Editing staff SabrinaGiuca,INEA(supervisor);MariaSilviaGiannini(coordinationforDGA,LombardyRegion); GuidoGay,ÉupoLISLombardia;FrancescaMarras,INEA;AlessandroNebuloni,DGA,LombardyRegion;Renatopieri,SMEA; Robertopretolani,DEpAAA Topical consultants DanieleBellomo,DaniloBertoni,LuciaBriamonte,MaurizioCastelli,StefanoDell’Acqua,MariaSilviaGiannini, SabrinaGiuca,ClaudioLiberati,pietroManzonidiChioscaepoggiolo,Renatopieri,Robertopretolani, MariaRosariapupod’Andrea,SerenaTarangioli Editing revision SabrinaGiuca,MariaSilviaGiannini,FrancescaMarras,ValentinaCardinale Processing MarcoAmato,AlessiaFantini,FabioIacobini Editorial coordination BenedettoVenuto
Layout plan and realization
StaffINEA(JacopoBarone,pieroCesarini,FabioLapiana,SofiaMannozzi) Photography CarloSilva Internet edition Massimoperinotto Segretarial staff LaraAbbondanzaandDeborapagani
We would like to thank for their collaboration:MariaTeresaBesana,GabrieleBoccasile,DavideBortolozzo, GloriaCorti,GianfrancoDiNicolantonio,SimonettaDeLeo,MariannaGarlanda,AndreaMassari,
The second edition of “Lombard Ag-riculture in Figures 2011” follows the widely appreciated first edition of the publication, appreciated even by those who operate “beyond the borders of the agricultural world”. This book is valued for its popular contribution of informa-tion concerning the role and character-istics of the Lombard agri-food industry. It also includes the main measures and strategies dictated by regional agricul-tural policy. Thus collaboration with INEA and academic researchers and ex-perts continues, with whom the Directo-rate-General for Agriculture is engaged in works which will contribute towards the debate relating to the agricultural policy making.
How does Lombard agriculture present itself in the face of the upcoming chal-lenges and changes? After the strong economic downturn in 2009 and in a context of sustained crisis and continu-ing uncertainty, a recovery was noted in 2010 for this record-breaking
‘agri-culture of excellence’. According to pro-visional ISTAT data, the value of Lom-bard agricultural production, equal to € 6.4 billion Euros, grew by 2,1% mainly as a result of price increases. This par-tially compensates for the losses. On the other hand, the agricultural value add-ed grew by 1.7% due to an intermadd-ediate consumption increase (+2.4%) caused by price rises. The sector results contin-ue to present differentiated trends. The value of livestock production remains stable even if the meat sector registers a drop (-1.1%) while the bovine milk sector, which has showed a tendency to fluctuate in recent years, registers an increase of 1.6%, which can be wholly attributed to price increases. The best results in terms of variation were achieved by plant production, also as a result of the price increase, with the recovery of the cereal market being par-ticularly prominent. However the quo-tation increase of the main agricultural commodities entailed a rise in
produc-tion costs for livestock breeding which in turn caused a progressive worsen-ing of the correspondworsen-ing terms of trade. The pig sector, both for economic and structural reasons, has shown signs of strain in 2010 and 2011 and has come to represent a critical situation on both a regional and national scale. Overall within the national framework, the re-gional contribution to production value and agricultural value added remains stable, equal to 13.9% and 11.4% re-spectively. The foodstuff value added (19.1%) on the other hand decreases taking into account however the turno-ver recoturno-very sustained by the positive development of agri-food consumption in foreign markets. Also taking into ac-count the market instability and income fluctuations, the Lombardy Region con-tinues to sustain agricultural enterpris-es and stimulate growth, strengthening the competitiveness of the agri-food in-dustry, using different methods in the process. Among them there is the
re-newal of an advance of 50% of contribu-tions corresponding to the 2011 single payment scheme, equal to 200 million Euros. This will be allocated in July for the second year running and will give a much-needed boost to the incomes of more than 30,000 farmers. Another ex-ample is the restructuring of the Rural Development Programme, which has enabled measures to sustain business competitiveness and help young farm-ers set up their business (almost 1000 projects financed). Thirdly, cooperative agreements between the different play-ers in the supply chain will be launched by accrediting agricultural districts. In addition, measures will be approved which will improve and simplify credit access for small and medium-sized en-terprises which operate in the transfor-mation and commercialisation sector of agricultural products. Finally, meas-ures will be refinanced to enable operat-ing credit directed to agricultural enter-prises, with special priority allocated to
the pig sector.
The provisional results of the 6th ISTAT Agricultural Census, which was reized by both Region and Provinces, al-low for an initial update of the structural framework and confirm the progressive consolidation and strengthening of the Lombard agricultural system in the last decade.
Whilst concentration and specialisa-tion, for both plant cultivation and live-stock breeding, represent the extreme synthesis of the distinguishing charac-teristics of the Lombard businesses’ pro-duction system, differentiated trends and structural aspects according to their geographical location and varying level of importance shown by agricul-tural activity are made evident at a lo-cal level. At first glance, a growing effi-ciency of the more intensive agriculture in the plain areas can be seen, which in UAA (Utilised Agricultural Area) terms means averages by now among the highest at national level. On the other
hand in hilly areas and the foothills of upper Lombardy the production reali-ties seem to be affected by a fragmenta-tion of the business network, the diver-sification of agricultural activities and diffusion of “hobby” farming.
Thanks to the availability of further data processing and final census data it will be interesting to study these aspects in depth in their different interactions to identify for planning purposes new opportunities to integrate and stabilise incomes and new areas of competitive-ness and greater decision making au-tonomy for businesses.
For more in depth analysis please refer to the regional analysis annual report “The agri-food system in Lombardy” which goes hand-in-hand with this edi-tion of our publicaedi-tion.
Councillor for Agriculture in the Lombardy Region
ECONOMY AND AGRICULTURE
Land and population pag. 10
Gross domestic product (GDP) pag. 14
Value Added pag. 16
Employment pag. 18
AGRI-INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY CHAIN
Components of the system pag. 22
Food industry pag. 23
Distribution pag. 27
Foreign trade pag. 29
Food consumption pag. 32
AGRICULTURE
Production results in agriculture pag. 36
Intermediate consumption pag. 40
Investments pag. 42
Prices pag. 44
Farm structures pag. 46
Economic results of farms pag. 54
Credit for agriculture pag. 61
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY AND AGRICULTURE
Water resource management pag. 68
Forests pag. 70
Agro energy pag. 73
Products of designated origin and
traditional products pag. 75
Organic farming pag. 81
Agritourism pag. 84
Direct sales pag. 87
“Strade dei vini e dei sapori“
(Wine and dine routes) pag. 89
Didactic farms pag. 90
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Regional legislation pag. 92
Regional spending pag. 95
CAP – Pillar 1 pag. 97
Rural development programme
(CAP – Pillar 2) pag. 100
Agricultural districts pag. 105
GLOSSARY
The regional territory makes up 23,862km2
,whichis7.9%ofthena-tionalareaandischaracterizedbythe
presenceofplains(47%),hills(12.4%) and mountains (40.5%). In terms of population, Lombardy is the most
populated Italian region with nearly 10 million inhabitants (16.4% of the nationalpopulation),forthemostpart
land
and
population
Surface area, resident population and population density in Lombardy, 2010
Territorial surface area % Breakdown of Resident population % Breakdown of Density
(sq km) territorial surface area as of 31/12/2010 resident population (inhabitants/sq km)
Lombardy 23,862.80 100.0 9,917.714 100.0 415.6 Mountains 9,672.81 40.5 1,054.835 10.6 109.1 Hills 2,963.62 12.4 2,052.259 20.7 692.5 Plains 11,226.37 47.0 6,810.620 68.7 606.7 Bergamo 2,722.86 11.4 1,098.740 11.1 403.5 Brescia 4,784.36 20.0 1,256.025 12.7 262.5 Como 1,288.07 5.4 594.988 6.0 461.9 Cremona 1,770.57 7.4 363.606 3.7 205.4 Lecco 816.17 3.4 340.167 3.4 416.8 Lodi 782.36 3.3 227.655 2.3 291.0 Mantova 2,338.84 9.8 415.442 4.2 177.6 Milano 1,576.59 6.6 3,156.694 31.8 2,002.2 Monza and Brianza 405.49 1.7 849.636 8.6 2,095.3 Pavia 2,964.70 12.4 548.307 5.5 184.9 Sondrio 3,211.90 13.5 183.169 1.8 57.0 Varese 1,198.71 5.0 883.285 8.9 736.9 Source:ISTAT.
concentrated in the plain and foot-hills,wherethedensityofpopulation exceeds 600 inhabitants/km2 against
the regional average of 415 inhabit-ants/km2andthenationalaverageof 201 inhabitants/km2. The population
isspreadovertheterritory,somuch that only 25.5 % of the population livesinmunicipalitieswithmorethan 50,000 inhabitants opposed to 34.7% oftheItalianlevel.
