Search for the CP-violating strong decays η → π+π− and η'(958)→π+π−

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Contents lists available atScienceDirect

Physics

Letters

B

www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb

Search

for

the

CP-violating

strong

decays

η

→

π

+

π

−

and

η

(

958 )

→

π

+

π

−

.

The

LHCb

Collaboration

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

Articlehistory:

Received13October2016

Receivedinrevisedform11November2016 Accepted17November2016

Availableonline23November2016 Editor:L.Rolandi

AsearchfortheCP-violatingstrongdecays

η

→

π

+

π

−and

η

₍₉₅₈₎_→

_π

+

_π

−_has_been_performed_using

approximately2.5_×107 _events_of_each_of_the_decays_D+_→

_π

+

_π

+

_π

− _and_D+

s →

π

+

π

+

π

−,recorded

bytheLHCbexperiment.Thedatasetcorrespondstoanintegratedluminosityof3.0 fb−1ofpp collision datarecordedduringLHCRun 1and0.3 fb−1_recorded_in_{Run 2.}_No_evidence_is_seen_for_D+

(s)→

π

+

η

()

with

η

()_→

_π

+

_π

−_,_and_upper_limits_at_90%_conﬁdence_level_are_set_on_the_branching_fractions,_B(

_η

_→

π

+

π

−)<1.6×10−5_and_B(

_η

_→

_π

+

_π

−₎_<_1.8_×₁₀−5_._The_limit_for_the

_η

_decay_is_comparable_with_the existingone,whilethatforthe

η

_is_a_factor_of_three_smaller_than_the_previous_limit.

1. Introduction

Thestrength ofCP violationinweakinteractions inthe quark sectoriswellbelowwhatwouldberequiredtoserveasan expla-nationfortheobservedimbalancebetweentheamountsofmatter and antimatter in the universe. The QCD Lagrangian could con-tain a term, the

θ

term [1], that would give rise to CP violation

instrong interactions; however, no strong CP violationhas been observed. The experimental upper limit on the neutron electric dipole moment(nEDM) implies alimit

θ

10−10 [2]. The close-nessofthevalueof

θ

tozeroisseenasaﬁne-tuningproblem,the so-called“strongCP problem”.SolutionstothestrongCP problem

mayinvolveaxions

[3]

,extraspace–timedimensions

[4]

,massless upquarks

[5]

,stringtheory

[6]

orquantumgravity

[7]

.

The decay modes

η

→

π

+

π

− and

η

(

958

)

→

π

+

π

− would bothviolate CP symmetry.In theStandardModel (SM) these de-cays couldhappen via theCP-violating weak interaction,through mediation by a virtual K0

S meson, withexpectedbranching frac-tions

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

<

2

×

10−27and

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

<

4

×

10−29

[8].Based onthelimitfromthenEDMmeasurements, strong de-caysmediatedbythe

θ

termwouldhavebranchingfractionsbelow about 3

×

10−17 [8]. Any observation of larger branching frac-tions would indicate a new source of CP violation in the strong interaction, which could help to solve the problem of the ori-ginofthematter–antimatterasymmetry.Thecurrentlimitforthe

η

→

π

+

π

−decaymode,

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

<

1

.

3

×

10−5_at_90% con-ﬁdence level (CL), comes from the KLOE experiment [9], which looked for

η

→

π

+

π

− in the decay

φ (

1020

)

→

ηγ

. The limit for

η

,

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

<

5

.

5

×

10−5 _at_90%_CL,_is_from_the_BESIII experiment[10], based on searches for

η

→

π

+

π

− in radiative

J

/ψ

→

η

γ

decays.Inthestudypresentedhere,anewmethodis

introducedtosearch forthedecays

η

→

π

+

π

−and

η

→

π

+

π

−, exploitingthelargesampleofcharmmesonscollectedbyLHCb.

