6! "6! 56! Q6! R6! S6! T6!

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EG$DQHE! ""T5! ""TM! "UT5! VMTW! K! K! "LTU! "LTU! ULTX! K!

S+0RHGY! ""TU! "UTX! "UTL! V#T#! K! K! "MTL! "JTW! "UTM! K!

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NO+N[!Q+FGS0HN! LTJ! LT"! WTX! K! K! K! K! K! K! !

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2HI0EI\! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K!

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RQ++N+! U5TX! ULT"! U5TX! K! K! K! W5TJ! LUTJ! K! 5UT#!

[GIREQZ! UUTV! UUTV! UUTV! U"T5! U#TM! U5TX! UVT"! UMTM! K! K!

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HQ+0EI\! "XTV! "LTV! "LTM! "MTJ! "JTW! K! MVTL! MJTV! M5TX! VXTU!

HDE0Z! U"T5! UUTV! UUT"! K! K! K! W#TL! WUTL! K! LMT#!

0EDPHE! ULTL! UWTV! UWT"! K! K! K! "XTM! K! K! K!

0HD[GEIHE! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K!

0G^+YS6GQR! VT5! "TV! UTM! K! K! K! JT5! JTL! JT"! K!

I+D[+Q0EI\$! UUTX! UUTW! U#T5! "JTM! K! "WTV! "UTX! "VTM! UVTL! VLTU!

I6Q_EZ! U"T#! UUT"! U#TL! VVTX! K! K! "WTJ! "WTL! UXTL! M#TJ!

F60EI\! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K!

F6QDGRE0! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K!

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$06PE]HE! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K! K!

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!

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Chapter 2: Indicators of Social Exclusion

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

2.1 Results: Mean Level of Education

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Q+PX7HY! STSL! STS6! STSV! STU6! STSL! ST5V! "TK#! "TK"! ST5K! "T#S!

QP++:+! "T#5! "T#5! "T#"! "T6"! J! "TK"! "T#"! "TL6! ST5#! "TSW!

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9:+07H;! J! J! J! J! J! J! J! J! J! J!

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2.2 Results: Difficulty Making Ends Meet

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