Since during the last decade the
av- erageannualincreasewas1.3%,com-paredwith0.6%onnationallevel,the residentpopulationincreaseisrather lively,alsoduetotherecentconsist- entmigrations.InLombardythefor-eignpopulationrepresentsnearly10% Land use in Lombardy, 2007
Anthropized areas Agricultural areas - of which arable - of which permanent - of which permanent Wooded areas Other
% % crop % crops % meadows % % %
Bergamo 13.9 28.4 17.4 0.7 10.3 39.4 18.4 Brescia 11.3 35.0 27.3 2.0 5.7 31.9 21.9 Como 16.0 15.2 6.4 0.2 8.5 48.1 20.8 Cremona 10.6 85.5 80.7 3.5 1.2 1.6 2.4 Lecco 15.0 15.9 5.3 0.2 10.4 48.6 20.5 Lodi 12.5 80.2 75.8 3.8 0.6 3.2 4.1 Mantova 12.4 82.0 75.2 5.7 1.1 1.1 4.5 Milano 39.8 51.9 48.7 1.6 1.7 6.2 2.0 Monza and Brianza 53.4 36.2 34.2 0.3 1.7 9.2 1.1 Pavia 9.0 74.0 61.3 11.4 1.3 12.0 5.0 Sondrio 2.4 7.7 0.5 1.0 6.2 34.8 55.1 Varese 28.9 15.2 11.1 0.2 3.9 45.0 10.9 Lombardy 14.1 43.7 35.9 3.1 4.7 24.5 17.7 Source: ERSAF-DUSAF.
oftheresidentpopulation,compared withthenationaldataof7%,and23% ofthenationalforeignpopulation. The land is mainly covered by agri-cultural areas (43.7%), followed by wooden areas (24.5%) and built ar-eas(14.1%),withvariableproportions at provincial level. In fact, the rate of built territory is very high in the MonzaandMilanoprovinces(respec-tivelyestimatedat53.4%and39.8%). WhilstLeccohasthehighestpercent-ageofwoods,Cremona,Mantovaand Lodi have the largest agricultural ar-easofthenationalterritory.
Accordingtotheprovisionalresultsof the 6° General Census of agriculture relative to 2010, the utilised agricul-tural area (uAA) results equal to a little less than 1 million hectares. It represents 7.6% of that of Italy and corresponds to 41.3% of the regional territoryarea,inlinewiththenational average.Thefirstthreeprovincesfor
Farm land figures (000 ha), 2010
UAA Total area UAA/Total area
% Bergamo 70.8 272.3 26.0 Brescia 179.5 478.4 37.5 Como 23.8 128.8 18.5 Cremona 136.5 177.1 77.1 Lecco 10.5 81.6 12.8 Lodi 55.7 78.2 71.1 Mantova 168.2 233.9 71.9 Milano 64.8 157.7 41.1 Monza and Brianza 9.9 40.5 24.3 Pavia 177.4 296.5 59.8 Sondrio 74.6 321.2 23.2 Varese 13.2 119.9 11.0 Lombardy 984.9 2,386.1 41.3 Nothern Italy 4,605.1 11,993.0 38.4 Italy 12,885.2 30,132.0 42.8 % Lombardy/Nothern Italy 21.4 19.9 % Lombardy/Italy 7.6 7.9 Source: ISTAT.
extensionofusedagriculturalareaare Brescia, pavia and Mantova. Monza, Lecco and Varese instead show less extension.Duringthelastdecadethe variationoftheregionalutilisedagri-culturalareaindicatesareductionof 5,3%. This variation is less than pre-vious censuses, even if higher than the drop registered by the national utilisedagriculturalarea,estimatedat -2.3%.
Asfortheinhabitantdensity,therela-tionbetweenresidentpopulationand agricultural area shows a very high value, definitely higher than the cor-respondingnationaldata.
Ratio of population/agricultural area (inhabitants/100 ha of UAA), 2010
Lombardy Nothern Italy Italy EU-27* 1.007 603 470 289 Source: ISTAT. * EUROSTAT, 2007.
gross
domestic
product
(
gdp
)
In2009,theregionalGDpatcurrent prices amounted to approximately 311 billion of Euros, corresponding to 20.4% of the national GDp and 2.6% of the European GDp. Con-sidering that the population repre-sents 16.3% of the national one and 1.96% of that of the Eu-27, the GDp per inhabitant of Lombardy, of little morethan30.000Euros,results26% higher than the national GDp and 35%higherthantheEuGDp. When we look at GDp per work unit we get a mirror image. In 2009 it was approximately equal to 70.000 Euros in current terms; if compared to the same national and Eu param-eter it results 12% and 33% higher, respectively.
2009 represented a difficult year for the Italian economy and in particu-lar for the regional one. The GDp of Lombardy, measured in chained val-uesshowsinfactasensibledropfrom
Trend in GDP per inhabitant in Lombardy (Euro), from 2003 to 2009
GDP/Inhabitant
Year Current Chain
prices indexes 2003 30,449 27,779 2004 31,058 27,667 2005 31,544 27,554 2006 32,356 27,836 2007 33,442 27,994 2008 33,425 27,233 2009 31,780 25,281 Lombardy/Italy (2009) 1.26 1.26 Lombardy/Nothern Italy (2009) 1.06 1.06 Lombardy/EU-27 (2009) 1.35 1.23
Source: ISTAT, Regional Economic Accounts.
the previous year (-6.3%), indicating a higher suffering than the national average.
A contraction of -3.3% compared to
a -2.5% at national level, is noted on anannualbasisalsointermsofwork productivity, measured in chained values.
Table Trend in GDP per work unit in Lombardy (Euro), from 2003 to 2009
GDP/Work unit
Year Current Chain
prices indexes 2003 62,570 57,085 2004 64,433 57,398 2005 66,197 57,824 2006 67,328 57,923 2007 69,796 58,424 2008 70,715 57,616 2009 70,039 55,715 Lombardy/Italy (2009) 1.12 1.12 Lombardy/Nothern Italy (2009) 1.07 1.07 Lombardy/EU-27 (2009) 1.33 1.21
Trend in GDP in Lombardy (million Euro), from 2003 to 2009* Current prices Chain indexes 0 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000 350.000 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 310.952 247.359 263.961 323.973
* Chain indexes – reference year 2000. Source: ISTAT, Regional Economic Accounts.
value
added
In 2009, the incidence of the agri-cultural sector on the regional total value added reaches the historical minimum, dropping at nearly 1%, in respectof68.3%ofservicesand30.7% ofindustry,thelatterdefinitelyinre-cession with respect to the previous year.