2. Detectorandsimulation

The LHCb detector

[11,12]

isa single-armforward spectrome-tercoveringthepseudorapidity range2

<

η

<

5,designedforthe studyofparticles containingb or c quarks.The detectorincludes a high-precision trackingsystem consistingof a silicon-strip ver-tex detector surrounding the pp interaction region, a large-area silicon-stripdetectorlocated upstreamofa dipole magnetwitha bending power of about 4 Tm,and three stations ofsilicon-strip detectorsandstrawdrifttubesplaceddownstreamofthemagnet. Thetrackingsystemprovidesameasurementofmomentum, p,of chargedparticleswitharelativeuncertaintythatvariesfrom0.5% at low momentum to 1.0% at 200 GeV

/

c. The minimum distance ofatracktoaprimary pp interactionvertex(PV),theimpact pa-rameter,ismeasuredwitharesolutionof

(

15

+

29

/

pT

)

μm,where

pT isthecomponentofthemomentumtransversetothebeam,in GeV

/

c.Differenttypesofchargedhadronsaredistinguished using informationfromtwo ring-imagingCherenkovdetectors. Photons, electronsandhadronsareidentiﬁed byacalorimetersystem con-sistingofscintillating-padandpreshowerdetectors,an electromag-neticcalorimeterandahadroniccalorimeter.Muonsareidentiﬁed bya systemcomposed ofalternating layersofironandmultiwire proportionalchambers.

The online event selection is performed by a trigger [13], which consists of a hardware stage, based on information from thecalorimeterandmuon systems,followed bya softwarestage, which applies a full event reconstruction. At the hardware trig-ger stage, events are required to have a muon with high pT or http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.11.032

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thetrigger

[15]

.

Inthesimulation,pp collisionsaregeneratedusing Pythia[16]

withaspecificLHCb configuration [17].Decaysofhadronic parti-clesaredescribedby EvtGen[18],inwhichfinal-stateradiationis generatedusing Photos[19].Theinteractionofthegenerated par-ticleswiththe detector,andits response,are implemented using the Geant4toolkit

[20]

asdescribedinRef.[21].

3. Datasamplesandoutlineofanalysismethod

In the analysis, the decays D+

→

π

+

π

+

π

− and D+_s

→

π

+

π

+

π

− are used to look for the presence of

η

and

η

reso-nances in the

π

+

π

− mass spectra, which could come fromthe knowndecaysD+₍_s₎

→

π

+

η

()_(inclusion_of_{charge-conjugate}_modes

isimplied throughout).Thedatasamplescompriseabout25 mil-lion each of D+

→

π

+

π

+

π

− and D+_s

→

π

+

π

+

π

− decays,from integratedluminositiesof3.0 fb−1_of _{pp collision}_data_recorded_by LHCbinLHCRun 1and0.3 fb−1 recordedin2015duringRun 2.

For N

(

η

()

₎

_observed

_η

() _signal _decays _in _the

_π

+

_π

− _mass

spectrum from a total of N

(

D+₍_s₎

)

mesons reconstructed in the

π

+

π

+

π

−ﬁnalstate,themeasuredbranchingfractionwouldbe

B

η

()

→

π

+

π

−

=

N

(

η

()

₎

N

(

D+₍_s₎

)

×

B

(

D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

π

+

π

−

)

B

(

D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

η

()

₎

×

1

(

η

()

₎

,

(1)

where

(

η

()

₎

_accounts_for_any_variation_of_eﬃciency_with

_π

+

_π

−

mass,asdiscussed in Sec. 5.2. Thevalues of N

(

D+₍_s₎

)

and N

(

η

()

₎

and their uncertainties are obtained from ﬁts to the

π

+

π

−

π

+ and

π

+

π

− massspectraoftheselected D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

π

+

π

− candi-dates;thebranchingfractions

B(

D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

π

+

π

−

)

and

B(

D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

η

()

₎

_and _their _{uncertainties} _are _taken _from _Ref. _[22]_; _and

the relative eﬃciency factors,

, are obtained from simulations. Sincethe analysisstartsfroma givennumberofselected D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

π

+

π

− decays,there are nonormalisation channels. All selec-tions areﬁnalised andexpectedsensitivities areevaluated before the

η

and

η

signalregionsinthe

π

+

π

− massspectraare exam-ined.

