24 July 2021
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Big Data, Social Networks and Well-Being
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85 7SGMEP2IX[SVOWEMQIHEXYRHIVWXERHMRK[IPPFIMRKGSYPHWYWXEMR the shift in paradigm from Sustainable to Regenerative Design. ;IPPFIMRKMIƄthe state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy’, is a concept related to happiness, positive experiences and pleasure with implications on physical, mental, social and environmental EWTIGXW ?A -R XLI FYMPX IRZMVSRQIRX VIGIRX [SVOW LEZI PMROIH indoor comfort, as well as long-term mental health and illnesses, XS-RHSSV)RZMVSRQIRXEP5YEPMX] -)5 ?A*YVXLIVWXYHMIWJSGYWMRK on outdoor spaces were conducted on the relationship between PERHWGETI ERH [IPPFIMRK ?A TVSZMRK LS[ YVFER PERHWGETIW affect the physical, mental and social well-being and health of citizens. Recent studies have also shown a positive impact SJ WSGMEP XMIW SR LIEPXL ?A ERH XLI ZEPYI SJ EHSTXMRK E WSGMS IGSPSKMGEPETTVSEGLXSGSFIRIƼXMRHMZMHYEPWERHXLIIGSW]WXIQ thus calling for integrated governance of social-ecological W]WXIQW ?A However, there are only a few projects that focus on the integrated governance of a social-ecological system with YFMUYMXSYWXIGLRSPSKMIWERHXLIWITVSNIGXWEVIhighly focused on human-centric design rather than on an eco-centric perspective ?A9FMUYMXSYWXIGLRSPSKMIWEPWSHIƼRIHEWEQFMIRXMRXIPPMKIRGI ?AVIJIVXSWIRWMXMZIIRZMVSRQIRXW[LIVIGSQTYXMRKMWEZEMPEFPI everywhere at any time and may allow a more regenerative design by taking into account all the components of an ecosystem and their interactions.
FROM HUMAN TO ECO-CENTRIC PERSPECTIVES
8LI WYWXEMREFPI HIZIPSTQIRX HIƼRMXMSR SƾGMEPP] MRXVSHYGIH F] XLI &VYRHXPERH 6ITSVX ? A VIƽIGXW XLI ERXLVSTSGIRXVMG ZMI[ in which rights and duties are only attributed to humans. This ZMI[LEWFIIRGVMXMGMWIHWMRGIXLI W[LIRXLIWYWXEMREFMPMX] HIFEXIIQIVKIH%GGSVHMRKXSXLI(IIT)GSPSK]ethics? Athe
HIZIPSTQIRX [SYPH RSX FI VMKLX MJ XLI IGSW]WXIQ MW WMKRMƼGERXP] affected by it - rights and duties must also be prescribed to smarter
animals, sentient beings, living beings and beings in existence. -R ‘A Cyborg Manifesto’ introduced the Posthuman theory, rethinking the human experience and establishing the idea of a GSPPIGXMZIREXYVI?A
BIG DATA, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND
WELL-BEING
Dario Cottafava University of Turin, Italy
86 REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN DIGITAL PRACTICE
It is argued that humans cannot control the ecosystem, but they are a part of it together with human entities, living and non-living objects. This new paradigm is embodied in the
Sustainable-Restorative-RegenerativeWLMJX?ASustainable represents an old
anthropocentric viewpoint that is focused on limiting negative environmental impacts. Restorative design highlights an approach to restore eco-, social and economic systems to a healthy state, and the new paradigm represented by the Regenerative approach, [LMGLEMQWXSIREFPIIGSPSKMGEPWSGMEPERHLIEPXLGSFIRIƼXW In the next section, three pilot projects explore indoor and outdoor human well-being, comfort and health in parallel to the EFSZI QIRXMSRIH IGSPSKMGEP WSGMEP ERH LIEPXL GSFIRIƼXW
ComfortSenseEHSTXIHE1SFMPI'VS[H7IRWMRKETTVSEGL 1'7
JSV %HETXMZI 8LIVQEP 'SQJSVX HOME (Human Observations
Meta-Environment) explored the direct interactions between
occupants and the building to improve indoor comfort and VIHYGI XLI IRIVK] GSRWYQTXMSR SJ ,IEXMRK :IRXMPEXMRK ERH %MV 'SRHMXMSRMRK ,:%' W]WXIQW [LMPI First Life tested a 2IMKLFSYVLSSH7SGMEP2IX[SVOXSJSWXIVGMXM^IRWƅMRXIVEGXMSRWMR MHIRXMJ]MRKWTIGMƼGTPEGIW[MXLMRXLIGMX][MXLTSWMXMZISVRIKEXMZI implications for well-being and health.