Thisincidenceresultslowerthanthe national and European average and that of the northern Italy regions, but is comparable at European level tothatofcountriessuchasGermany and the united Kingdom. The trend ofthepastdecadeconfirms,asinthe restofthecountry,aprogressiveloss ofimportanceintheprimarysectorin
relativeterms.Howeveritmustbere-VA at basic prices1 by sector in Lombardy (million Euro), 2009
30,7%
68,3%
1,0%
Agriculture, forestry, fishing Industry, including building Services, including the public sector Total
2.771 86.817 192.940 282.528
1 Values at basic prices.
Source: processing of ISTAT data.
memberedthattheagriculturalvalue addedofLombardyisnotindifferent, as it reaches 1.7% of the agricultural value added of the Eu-27, and 2% of the Eu agro-industrial value, consid-ering the forestry sector, fishing and foodmanufacture.
Lombardycontributesmorethanthe otherregionstotheformationofthe agriculturalvalueaddedofthenation, quotedat11.4%.
In 2010, the value added at primary sectorbasicprices,equalto2.79bil-lion Euros at current prices, marked a 1.7% increase compared with the drastic drop suffered the previous year(-13%).
% Incidence of agriculture VA1 on GDP, 2009 VA Lombardy 1.0 Italy 1.8 Nothern Italy 1.4 Central Italy 1.4 Southern Italy and Islands 3.2 EU-27 1.6 Belgium 0.7 Bulgaria 4.8 Denmark 0.9 France 1.8 Germany 0.8 Greece 3.1 The Netherlands 1.7 Poland 3.7 Portugal 2.4 United Kingdom 0.7 Romania 7.1 Spain 2.6 Sweden 1.8 Hungary 3.3
1Agriculture, fishing and hunting.
Source: ISTAT, Regional Economic Accounts; EUROSTAT.
Agricultural1 value added over the total2 (%)
Italy Nothern Italy Lombardy 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 2006 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009
1Agriculture, fishing and hunting. 2Values at current prices.
employment
Thetotalnumberofemployedpeople in Lombardy of 4.3 million in 2010, approx.19%ofthenationaldata,has diminishedcomparedwith0.6%ofthe previous year. Regarding the agricul-turalsectorthecontractionhasbeen more pronounced (-3.4%), mainly duetoadropofdependentemployed (-7.2%)thatrepresent40.1%oftheto-talnumberofthoseemployed. Women employed in the agricultural sector, that between 2009 and 2010 registeredadefinitecontractionwith respect to that of men (-11.1% op-posed to -1.3%), result 19.7% of the total. This shows a value definitely lowerthanthetotalofeconomyand alsothandatapresentedbythenorth-ernregions,intotal(equalto28.7%).
Thepresenceofforeignmanuallabour in agriculture is estimated at 20.000 units(28%oftheagriculturallabour-ersinLombardy)ofwhich16.000non Eucitizens.
In 2009 agricultural employment in Lombardyexpressedintermsofwork units (Wu), represented 2.7% of the regional total, compared to 33.5% of industry and 68.3% of services. The averageproductivityofanagricultural work unit is 58% of service average and63%ofindustry.
In spite of this, during the last few years an increase trend of the value added per Wu and employed is seen inagriculture,withareductionofthe productivity gap per employed com-paredtoothereconomysectors.
33,5%
63,8%
2,7%
Agriculture, forestry, fishing Industry, including building Services, including the public sector Total
121 1.486 2.833 4.440
Source: ISTAT, Regional Economic Accounts.
Work unit per sector in Lombardy (000 units), 2009
% Incidence of farm workers1 on total workers in the economy, 2009
% workers Lombardy 1.7 Italy 3.8 Nothern Italy 2.8 Central Italy 2.7 Southern Italy and Islands 6.5 EU-27 Belgium 1.5 Bulgaria 7.1 Denmark 2.5 France 2.9 Germany 1.7 Greece 11.9 The Netherlands 2.5 Poland 13.3 Portugal 11.2 United Kingdom 1.1 Romania 29.1 Spain 4.2 Sweden 2.2 Hungary 4.6
1 Agriculture, hunting and fishing.
Source: ISTAT, Measuring the workforce - average 2009; EUROSTAT.
Total workers and farm workers by gender and geographical area, 2010
Workers Farm workers
000 units % women 000 units % women
Lombardy 4,273.1 42.0 70.8 19.7
Nothern Italy 11,838.0 42.5 346.7 26.9
Italy 22,872.3 40.4 891.0 28.7
Source: ISTAT, Measuring the workforce - average 2010.
VA at basic prices per WU and by sector in Lombardy (Euro)*, 2003-2009
Agriculture Services Industry 0 10.000 20.000 30.000 40.000 50.000 60.000 2009 2004 2005 2003 2006 2007 2008
*Chain indexes - reference year 2000. Source: ISTAT, Regional Economic Accounts.
components
of
the
system
In 2010 the economic dimension of the agricultural and food system is estimatedatapproximately36billion Euros,equalto15.9%ofthenational agricultureandfoodsystemvalue.Its regionalGDprelationis10.8%. Mostofthesystemfinalvalueisgiven by the Value Added (VA) of distribu-tion and foodservice (respectively 45.1%e18%ofthetotal).Infact,it’s interesting to note that the relation between the system value and the valueofagro-industrialproductionof approximately 11 billion Euros (in-cluding intermediate consumption, agriculture value added and food in-dustry),isthreetoone.
The agricultural value added (includ-ing forestry and fishing) contributes with 8% to the value of the regional agriculture and food system (11.6% atnationallevel).Theagriculturalin-termediate consumption contributes with10%,whilstfoodindustry,whose
Main components of the agri-industrial system at basic prices in Lombardy (million Euro), 2010
value added represents 19.1% of that ofthenation,bearsonthesystemval-ueby13.2%(10.9%onnationalbasis). The agro-industrial value added of
Lombardyisapprox.7.6billionEuros, whichis15%ofnationaland2%ofEu-ropeanCommunity. 3.648 2.868 4.743 6.471 16.252 2.055 36.038 Intermediate agriculture consumption
Agriculture, forestry and fishing AV The food industry AV The catering industry AV Marketing and distribution Indirect taxes in the agri-industrial sector Total 13,2% 45,1% 5,7% 10,1% 8,0% 17,9% Source: ISTAT.
Thevalueaddedofthefoodindustry inLombardyin2010isestimatedat about 4.7 billion Euros. This value correspondsto19.1%ofthevaluead-ded of the Italian food industry and is equal to 13.2% of the value of the
regional agriculture and food system (includingthevalueaddedofcatering, commercializationanddistribution). The food industry is of primary im-portance within the regional agricul-tureandfoodsystem.Itsvalueadded
is 42% of the value of agro-industrial production, whilst at national level reaches 34%. The relation between industrial and agricultural VA is de-cidedlyhigherthan1(1.7),asinthe most advanced agriculture and food
food
industry
Provincial distribution of food enterprises and manufacturers in Lombardy1, 2010
Food enterprises Artisan food enterprises Manufacturers
Tot. Inc. % Tot. Inc. % Tot. Inc. %
Bergamo 672 11.3 520 13.2 11,820 11.0 Brescia 843 14.2 616 15.7 15,943 14.8 Como 318 5.4 245 6.2 7,175 6.7 Cremona 365 6.2 247 6.3 3,313 3.1 Lecco 222 3.7 155 3.9 4,320 4.0 Lodi 132 2.2 82 2.1 1,760 1.6 Monza 317 5.3 196 5.0 10,004 9.3 Milano 1,558 26.3 842 21.4 32,060 29.7 Mantova 458 7.7 307 7.8 4,719 4.4 Pavia 409 6.9 263 6.7 4,911 4.6 Sondrio 212 3.6 137 3.5 1,460 1.4 Varese 425 7.2 317 8.1 10,373 9.6 Total 5,931 100.0 3,927 100.0 107,858 100.0 1Active enterprises. Source: Infocamere.