4. Eventselection

The event selection comprises an initial stage in which rel-atively loose criteria are applied to select samples of candidate

D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

π

+

π

− decays. A boosted decision tree (BDT) [23] is thenusedtofurthersuppressbackgrounds.

Candidate D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

π

+

π

− decaysarerequiredtohavethree good quality tracks, each with pT greater than 250 MeV

/

c, con-sistent withcoming froma vertexthat isdisplaced fromany PV inthe event. Loose particleidentiﬁcation criteriaare applied, re-quiringthetracks tobe consistent withthepionhypothesis. The

Fig. 1. Mass spectraofselected D+₍_s₎→π+π+π− candidates, afterthe BDT se-lections,for(top)Run 1and(bottom)Run 2data,withtheresultsfromtheﬁts superimposed.Thedot-dashedlinesshowthetotalﬁttedbackgrounds,andthe ver-ticallinesindicatetheoptimisedD+(s)signalregions.ThediscontinuityintheRun 2

spectrumcomesfromthefactthatthetriggerhastwoseparateoutputstreamsand therearedifferentBDTselectionsforD+andD+s.

three-tracksystemisrequiredtohavetotalcharge

±

e,itsinvariant mass mustbe intherange1820–2020 MeV

/

c2,andits combined momentum vector must be consistent with thedirection froma PVtothedecayvertex.Theinvariantmassofopposite-sign candi-date pionpairs isrequired tobe in therange 300–1650 MeV

/

c2; thisremovesbackgroundswherearandompionisassociatedwith a vertexfromeithera

γ

→

e+e− conversion,inwhichboth elec-trons are misidentiﬁed as pions, or from a D0

→

K−

π

+ decay, wherethekaonismisidentiﬁedasapion.

The BDT has six input variables for each of the tracks, to-gether with three variables related to the quality of the decay vertex and the association of the D+₍_s₎ candidate with the PV. The trackvariables are related to track ﬁt quality, particle iden-tiﬁcation probabilities andthe quality ofthe track association to the decayvertex. The BDT is trained using a sample of 820 000 simulated D+

→

π

+

π

+

π

− events for the signal, generated uni-formlyin phasespace, andabout107 _background_candidates ob-tained from sidebands of width 20 MeV

/

c2 on each side of the

D+

→

π

+

π

+

π

−masspeakinthedata.

The selection criteriaforthe BDToutput value and

π

+

π

+

π

− signal mass windows are simultaneously optimised to maximise the statisticalsigniﬁcance of the D+₍_s₎ signals, Nsig

/

Nsig

+

Nbkg, where Nsig is the numberof D(+s) signal decays and Nbkg is the number of background events within the signal mass windows. The BDT selection gives signal eﬃciencies of 90% while reject-ing about 60% of the backgrounds. The optimum mass selection ranges are

±

20 MeV

/

c2 forboth the D+ and D+s peaksinRun 1

and

±

21 MeV

/

c2_for_both_peaks_in_{Run 2.}

Fig. 1showsthe

π

+

π

+

π

− massspectraforRuns 1and 2, af-ter the BDT selection. The discontinuity in the Run 2 spectrum comes from the fact that the trigger has two separate output streams and there are different BDT cuts for D+ and D+_s. The

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Fig. 2. Theπ+π−invariantmassdistributionintheηmassﬁttingregionfromthe sumofthefoursamples,showingalsothesumoftheﬁttedcurvesandthepulls. Theverticaldashedlinesindicatetheηsignalregion.

yield per fb−1 is larger in Run 2 than in Run 1by a factor 3.3, arisingfromthelargercross-section [24],andfromahigher trig-ger efficiency for charm. The curves in Fig. 1 show the results offits to the spectrain which each peak is parametrised by the sumof a double-sided Crystal Ballfunction [25] and a Gaussian function,whileafourth-orderpolynomialisusedforthe combina-torial background.Allshape andyield parameters are allowed to varyinthefits.Thefitsalsoincludecomponentsforcontributions from D+_s

→

K+

π

+

π

− decays, where the kaon is misidentiﬁed asapion,andfrom D+_s

→

π

+

π

+

π

−

π

0 _and _D+

(s)

→

π

+

η

() with

η

()

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_γ

_._The _yields_for_these_last _components,_the_shapes

forwhichareobtainedfromsimulation,arefoundtobesmall.The total D+₍_s₎

→

π

+

π

+

π

− signal yields in the optimised mass win-dows, summed over Run 1 and Run 2 data, are 2

.