MOBILE CROWD SENSING APPROACH (MCS)
% VIGIRX TVSNIGX ComfortSense ?A [EW EMQIH EX MQTVSZMRK users’ comfort while reducing energy consumption by exploiting a machine-learning algorithm to correlate Objective variables 8IQTIVEXYVI ,YQMHMX] ERH '3 GSRGIRXVEXMSR [MXL 7YFNIGXMZI feedback from users. The personal feedback was gathered through a mobile app, thanks to a Mobile Crowd Sensing approach ?AXSWXMQYPEXIEFILEZMSYVEPGLERKITVSGIWWMRSGGYTERXWXS EHETXXLIFYMPHMRKMRVIWTSRWIXSXLIYWIVWƅTIVGITXMSR*MKYVI WLS[WXLI-8MRJVEWXVYGXYVIHIWMKRIHXSMRXIVEGX[MXLTISTPI HEXE visualisation ERH [MXL XLI FYMPHMRK optimisation XS MQTVSZI XLI [LSPI W]WXIQ HIGMWMSR WYTTSVX F] VIHYGMRK XLI IRIVK] consumption and improving occupants’ indoor thermal and visual comfort.
ComfortSense[EWFEWIHSRER%HETXMZI'SQJSVXETTVSEGL?A
8LI%HETXMZI'SQJSVXQSHIPWEVIFEWIHSRXLIMHIEXLEXTISTPI by interacting with the building or the environment, can control the environmental conditions, such as the indoor temperature or the relative humidity. In particular, ComfortSense linked users’ feedback to -RHSSV)RZMVSRQIRXEP5YEPMX] -)5 QSRMXSVMRKMRVIEP time by exploiting the smartness of collective intelligence, i.e. a GVS[HKVSYT QE] SJXIR QEOI FIXXIV HIGMWMSRW XLER ER] WMRKPI QIQFIVSJXLIKVSYT?A
87 Figure 15
-RJSVQEXMSRƽS[SJXLI'SQJSVX7IRWITVSNIGX8LI six layers allow interactions among occupants, the building and the energy management. The data gathering layer collects data from sensors ERHSGGYTERXW[LMGLEVIƼVWXWXSVIHMRXSXLIHEXE storage layer, then used to train the predictive EPKSVMXLQW WMQYPEXMSR ERH STXMQMWEXMSR ERH ƼREPP]SVKERMWIHJSVYWIVW HEXEZMWYEPMWEXMSR ERH IRIVK]QEREKIQIRX HIGMWMSRWYTTSVX
subject data
objective data central respiratory comfort/energy cost balance mobile app interface for occupants online dashboard for energy manager adaptive comfort prediction & HVAC optimisation virtual sensors
energy & comfort dynamic simulation
energy cost & consumption prediction data gathering layer
data visualization layer
data storage layer
simulation layer optimisation layer
decision support layer
feedback from users 1. global 2. thermal 3. humidity 4. brightness 5. noise 6. air quality fixed/wearable sensors 1. temperature 2. humidity 3. CO2 concentration 4. indoor position 5. occupancy input 1. temperature 2. humidity 3. CO2 concentration output 1. global 2. thermo-hygrometric 3. air quality external data weather data 1. outdoor temperature 2. humidity comfor t comfor t 83307%2((%8%*36,30-78-'13()00-2+