Food enterprises located in Lombardy, 2010 0 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 Active enterprises Registered
enterprises enterprisesRegistered enterprisesActive
ARTISANAL ENTERPRISES TOTAL ENTERPRISES 334 276 70 70 6.415 5.655 3.890 3.857 Food Beverages Source: Infocamere.
Incidence of legal status typologies in food enterprises and manufacturers in Lombardy1, 2010 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Food Beverages Food Beverages TOTAL FOOD
ENTERPRISES
Total enterprises ARTISANAL FOOD
ENTERPRISES MANUFACTURINGENTERPRISES Artisanal enterprises 23,1% 54,0% 28,6% 12,7% 5,0% 45,3% 49,6% 10,0% 54,3% 35,7% 7,1% 34,6% 58,3% 36,6% 25,6% 37,1% 36,7% 36,9% Individual companies Joint stock companies
Other Partnerships
1Active enterprises.
systems,whilstatnationallevelthese valuesareequivalent.
The active enterprises belonging to the food industry sector, equal to 5,931 units, constitute 5.5% of the regional active manufacturing enter-prisesandrepresent88.8%ofthefood enterprisesregisteredintheChamber ofCommerce.
95.3%ofactiveenterprisesisinvolved infoodproduction,whilst4.7%inthe drink sector. Artisanal enterprises represent a relevant component in the food industry, equal to 58.7% of registered enterprises and 66.2% of those active, except for drink manu-facture, where artisanal enterprises representonlyaquarteroftheactive enterprises.
Morethan50%offoodenterprisesin Lombardyisconcentratedaroundthe provinces of Milano (26.3%), Brescia (14.2%)andBergamo(11.3%).
Asregardsthelegalstatusoffooden-Provincial distribution of food enterprises employees in Lombardy, 2009
Food enterprises Artisan food companies
Tot. Inc. % Tot. Inc. %
Bergamo 7,138 7.1 2,746 13.6 Brescia 9,404 9.3 3,343 16.5 Como 3,641 3.6 1,237 6.1 Cremona 8,012 7.9 1,023 5.1 Lecco 2,890 2.9 776 3.8 Lodi 1,958 1.9 408 2.0 Mantova 7,123 7.0 1,482 7.3 Milano and Monza 47,814 47.3 5,490 27.1 Pavia 5,002 5.0 1,218 6.0 Sondrio 3,043 3.0 731 3.6 Varese 5,018 5.0 1,781 8.8 Lombardy 101,043 100.0 20,235 100.0 Italy 495,755 172,932 Lombardy/Italy (%) 20.4 11.7
Source: Estimate on INAIL data.
terprises,theprevalenttypeisrepre-sented by individual enterprises and partnerships, quoted at about 36% each. Joint stock companies are fair (23.1%), which instead are prevalent inthedrinkmanufacturesector(54%).
Theproportionsvarytowardsthein-dividualenterprisesifthehandycraft enterprisesaloneareincluded,which representabouthalfofit.
According to INAIL data, the food industry employee of Lombardy
rep-resent 20.4% of the national total. About50%offoodindustryemployees intheRegionisconcentratedaround Milano and Monza, where the larger companiesarelocated.Theartisanal enterprise employees, that represent
20% of the food industry employees, instead, are mostly spread over the entirenationalterritory.
Inthewhole,between2009and2010 theregisteredfoodenterprisesinLom-bardy are more or less stable (-0.2%)
inrespectofareductionof1.4%inthe regional manufacturing industry as a whole. Similar is the picture relating toartisanalfoodenterprisesthatregis-tera+0,2%inrespectofacontraction of1,7%ofmanufacturingcraftsmen.
distribution
In2010Lombardyconfirmstobeone of the leaders in the Italian and Eu-ropean modern distribution (hyper-markets, super(hyper-markets, mini-markets anddiscountstores)withadensityof 286 m2 per 1,000 inhabitants. It is a
veryimportantfigure,similarorhigher thantheoneregisteredintheEurope-anmostpopulatedareas.
Withintheregionthereare2,509sell-ing points regardWithintheregionthereare2,509sell-ing the modern food distribution,withanoverallareaofap-proximately2.8millionsm2,ingrowth
ifcomparedwith2009(+2.6%).Thein-creaseofthesellingareas,witharate slightly lower than the national aver-age (+2.9%), has involved most prov-inces,exceptthoseofLodi,Milanoand Sondrio.
Thedevelopmentofthemoderndistri-butionisduetotheincreasingnumber of hypermarkets (+2.3%), with 8 new openingsin2010,anddiscountstores, grownby9.6%,andanactivebalance
Sales points of modern distribution in Lombardy, 2010
No. of sales points Surface area
mq var. % 2010/09 Mini-markets 641 180,995 -2.7 Supermarkets 1,114 1,074,795 1.8 Hyper markets 220 1,172,501 2.3 Discount stores 534 328,745 9.6 Total 2,509 2,757,036 2.6
Source: Nielsen data and Commerce Monitoring Centre – Lombardy Region.
Sales area per 1000 inhabitants in Lombardy (sqm), 2010
Mini-markets Supermarkets Iper markets Discount store Total Super+Iper Total
Bergamo 20.1 114.0 85.9 48.6 200.0 268.7 Brescia 20.8 155.5 136.2 48.9 291.7 361.4 Como 16.5 87.5 133.3 31.8 220.9 269.1 Cremona 9.6 114.7 112.0 43.9 226.7 280.2 Lecco 13.2 89.5 127.9 39.4 217.4 270.1 Lodi 20.9 82.0 230.6 35.5 312.6 369.0 Mantova 24.4 170.4 110.2 61.8 280.6 366.8 Milano 18.3 88.3 111.7 22.7 199.9 240.9 Monza and Brianza 16.5 94.0 138.4 19.3 232.4 268.1 Pavia 19.3 115.1 149.7 37.5 264.8 321.6 Sondrio 54.4 108.3 157.2 41.0 265.4 360.9 Varese 14.6 147.5 110.6 29.0 258.1 301.6 Total 18.8 111.5 121.6 34.1 233.1 285.9
between openings and closures of 23 salepoints.
The GD private chains are predomi-nant.Theimportantreorganizationof
purchasingcentres,registeredin2010, didn’tscratchtheleadershipofEsdIta-lia (Selex and Agorà), that represents alittlemorethan16%oftheregional
sellingarea,followedbyCentraleItal-iana(Coop,Despar,Sigma,IlGigante) with14.5%.
Breakdown of sale surface area of modern distribution in Lombardy, 2010
Esd Italia (Selex, Agorà) Centrale Italiana (Coop, Despar, Sigma, Il Gigante) Centrale Auchan-Crai (Auchan, Crai) Sicon (Conad, Interdis e Standa-Rewe) Carrefour Bennet Centrale Finiper (Finiper, Sisa, Coralis) Esselunga Others
16,3%
14,5%
9,6%
9,7%
5,8%
11,0%
9,1%
8,8%
15,1%
foreign
trade
The contribution of agri-food prod-uctstoLombardytradewiththerest of the world is 7.5% for imports and 4.9%forexports.Bothpercentagesre-sultedindecreasefrom2009. The main foreign supply markets of the region are France, at 21.3%, fol- lowedbyGermanyat13.3%,Nether-landsat12.1%andSpainat9.2%.With regardstoexportthefirsttwoplaces areoccupiedbyFranceat15.1%and Germany at 13.3%, followed by the non Eu markets Switzerland at 8.2% andtheuSAat8.1%.