49

×

107 for

D+ and2

.

37

×

107 _for _D+

s,with backgroundsof 1

.

38

×

107 and

1

.

08

×

107_, _{respectively,} _within _the _same _mass _windows. Uncer-taintiesof

±

2%, corresponding to themaximum valuesof theﬁt residuals,areassignedtoeachtotalyieldtoaccountfor imperfec-tionsintheﬁtsto themassspectra.Toimprovethe

π

+

π

− mass resolution,a kinematicﬁt

[26]

is performedon theselected D+₍_s₎

candidates,withthethreetracksconstrainedtoacommonvertex, the

π

+

π

+

π

−massconstrainedtotheknown D+₍_s₎ mass,andthe

D+₍_s₎ candidateconstrainedtocomefromthePV.

5. Limitsonthe

η

()

_→

_π

+

_π

−_branching_fractions 5.1.Massspectrafor

π

+

π

−

For each of the

η

and

η

resonances there are four separate

π

+

π

−massspectra,fromtheD+ andthe D+s foreachofRuns 1

and 2.

Figs. 2 and 3

showthesumsofthefour

π

+

π

−mass spec-traforthe

η

and

η

massﬁttingranges,whicharechosentoavoid thepeaksfromthe K0

S,

ρ(

770

)

0 and f0

(

980

)

mesons.Theﬁtting ranges are 515–630 MeV

/

c2 for the

η

and 920–964 MeV

/

c2 for the

η

.Theverticaldashedlinesindicatethesignalregions,which covertheintervals544–552 MeV

/

c2_for_the

_η

_and_{952–964 MeV}

_/

_c2 forthe

η

,ineach caseapproximately

±

2 timesthe

π

+

π

− mass resolution.Simulationstudiesofthedecays

η

()

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_γ

_,_using

the matrix element given in Ref. [27], show that the contribu-tionsfromthesechannelsaresmallanddonotpeakintheﬁtting ranges.They are thereforeconsidered as partof the background, whichisparametrisedbyapolynomialfunction(seeSect.5.3).

Expected signal

π

+

π

− mass line shapesfor

η

→

π

+

π

− and

η

→

π

+

π

− are obtainedfromsimulations. Inboth casesa dou-bleGaussianshapeisfoundtodescribethesignalwell,withmass

Fig. 3. Theπ+π−invariantmassdistributionintheηmassﬁttingregionfromthe sumofthefoursamples,showingalsothesumoftheﬁttedcurvesandthepulls. Theverticaldashedlinesindicatetheηsignalregion.

resolutions of 2.3 MeV

/

c2 forthe

η

massregion and3.2 MeV

/

c2

forthe

η

region.Theseresultsarecalibratedby comparingthe

η

mass resolution from the simulation with that forreconstructed

K0

S

→

π

+

π

− decaysfrombackground D(+s)

→

KS0

π

+ eventsinthe data,before the kinematicﬁts to the D+₍_s₎ candidates. The differ-ences,whichare5% in Run 1and10% in Run 2,aretakenasthe systematic uncertainties on the

π

+

π

− mass resolution for both the

η

and

η

massranges.

5.2. Relativeeﬃciencyasafunctionof

π

+

π

−mass

TherelativeeﬃciencyfactorsinEq.(1)areobtainedfrom simu-lation.Fullysimulated

π

+

π

− massspectrafromD+

→

π

+

π

+

π

− decaysforRun 1aredividedby thegeneratedspectratogive the relativeeﬃciencyasafunctionofthe

π

+

π

−mass.Theeﬃciency ishighestatlarge

π

+

π

− masses,mainlyduetotheeffectsofthe hardware andsoftwaretriggers. Therelative eﬃcienciesin Run 1 dataare foundto be

(

η

)

=

0

.