% VIKIRIVEXMZI WXEXI GER FI EGXMZEXIH F] GSRWMHIVMRK XLEX occupants tend to forgive more, e.g. they may accept higher indoor temperature during the summer if they have more control SZIVXLIFYMPHMRKMXWIPJ?A8EOMRKMRXSEGGSYRXXLIFEWMGTVMRGMTPI of adaptive thermal comfort, ComfortSense showed how indoor GSQJSVX GSYPH FI MQTVSZIH XS EGLMIZI LIEPXL GSFIRIƼXW JSV LYQERW VIHYGXMSR MR LIEHEGLI REYWIE ERH HM^^MRIWW ERH JSV XLIIRZMVSRQIRX VIHYGXMSRMRGSRWYQTXMSR?A
88 REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN DIGITAL PRACTICE
HOME (Human Observations Meta-Environment) ?AJSGYWIHSR
XLIYWISJ7SGMEP2IX[SVOWJSVMQTVSZMRK[IPPFIMRKERHXLIVQEP comfort by exploring the process of environment-emotions-health ? A MI LS[ XLI WYVVSYRHMRK IRZMVSRQIRX EJJIGXW TSWMXMZIP] or negatively, peoples’ emotions and how the latter may affect LYQER LIEPXL *SV XLMW TYVTSWI ,31) GVIEXIH ER MRXIVEGXMZI environment where occupants act together with the building via WSGMEPQIHMEJIIHFEGO9WIVWGSRXVSPXLIMRHSSVXIQTIVEXYVIF] sending messages, such as ‘up’ or ‘down’, or by writing comments XLEXEVIGETXYVIHF]XLIWSJX[EVI,YQER)GSW]WXIQ? A7MKREPW were correlated to indoor temperature, humidity, occupancy density and users’ movements tracked with videos processed F]XLI3TIR':library to transform video information into data. Causes of discomfort and unhealthy states were analysed by PSSOMRKEXXLIIQSXMSRWQERMJIWXIHMRGSQQIRXW*MKYVI ERH WLS[ XLVII WGVIIRWLSXW SJ XLI TSWWMFPI visualisations used to analyse users’ feedback and sentiments.
Figure 16
7GVIIRWLSX JVSQ XLI ,YQER )GSW]WXIQ dashboard analysing posts from social networks. 8LI GSQJSVXIRIVK] HMWXVMFYXMSR FSXXSQPIJX WLS[W UYEPMXEXMZI GPEWWMƼGEXMSRW SJ GSQJSVX IRIVK] )EGL TSWXX[IIX LEW FIIR GPEWWMƼIH F] two parameters, comfort and energy, by assigning two values to words within the scraped sentence in order to explore the phase space of the Circumplex model of emotions. The energy parameter HIƼRIWEREGXMZISVTEWWMZIEGXMSR[LMPIGSQJSVX HIWGVMFIWETSWMXMZISVRIKEXMZIGSRGITXɸ energy -1,000 -1,000 -800 600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -500 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 0 comfor t
89 83307%2((%8%*36,30-78-'13()00-2+ confusion contempt fe ar anger displeasur e miser ability sadness depression boredom relax tranquility comfor t pleasur e happ yness satisfaction confidence proudness inter est Figure 17
7GVIIRWLSX JVSQ XLI ,YQER )GSW]WXIQ dashboard analysing posts from social networks. 8LI[SVHGPSYHLMKLPMKLXWXLIQSWXJVIUYIRX[SVHW appearing in scraped posts and tweets.