Since the heavy drop of 2009, 2010 sawanimportandexportincreaseon theregionallevel,thatplacesthefor-eignexchangesofagricultureandfood products at current prices on higher levelsthanthetwopreviousyears. However, exports grew less than im-ports, respectively +8.6% and +9.4%. Consequently,alsoduetothehigher totalweightoftheimportsvalue,the
Main countries of origin and destination of Lombard agri-food imports and exports, 2010 12,1% 2,9% 37,3% 21,3% France Germany The Netherlands Spain Belgium Ireland Others 13,3% 9,2% 3,9%
IMPORT
8,2% 5,0% 42,7% 15,1% France Germany Switzerland United States of America United Kingdom The Netherlands Others 13,3% 8,1% 7,6%EXPORT
agriculture and food deficit in Lom-bardy has reached 4,1 billion Euros, showinganincreaseof10.4%. Theregisteredgrowthoftheimports isduetoanincreaseofbothquantity (+4.6%) and prices (+4.7%), whilst the export increase showed an con-stant increase in quantity (+16.2%) comparedtoadropof6.5%ofselling pricesonforeignmarkets.
Lombard foreign trade of agri-food products at current prices (million Euro)
Contribution (%) of agri-food products to the Lombard trade balance
Import Export Balance 1999 5,690 2,425 -3,265 2000 6,120 2,608 -3,512 2001 6,273 2,811 -3,462 2002 6,283 3,025 -3,258 2003 6,542 3,152 -3,390 2004 6,844 3,278 -3,566 2005 7,119 3,559 -3,560 2006 7,902 3,742 -4,160 2007 8,309 4,122 -4,187 2008 8,559 4,571 -3,988 2009 7,861 4,196 -3,665 2010 8,676 4,577 -4,100 Var.% 2010/2009 9.43 8.62 Var.% 2010/1999 52.48 88.72
Source: ISTAT data in the SH6 classification.
Import Export 1999 7.2 3.8 2000 6.4 3.5 2001 6.4 3.6 2002 6.5 4.0 2003 6.7 4.1 2004 6.5 4.1 2005 6.4 4.2 2006 6.6 4.0 2007 6.2 4.1 2008 7.1 4.4 2009 8.2 5.1 2010 7.5 4.9
Import and export quotes of agriculture and food products in Lombardy, 2010 8,2% 5,8% 4,2% 15,1% 13,0% 6,7% 6,6%
IMPORT
40,4% Dairy products Fresh and frozen meat Preserved and worked fish Feed Oil and fat Cereals derivates Sugar and sweets Other products 6,6% 5,5% 29,3% 19,4% Cereals derivates Dairy products Oils and fats Non alcoholic drinks Sugar and sweets Prepared meats Wine Fresh and frozen meats Other products 18,7% 6,1% 6,0%EXPORT
4,8% 3,6%food
consumption
According to ISTAT, in 2010 the to-talhouseholdexpenditure,atcurrent prices,amountedto942billionEuros, withagrowthof2.4%comparedtothe previous year. 24.8% of this expendi- ture,whichiscloseto234billionEu-ros (+1.3% compared to the previous year), has been destined to the pur- chaseoffoodproducts,includingtake-awaycateringservices.
These data represent an inversion of trendbothforthereturntolessthan 25%offoodexpenditure,andtheposi-tivesignopposedtothenegativeofthe previousyear(-0.5%).
According to the last available data atregionallevel(ISTAT),in2009the familiesinLombardyspent172billion Euros for final consumption, show-ingagrowthof2%fromtheprevious year,atcurrentprices,andof1.9%at chainedvalues.
Each Lombard family spent for the purchaseoffoodproductsanddrinks
Average monthly expenditure per household at current prices (Euro), 2005-2010
Lombardy Italy Nothern Italy 2.000 3.000 2.900 2.800 2.700 2.600 2.500 2.400 2.300 2.200 2.100 2.872 2.886 2.896 2.930 2.918 2.896 2.398 2.461 2.480 2.485 2.442 2.453 2.689 2.786 2.796 2.810 2.768 2.796 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
a monthly figure of 469 Euros. A droppingfigurewithrespectto2008, that counterbalances the growth of expenditure for other products/serv-ices.Leadingtoafurtherdropofthe expenditurefigureforthepurchaseof foodproductsofabout16%.Thehead-ing expenditure for the purchase of meat, equal to 109 Euros, is the one that mostly bear on food expendi-ture(23%).Followedbytheheadings “potatoes, fruit and vegetables” and “bread and cereals”, both around 17.5%, followed by “dairies” (13.7%) and“drinks”(10.1%).
Average monthly household expenditure at current prices for food products (Euro), 2005-2010
Lombardy Italy Nothern Italy 400 500 490 480 470 460 450 440 430 420 410 486 486 463 483 470 475 456 467 466 475 461 467 454 461 449 464 455 461 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Average monthly household expenditure per region in Italy (Euro), 2010 0 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000
Food and beverages Non food
Piemonte Valle d'AostaLombardy
Liguria Trentino-A
lto Adige Veneto Friuli-V
enezia Giuli a Emilia-Romagna
Tuscany Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campani a Puglia Basilicata Calabri a Sicily Sardinia Italy 466 475 2.421 1.987
production
results
in
agriculture
In2010theregionalagriculturalpro-duction calculated at basic prices (Bpp), excluding forestry and fishing and including related services and secondaryactivities,exceeded6,4bil-lionEuros.Followingthe2009drastic dropaninversionoftrendoftheag-ricultural production value has been noted,showinganincreaseof+2.1%, compared to 1.7% at national level. This increase can be attributed to thepriceincrease(+2.1%),whilstthe production volumes remained stable overall.
The zootechnical vocation of Lom-bardy is made evident by the con-tribution of livestock to agricultural production, equalling about 60%, comparedto30%ofvegetableproduc-tion and 10% of related services and secondaryactivities.Thenationalpic-tureisquitedifferent,theproduction ofvegetablesis54.5%ofthetotaland prevailsoverlivestock(32.3%).
Agricultural production at basic prices, intermediate consumption and value added in Lombardy (million Euro), 2010
Lombardy Italy Lombardy/Italy
million Euro % million Euro % %
Farm crops 1,936 30.1 25,127 54.5 7.7 Herbaceous crops 1,145 17.8 12,971 28.1 8.8 Fodder crops 472 7.3 1,716 3.7 27.5 Arboreal 319 5.0 10,439 22.6 3.1 Livestock farms 3,839 59.8 14,890 32.3 25.8 Meats 2,167 33.7 9,132 19.8 23.7 Milk 1,467 22.8 4,540 9.8 32.3 Other livestock 206 3.2 1,217 2.6 16.9 Related services 533 8.3 5,449 11.8 9.8 Total BPP agricultural goods and services 6,308 98.2 45,466 98.6 13.9 + secondary activities (agri-tourism. transformation) 219 3.4 1,564 3.4 14.0 - secondary activities (commercial enterprises) -105 -1.6 -900 -2.0 11.7 Total BPP agriculture branch 6,422 100.0 46,130 100.0 13.9 Intermediate consumption 3,634 56.6 21,637 46.9 16.8 Value added at basic prices 2,789 43.4 24,493 53.1 11.4
Source: ISTAT, Value added at basic prices of agriculture per region.
Lombardy contributes to the forma-tionofthenationalagriculturalvalue with 13.9%, compared to 27.1% of
northernItalyregions,andto1.8%of Eu-27.Referringtothesolelivestock, thevaluesareassessedrespectivelyat
25.9%,38.0%and2.8%.
As regards the individual sectors, milk, pork meats and cereals pre-dominate in terms of incidence over theregionalagriculturalproductionat basicpricesof2010.
The increase of the agricultural pro- ductionatbasicpricesisdueinpar-ticular to the vegetable production (+5.6% compared with 2009), whilst thevalueofthelivestock(+0.2%)re- mainsstable.Therelatedservicesreg-isteraslightincrease(+1.9%),whilst the secondary activities such as ag-ritourism and transformation had a moredefiniteincrease(+8.1%). The definite annual increase of the vegetable production at basic prices ismainlyledbythefodderandcereal sectorswithrespectivevaluesof+9% e +8.6% compared with 2009. The increaseofthearborealcultivationis lessaccentuated(+3%),opposedtopo-tatoesandvegetablessectors(-3,4%).