85

±

0

.

01 and

(

η

)

=

1

.

01

±

0

.

01, wheretheuncertaintiescomefromthesimulationsamplesize.The relative eﬃciencies for Run 2 are found to be statistically com-patiblewiththoseforRun 1,throughacomparisonofthe

π

+

π

− massspectra fromthe D+ and D+_s signal candidatesin thedata. Anadditionalsystematicuncertaintyof2% isassignedtotheRun 2 relativeeﬃciencies,correspondingtothemaximumdifference be-tweenthemassspectra.

5.3. Sensitivitystudies

Inordertomeasurethesensitivityoftheanalysis,each

π

+

π

− mass spectrum is fittedwith a fourth-order polynomial, initially withthesignalregionsexcluded.Thesignalregionsarethen pop-ulatedwithpseudodata,generatedaccordingtothefitted polyno-mial functions,withGaussian fluctuations. Eachspectrumisthen fitted againwith the sum ofa fourth-order polynomial plus the

η

() _signal _function, _and _Eq. ₍₁₎ _is _then _used _to _obtain

branch-ing fractions measured withthe pseudodata. As expected, these branchingfractions areconsistentwithzero.Expectedupper lim-its onthebranching fractionsare obtainedusingtheCLs method

[28].In each case, CLs valuesare obtained usingthe products of the likelihood functions for the four individual spectra. System-atic uncertainties areincluded, buthavenoeffect onthe results, which are shown in Fig. 4 for the

η

and in Fig. 5 for the

η

. Expected limitsat 90% CL are

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

<

2

.

0

×

10−5 and

(4)

shownbythedashedline,withthe±1σ and±2σ regionsshaded.Theobserved variationisshownbythesolidline,whilethehorizontallineindicatesthe 90% conﬁdencelevel.

Fig. 5. ValuesofCLs asafunctionofBη→π+π−.Theexpectedvariationis shownbythedashedline,withthe±1σ and±2σ regionsshaded.Theobserved variationisshownbythesolidline,whichalmostoverlaysthedashedline,while thehorizontallineindicatesthe90% conﬁdencelevel.

5.4. Observedlimitsonthebranchingfractions

Theproceduresoutlinedabovearethenappliedtotheobserved mass spectra, i.e. with the pseudo data in the signal ranges re-placed by the observed data. The sums of the ﬁts to the four spectraforthe

η

and

η

are shownasthe solid curvesinFigs. 2 and 3.Theresultsareconsistentamongthefourmassspectrafor eachmeson.Weightedaveragebranchingfractionsaremeasuredto be

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

= (−

1

.

1

±

1

.

8

)

×

10−5 _and

_B

_η

_→

_π

+

_π

−

₌

(

0

.

8

±

1

.

6

)

×

10−5. Although the simple,unweighted sum ofthe ﬁts to the

π

+

π

− mass spectra in Fig. 2 shows a small, but in-signiﬁcant,positiveyieldforthe

η

,theweightedaveragebranching fraction

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

is dominated by a negative value inthe Run 1D+s sample.

Since there is no evidence for any signal, the CLs method is used,asfor thepseudo data,toobtain observed upperlimitson thebranchingfractions.

Figs. 4 and 5

showtheobservedCLsvalues asfunctionsofthebranchingfractions.Limitsobtainedare

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

<

1

.

6

×

10−5

,

B

η

→

π

+

π

−

<

1

.

8

×

10−5

,

bothat90% CL,ingoodagreementwiththeexpectedlimits.