Figure 18
7GVIIRWLSX JVSQ XLI ,YQER )GSW]WXIQ dashboard analysing posts from social networks. 8LI TMIGLEVX WYQQEVM^IW XLI QSWX JVIUYIRX WIRXMQIRXWSJXLIWGVETIHTSWXWX[IIXW)QSXMSRW EVIHIƼRIH[MXLTVIGMWIOI][SVHWFIPSRKMRKXSXLI Circumplex model of emotions such as Happiness, 8VERUYMPPMX](MWTPIEWYVIERHWSSR
90 REGENERATIVE DESIGN IN DIGITAL PRACTICE
FirstLife?AMWE[IFTPEXJSVQJSV'SQTYXIV7YTTSVXIH'SSTIVEXMSR
aimed at fostering co-production of urban landscape knowledge. It provides a virtual place, a Neighborhood Social Network, where GMXM^IRW GER MRXIVEGX ERH TEVXMGMTEXI MR GMX] PMJI *MVWX0MJI GER FI I\TPSMXIHEWETYVI(MKMXEP9VFER%GYTYRGXYVI (9% ETTVSEGLXS explore the daily microhistory of GMXM^IRW8LI (9% ETTVSEGL MW ERMRRSZEXMZIETTVSEGLMRXVSHYGIHF]-EGSRIWMIXEP? AYWIJYP in identifying the Pressure Points between citizens and the urban landscape, or between occupants and a building.
8LI4VIWWYVI4SMRXWEVIXLIGSRXEGXTSMRXW[LMGLGEYWIGSRƽMGXW EQSRK XLI HMJJIVIRX EGXSVW MI GMXM^IRWSGGYTERXW ERH XLI FYMPHMRKWYVFER PERHWGETI -RHIIH GSRGIVRMRK TIVWSREP MRHSSV GSQJSVXERHEGGSVHMRKXSXLIQEMRTVMRGMTPISJ%HETXMZI'SQJSVX
- if a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways which tend to restore their comfort ?A WYGL TSMRXW
represent the most interesting part of the occurring interactions between actors and the environment. Once the pressure points EVIMHIRXMƼIHRI[TYRGXYEPWXVEXIKMIWQE]FIEHSTXIHXSMQTVSZI actors’ comfort, well-being and health.
*SV MRWXERGI HIGMWMSR QEOIVW GSYPH JSGYW SR YRLIEPXL] TPEGIW and plan to redesign them in a regenerative way by taking MRXS EGGSYRX REXYVEP ERH EVXMƼGMEP TPEGIW ETTVIGMEXIH F] XLI citizens, such as small court gardens or fountains, which have TSWMXMZI MQTPMGEXMSRW SR GSQQYRMX] LIEPXL ?A FYX EVI X]TMGEPP] underestimated from the decision-makers’ point of view. Thus, thanks to this approach, a more Regenerative city, able to co-FIRIƼXLYQERWERHXLIIRZMVSRQIRXGERFIHIWMKRIH*MKYVI WLS[W ER I\EQTPI SJ ZMWYEPMWEXMSR JVSQ XLI *MVWX 0MJI TPEXJSVQ where positive and negative transformations as declared by the citizens, are highlighted and geo-localised to support the decision-making process of urban planners and policymakers.
Transformation Positive transformation Negative transformation No transformation Figure 19 7GVIIRWLSXJVSQXLI*MVWX0MJI[IFTPEXJSVQ8LI map shows the current transformation occurring in a place within the City of Turin, as perceived by the citizens engaged within the project. This map is only one of the available visualisations of the *MVWX0MJITPEXJSVQ?A
91 To sum up, the substantial implications of the surrounding environment on human indoor and outdoor comfort, well-being and health have been widely investigated in the past decades, but previous research has mainly focused on a human-centric perspective. The presented approaches and the use of YFMUYMXSYW XIGLRSPSKMIW GSYPH LIPT MR YRHIVWXERHMRK H]REQMG relationships between humans and the environment, which would, in turn, allow better applications of Regenerative Design for the built environment and the urban landscape. More in-depth investigations into the adoption of integrated governance, are needed to consider the main dynamic interactions in real-time, i.e. XLI4VIWWYVI4SMRXWEWHIƼRIHF]XLI(MKMXEP9VFER%GYTYRGXYVI approach.
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