Agricultural production value at basic prices for main sectors in Lombardy (% composition), 2010
Cereal grains and dried legumes Vegetables Industrial crops Flower farming Vineyards Fruit Other woody plants Fodder crops Beef Pork Other meats Milk Eggs and other Related services
11,8%
3,3%
8,4%
4,0%
0,7%
1,6%
2,3%
2,0%
15,2%
7,4%
11,7%
23,3%
0,7%
7,5%
Main plant production in Lombardy, 2010
Quantity Value1
000 t var. % 2010/09 % Lombardy/Italy million Euro var. % 2010/09 % Lombardy/Italy
Soft wheat 339.2 -7.5 11.5 61.4 13.7 11.5 Hard wheat 101.6 -5.1 2.7 22.1 -16.2 2.6 Barley 128.1 14.5 12.9 19.5 40.0 13.0 Rice 629.6 -6.4 41.5 169.6 -21.4 41.4 Hybrid maize 2.471.5 -2.2 29.3 419.9 24.9 29.3 Soy 102.2 15.2 17.7 26.2 19.7 17.7 Sugar beets 399.0 4.8 10.4 15.2 -0.5 10.3 Potatoes 29.7 -26.5 1.9 11.4 -15.6 1.7 Tomatoes 544.4 -3.3 8.2 51.6 -20.9 5.7 Melons 87.1 6.3 13.0 40.1 14.6 19.7 Wine grapes sold 77.8 0.0 2.2 15.5 3.2 2.4 Wine (000 hl) 79.9 10.1 4.2 131.8 5.0 7.3 Oil 0.7 -32.6 0.1 1.4 -32.9 0.1 Peaches 6.8 -25.3 0.7 2.4 -16.4 0.7 Apples 50.5 0.4 2.3 17.6 3.8 2.3 Pears 17.3 -7.5 2.0 11.7 27.4 2.1 Actinidia 9.1 11.0 2.1 4.9 -5.4 2.0 1 At basic prices.
Source: ISTAT, Value added at basic prices of agriculture per region.
Amongst the individual crops, corn representing 29.3% of the national production,showsanincreaseof25%, in spite of a quantity reduction of
2.2%. on the contrary, rice, equal to 41.5% of the whole national produc-tion, loses 21.4% in terms of value if compared with 2009, with a
produc-tive drop of 6.4%. Soya increases by 20% if compared with the previous year,thankstoanincreaseofthepro-duction volume (+15,0%). Amongst
horticultural productions a reduc-tion in value for tomatoes (-20.9%), while tree crop level variations are noted, positive the values for pears andapplesandnegativeforkiwisand peaches. Amongst the transformed products, wine, contributing to the national production in quantity to 4.2% and 7.3% in value, increases its ownproductionatbasicpricesby5%,
recovering the negative performance ofthepreviousyear.
Livestock, opposed to the vegetable production, presented a stable situ-ation if compared with the previous year,duetodifferentapproachesbe- tweenthemeat(-1.1%),andmilksec- tor(+1.6%)andthatofotherzootech-nicalproducts(+3.5%).porkandbeef meats in particular showed a value
contraction respectively of 1.9% and 1.5%, and in quantity of 1.1% and 1.8%.In2010,poultry,eggsandhoney registeredpositivevariations,bothin termsofvalueandquantityproduced. Compared with 2009, the regional agricultural value added increased by 1.7%, whilst the incidence on the productionvaluedropsfrom43.6%to 43.4%.
Main livestock production in Lombardy, 2010
Quantity Value1
000 t var. % 2010/09 % Lombardy/Italy million Euro var. % 2010/09 % Lombardy/Italy
Beef meat 364.4 -1.8 25.9 740.6 -1.5 23.1 Pork meat 823.0 -1.1 40.0 957.0 -1.9 38.9 Ovicaprine meat 1.0 -9.1 1.5 3.0 -10.9 1.4 Poultry 310.2 5.4 18.9 380.1 2.3 17.1 Eggs (millions of pieces) 2,375.0 1.4 17.7 200.0 2.8 17.1 Cow’s milk (000 hl) 41,543.0 -0.2 37.1 1,464.5 1.6 36.3 Sheep and goat milk (000 hl) 31.0 0.0 0.5 2.6 -11.0 0.5 Honey 1.8 20.0 14.8 5.4 38.1 14.9 1 At basic prices.
intermediate
consumption
In 2010 the expenditure for agricul-tural intermediate consumptions in Lombardyisofmorethan3.6billion Euros, equalling to 16.8% of the na-tionaltotal.Theincidenceofregional intermediate consumption on the total value of the agriculture branch ismorethan10higherthantheItal-ianone,butlowerthantheEuropean Communityone.
Compared with 2009 in terms of value, the intermediate consumption registered an increase of 2.4%. This increase is due to a price increase of 2.8%, and a slight quantity drop (-0.4%).
During the last few years there has beenacontinuousdecreaseinterms of trade between farm products and intermediateconsumption.Thistrend
Intermediate consumption of agriculture in Lombardy,
Values at % % on % value % quantity % price
current prices breakdown Italy var. var. var.
(million Euro) 2010 2010/09 2010/09 2010/09 Fertilizers 196.5 5.4 15.5 -13.2 2.4 -15.2 Pesticides 53.4 1.5 6.6 2.7 0.7 2.0 Seeds 155.8 4.3 12.2 -2.2 -1.8 -0.4 Feed and expenditure for livestock 1,366.9 37.6 25.1 2.8 -1.0 3.9 Other intermediate consumption 1,860.9 51.2 14.5 4.4 -0.1 4.5 Intermediate consumption 3,633.6 100.0 16.8 2.4 -0.4 2.8 Source: ISTAT. % Incidence of intermediate consumption on agricultural production value, 2009 % Lombardy 56.4 Italy 46.7 Nothern Italy 52.9 Central Italy 41.6 Southern Italy and Islands 40.2 EU-27 61.3 France 64.6 Germany 69.7 The Netherlands 67.7 Poland 61.9 United Kingdom 66.9 Romania 54.9 Spain 43.1
Source: ISTAT, Value added at basic prices of agriculture per region; EUROSTAT.
hasbeenconfirmedalsofor2010. Withreferencetothemaincategories
oftechnicalmeasures,ISTATdatain-dicate an expenditure reduction for fertilizersandseedsequallingrespec-tively to 13.2% and 2.2%, even if fer-tilizersgrowinquantity.Foddersand pesticides mark an increase just
un-der3%.Fromthepricepointofview there is a definite drop (-15.2%) for fertilizers. on the contrary, fodders and pesticides marked an increase respectivelyof3.9%andof2%,asthe
othercategoriesofintermediatecon-sumptions,whosepricesincreasedby 4.5%comparedwith2009.
AccordingtothelatestavailableISTAT data,thevolumeofregionalgrossfixed investmentsinagricultureisatavalue slight higher than 2 billion Euros in currenttermsand1.7billionEurosat chainedvalues,representing16.7%of nationalagriculturalinvestments.
The incidence of agricultural in- vestmentsinLombardyis3%.Thein- cidenceofinvestmentsontheagricul-ture value added is 64.7% at current prices and 47.7% at chained values, both values having dropped with re-specttothepreviousyear.
In Lombardy, the amount of in-vestmentsperfarmworkunitis75% higher than the national index. Fur-thermore it is comparable with the investmentsperinhabitantcalculated fortheindustrialandservicessectors, unliketherestofthecountry.
investments
Trend in gross fixed investments in agriculture* in Lombardy
Current values Chain indexes % of total investments % of total investments % of agriculture VA % of agriculture VA
(million Euro) (million Euro) Lombardy1 in agriculture in Italy1 in Lombardy1 in Lombardy2
2000 1,224.5 1,224.5 2.6 12.7 34.7 34.7 2001 1,537.5 1,496.9 3.1 15.9 41.4 41.9 2002 1,531.1 1,443.5 2.9 14.5 42.6 41.1 2003 1,600.8 1,486.9 3.1 14.4 45.5 44.8 2004 1,862.1 1,681.5 3.4 15.2 52.7 47.6 2005 1,896.8 1,666.7 3.2 15.6 62.9 49.1 2006 2,132.1 1,819.8 3.4 17.3 67.8 53.3 2007 2,027.6 1,671.4 3.0 16.7 64.7 47.7
* Agriculture, forestry and fishing.
1 Values at current prices. 2 Chain indexes - reference year 2000.
Gross fixed investments1 per WU and by sector in Lombardy and Italy, 2007 0 3.000 6.000 9.000 12.000 15.000
Lombardy Italy Lombardy Italy Lombardy Italy 13.371 7.616 13.147 11.614 11.698 10.986 Agriculture Industry Services
1Chain indexes - reference year.
In 2010 the prices of farm products inLombardyhaveincreasedby2.1% compared to the 1.6% national aver-age,determining,almostentirely,the positive variation of the regional ag-ricultural production at basic prices. The trend among vegetable produc-tions has been different, since their priceshaveincreasedby5.3%andthe livestockremainedstable. Withinthevegetablesproductionsthe cerealsrecoveryisnotable,theprices recovered12%withrespecttothepre-viousyearandtheforagers(+6%).on thecontrary,thevegetablesshoweda 4%drop.Woodyplantpricesremain-stable, with a good performance of fruit (+8.9), while, vice versa, wine dropped (-3.8%), the latter resulted goingagainstthetendencycompared tothenationalpricesdata.
Amongst the zootechnical products, the implicit prices of milk and eggs increasedrespectivelyby1.8%andby
prices
Variation on implicit prices of farm products in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Sector Var. % 2010/09 Lombardy Var. % 2010/09 Italy
Farm crops 5.3 2.8 Herbaceous crops 6.6 1.8 Grains 12.0 9.0 Dried legumes 5.1 5.1 Potatoes and vegetables -4.0 -1.8 Industrial plants 1.0 3.0 Flowers and ornamentals 1.7 1.5 Fodder crops 6.0 2.3 Woody plant crops 0.0 4.1 Winemaking products -3.8 2.1 Olive trees -0.4 3.3 Fruit 8.9 9.7 Other woody plants 1.9 1.4 Livestock 0.2 -0.7 Meats -1.0 -1.4 Milk 1.8 0.2 Eggs 1.4 1.4 Honey 15.0 15.0 Non-food livestock products 4.4 3.0 Related services 1.5 1.7 Total production of agricultural goods and services 1.8 1.5 + secondary activities (agri-tourism. transformation) 7.9 3.4 - secondary activities (commercial enterprises) -0.1 1.4 Total agricultural production at basic prices 2.1 1.6 Intermediate consumption 2.8 2.7
1.4%,honeyevenmore(+15%),whilst meatsshowedalittledropof1%. The intermediate consumptions in Lombardyshowedapriceincreaseof 2.8%comparedto2009,againstanin-creaseof2.7%atnationallevel. Thecomparisonbetweenthepricein-dexes of farm products and those of industrial production and consump-tion confirms, in the long-term, the tendency of a higher price increase of consumption prices compared to thoseofproductionandatorigin,the lattercharacterizedbyacertainvola-tility. up to mid 2007, price indexes at consumption and production suf-fered variations following the prices at origin. In more recent times, it is notedhowthedistributiondampened theconsistentpricevariationsofsec-tors upstream, firstly sacrifying then recovering, the margins. In any case the variations of consumption prices offoodgoodsinLombardyresultless
Performance of price indexes at consumption and at origin (2000=100)
150 145 140 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011> Price index of farm products
Price index of internal market of food, beverages and tobacco industries Index of consumption prices of food goods and non-alcoholic beverages – Lombardy Index of consumption prices of food goods and non-alcoholic beverages – Italy
Source: ISTAT.
accentuatedthaninthenationalcon-text,maybeduetotherelevantquote
of the department store at regional level.
According to the provisional results ofthe6°generalcensusofagriculture in2010,inLombardythereareabout 54,000farms,equalto3.3%ofthena-tionaltotal,adropof24.2%compared totenyearsago.
The utilised agricultural area (uAA) covering 984,871 hectares (7.6% of the Italian uAA) had a less accentu-ateddrop(-5.3%comparedto2000), with an uAA average holding size of 25.8%and20%ofthetotalagricultural area(TSA).
About40%offarmsinLombardyhasa breedingactivitycomparedtotheap-prox. corresponding 13% at national level.Infrontofthebreedingcontrac-tion, the number of breeding stayed thesameifnotevenincreased. 10%ofcompanieswithmorethan50 hectares of utilised agricultural area (controls 58% of the utilised agricul-turalarea;ontheoppositethefarms with less than 5 hectares of utilised
farm
structures
Structural characteristics of Lombard, Italian and EU agriculture, 2007
Lombardy Italy EU-27 Lombardy/ Lombardy/
Italy (%) EU 27 (%)
Agricultural holdings (no.) 57,490 1,679,440 13,700,400 3.42 0.42 Livestock farms (no.) 22,370 309,170 8,570,670 7.24 0.26 Cattle livestock (no.) 15,560 146,990 3,334,210 10.59 0.47 - of which dairy cows 8,760 62,790 2,486,670 13.95 0.35 Total agricultural area (TSA)(ha) 1,258,470 17,841,540 215,396,450 7.05 0.58 Utilized agricultural area (UAA) (ha) 995,320 12,744,200 172,485,050 7.81 0.58 Livestock Units (LU) 2,772,270 9,900,670 135,282,290 28.00 2.05 Workers on agricultural holdings (no.) 118,870 3,174,150 26,669,390 3.74 0.45 - of whom family members 105,570 3,056,540 24,827,070 3.45 0.43 Total work units (WU) 75,860 1,302,180 11,693,120 5.83 0.65 - of whom family members 62,620 1,091,460 9,366,480 5.74 0.67 UAA per holding (ha) 17.31 7.59 12.59 228.15 137.52 ABU/UAA 2.79 0.78 0.78 358.53 355.13 Workers per holding (no.) 2.07 1.89 1.95 109.40 106.22 WU per holding 1.32 0.78 0.85 170.18 154.60 UAA/WU (ha) 13.12 9.79 14.75 134.06 88.95 Family member work units (%) 82.5 83.8 80.1 98.48 103.05
Source: ISTAT - Survey on the structure and productions of farms.
agricultural area (44.7% of the total) involveonly3.9%ofthisarea. The importance of livestock in
Lom-bardyatnationalandEulevelisbased onthenumberofadultbovineunities
(ABu)representing28%ofthatofIt-Holdings, UAA and TSA in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Lombardy Italy % Lombardy/Italy % Lombardy % Italy
Total farms 54,107 1,630,420 3.32 UAA/ha 984,871 12,885,186 7.64 100.0 100.0 - UAA uses seeding 715,416.43 7,014,891.55 10.20 72.6 54.4 woods 36,192.89 2,370,559.65 1.53 3.7 18.4 horticulture 495.32 30,071.25 1.65 0.1 0.2 permanent meadows 232,765.91 3,469,663.45 6.71 23.6 26.9 TSA ha 1,228,275 17,277,023 7.11 Average UAA ha/farms 18.42 7.93 Average TSA ha/farms 22.79 10.61 UAA/TSA (%) 80.2 74.6
Source: ISTAT - 6° General census of agriculture (provisional data).
Holdings and UAA per TSA in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
TSA class Lombardy Italy % Lombardy % Lombardy/Italy
farms UAA (ha) farms UAA (ha) farms UAA farms UAA
without UAA 217 2341 0.4 0.0 9.3 < 5 ha 23,895 38,142 1,120,573 1,610,453 44.3 3.9 2.1 2.4 5-10 ha 8,209 48,620 205,396 1,191,644 15.2 5.0 4.0 4.1 10-20 ha 8,139 98,964 139,204 1,593,959 15.1 10.1 5.8 6.2 20-30 ha 3,946 84,736 55,495 1,104,441 7.3 8.6 7.1 7.7 30-50 ha 4,121 141,501 49,269 1,546,281 7.6 14.4 8.4 9.2 > 50 ha 5,418 569,277 58,142 5,838,407 10.0 58.0 9.3 9.8 Total 53,945 981,240 1,630,420 12,885,186 100.0 100.0 3.3 7.6
aly and 2% of European union (SpA, 2007).Veryimportantisalsotherela-tion ABu/uAA that sees a density of the livestock assets 3,5 times higher than the relative national and Euro-peanparameter.
TheincidenceoffarmlabourinLom-bardy on the Italian total is 3.7%, if
expressed in number of workers and 5.8%, in terms of work units (Wu), withahigherrelevanceofopen-ended contracts than in other Italian re-gions.ThenumberofWuperholding is at a value higher by 70% than the nationaland54%comparedtoEu-27. 82.5%ofWubelongstothehousehold
ofthefarmer(SpA,2007).
From provisional data of the census, the household manual labour contri-bution loses weight compared to the year2000(from84.6%to73.9%)infa-vourofheader“othermanuallabour” ofdependenttype.
Holdings, utilised agricultural area and total in Lombardy, 2010
farms* ha ha/farms % Seed crops 35,115 712,572 20.4 58.2 Farm woody plant crops 14,506 35,594 2.5 2.9 Permanent meadows and pastureland 21,730 233,074 10.7 19.0 Total UAA** 53,313 981,240 18.4 80.2 Tree farms for timber 2,096 18,720 8.9 1.5 Woods 16,016 142,268 8.9 11.6 Non-utilized surface area 10,340 35,354 3.4 2.9 Other surface area 40,605 46,501 1.1 3.8 Total agricultural area 53,728 1,224,083 22,8 100,0
* Each farm can have different crop specialties. ** Home-grown included.
Surface areas and productions of major crops in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
Lombardy Italy Lombardy/Italy
Crops Total surface Yield Earned Total surface Yield Earned % %
area (ha) (t/ha) production (000 t) area (ha) (t/ha) production (000 t) surface production
Cereal grains 437,085 8.5 3,721 3,440,057 5.3 18,341 12.7 20.3 - Soft wheat 57,835 5.9 340 525,804 5.3 2,784 11.0 12.2 - Barley 23,053 5.6 128 273,520 3.6 991 8.4 12.9 - Rice 107,192 5,9 630 247,653 6.1 1,516 43.3 41.5 - Kernel corn 220,487 11.2 2,471 925,087 9.5 8,823 23.8 28.0 Oilseeds 32,517 3.7 121 286,850 3.2 916 11.3 13.2 - Rape 5,132 2.8 14 21,067 2.5 53 24.4 27.1 - Soybeans 26,277 3.9 102 165,960 3.5 578 15.8 17.7 Dried legumes 2,006 4.0 8 79,004 2.0 155 2.5 5.2 Root vegetables 1,000 29.7 30 62,289 25.6 1,595 1.6 1.9 Open air vegetables 14,056 50.9 715 412,056 28.9 11,923 3.4 6.0 - industry tomatoes 7,686 68.5 527 94,229 59.2 5,576 8.2 9.4 - melon 2,182 28.5 62 23,733 23.2 550 9.2 11.3 Greenhouse vegetables 2,383 40.9 97 31,046 44.6 1,386 7.7 7.0 Temporary forage plants or crops 171,414 49.3 8,455 936,221 25.9 24,232 18.3 34.9 - Waxy corn 120,249 57.6 6,931 278,138 52.8 14,698 43.2 47.2 Temporary forage plants and meadows 80,949 60.2 4,876 1,032,310 27.2 28,097 7.8 17.4 - Alfalfa meal 60,527 65.4 3,959 689,979 31.6 21,803 8.8 18.2 Permanent forage plants 247,650 18.2 4,496 4,309,101 5.1 21,891 5.7 20.5 - Permanent pasture 133,277 31,3 4,165 793,077 17.4 13,770 16.8 30.2 - Meadows 114,373 2.9 331 3,516,024 2.3 8,121 3.3 4.1 Fresh fruit and dried fruit 3,931 23.1 91 400,063 14.6 5,857 1.0 1.6 - Apple trees 1,773 28.5 50 54,808 40.6 2,223 3.2 2.3 - Pear trees 828 20.9 17 37,037 22.8 846 2.2 2.1 Wine grapes 21,475 8.8 189 683,005 9.9 6,756 3.1 2.8 Olive trees 2,334 2.0 5 1,167,916 2.7 3,205 0.2 0.1
Crops Investments and livestock consistency
Referring to census and seeds data, equal to 58.3% of the agricultural area, compared to 40.6% at national level, in the region the most
impor-tantgrounduseisnoted.Modestand definitely below the average is the contribution of woody plants. The forage crops extend, in line with the nationaldataon19%ofthetotalagri-culturalsurfacewhilstthewoodbears
on by 11.6%. The incidence of the utilisedagriculturalareaonthetotal agricultural area is 80.2%, whilst the correspondingdataatnationallevelis 74.6%.
Referring to the livestock total, the Breakdown of total agricultural area in Lombardy and Italy, 2010
19,8% 58,3 2,9% 19,0%
LOMBARDY
25,6% 40,6% 13,7% 20,1%ITALY
Seed crops Farm woody plant crops Permanent meadows and pastures Other70%iscattle,atanaverage,expressed in head numbers, more than double ifcomparedtothenationalvalue.pig breeding involves 2,639 companies, equal to 10.1% of the national total, controllingaloneover50%ofthetotal numberofbreedingheadsinItaly.on thecontrary,lowerarethefigurefor sheepandgoatbreedingwhistthere-gional aviculture represents 13.9% of
thetotalnumberofbreedingheadsin Italy.Despitethegeneraldropofhold-ingscomparedto2000,thebreeding heads have increased in the pig sec-tor (+26.4%), sheep (+15.5%) and goat (+13.9%). Breeding cattle heads showed a contraction of 7.6%, less thanthedropofholdings.
AccordingtothecombineddataISTAT
2010,inreferencetotheinvestedar-eas and quantities produced for the maincrops,cerealshaveasignificant portionoftheregionalutilisedagricul-turalarea(437,000hectares,equalto about44%)andrepresent12.7%ofthe entire Italian cereals area. Most part ofthecerealareasisseededwithcorn (220,000 ha), rice (107,000 ha) and wheat(76,000ha).
High productivity, together with the Structural characteristics of Lombard and Italian livestock farms, 2010
Lombardy Italy Average size per farm (heads) % Lombardy/Italy
Livestocks heads Livestocks heads Lombardy Italy Livestocks heads
Beef cattle 14,700 1,483,557 124,341 5,677,953 101 46 11.8 26.1 Buffalos 86 10,209 2,462 358,341 119 146 3.5 2.8 Sheeps 1,653 105,328 51,032 6,625,793 64 130 3.2 1.6 Goats 2,212 57,656 22,541 857,318 26 38 9.8 6.7 Horses 5,656 30,133 45,484 220,871 5 5 12.4 13.6 Swines 2,639 4,854,797 26,114 9,648,383 1,840 369 10.1 50.3 Avicoli 2,393 27,174,653 23,995 195,420,267 11,356 8,144 10.0 13.9 Rabbits 1,058 415,361 9,254 7,362,394 393 796 11.4 5.6 Ostriches 31 980 201 6,095 32 30 15.4 16.1 Livestocks total 21,476 209,996 10.2 % Livestocks/total farms 39.7 12.9