6. Conclusions

A new method is introduced to search for the decays

η

→

π

+

π

− and

η

(

958

)

→

π

+

π

−, whichwouldviolate CP symmetry

in thestrong interaction. The method relies onthe copious pro-ductionofcharmmesonsatLHCb,andwillimproveinsensitivity

INFN (Italy); FOMandNWO(TheNetherlands);MNiSW andNCN (Poland); MEN/IFA (Romania); MinES and FASO (Russia); MinECo (Spain);SNSFandSER(Switzerland);NASU(Ukraine);STFC(United Kingdom); NSF (USA). We acknowledge the computingresources that are provided by CERN, IN2P3 (France), KIT and DESY (Ger-many), INFN (Italy), SURF (The Netherlands), PIC (Spain), GridPP (United Kingdom),RRCKI andYandexLLC (Russia),CSCS (Switzer-land),IFIN-HH(Romania),CBPF(Brazil),PL-GRID(Poland)andOSC (USA). We are indebted to the communities behind the multi-ple opensourcesoftwarepackagesonwhich wedepend. Individ-ual groupsormembershavereceived supportfromAvH Founda-tion(Germany),EPLANET,MarieSkłodowska-CurieActionsandERC (European Union), Conseil Général de Haute-Savoie, Labex ENIG-MASSandOCEVU,RégionAuvergne(France),RFBRandYandexLLC (Russia), GVA,XuntaGalandGENCAT(Spain),HerchelSmithFund, The Royal Society, Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 andtheLeverhulmeTrust(UnitedKingdom).

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TheLHCbCollaboration

R. Aaij

40

,

B. Adeva

39

,

M. Adinolﬁ

48

,

Z. Ajaltouni

5

,

S. Akar

6

,

J. Albrecht

10

,

F. Alessio

40

,

M. Alexander

53

,

S. Ali

43

,

G. Alkhazov

31

,

P. Alvarez Cartelle

55

,

A.A. Alves Jr

59

,

S. Amato

2

,

S. Amerio

23

,

Y. Amhis

7

,

L. An

41

,

L. Anderlini

18

,

G. Andreassi

41

,

M. Andreotti

17

,

g

,

J.E. Andrews

60

,

R.B. Appleby

56

,

F. Archilli

43

,

P. d’Argent

12

,

J. Arnau Romeu

6

,

A. Artamonov

37

,

M. Artuso

61

,

E. Aslanides

6

,

G. Auriemma

26

,

M. Baalouch

5

,

I. Babuschkin

56

,

S. Bachmann

12

,

J.J. Back

50

,

A. Badalov

38

,

C. Baesso

62

,

S. Baker

55

,

W. Baldini

17

,

R.J. Barlow

56

,

C. Barschel

40

,

S. Barsuk

7

,

W. Barter

40

,

M. Baszczyk

27

,

V. Batozskaya

29

,

B. Batsukh

61

,

V. Battista

41

,

A. Bay

41

,

L. Beaucourt

4

,

J. Beddow

53

,

F. Bedeschi

24

,

I. Bediaga

1

,

L.J. Bel

43

,

V. Bellee

41

,

N. Belloli

21

,

i

,

K. Belous

37

,

I. Belyaev

32

,

E. Ben-Haim

8

,

G. Bencivenni

19

,

S. Benson

43

,

J. Benton

48

,

A. Berezhnoy

33

,

R. Bernet

42

,

A. Bertolin

23

,

C. Betancourt

42

,

F. Betti

15

,

M.-O. Bettler

40

,

M. van Beuzekom

43

,

Ia. Bezshyiko

42

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S. Bifani

47

,

P. Billoir

8

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T. Bird

56

,

A. Birnkraut

10

,

A. Bitadze

56

,

A. Bizzeti

18

,

u

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T. Blake

50

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F. Blanc

41

,

J. Blouw

11

,

†

,

S. Blusk

61

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V. Bocci

26

,

T. Boettcher

58

,

A. Bondar

36

,

w

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N. Bondar

31

,

40

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W. Bonivento

16

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I. Bordyuzhin

32

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A. Borgheresi

21

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i

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S. Borghi

56

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M. Borisyak

35

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M. Borsato

39

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F. Bossu

7

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M. Boubdir

9

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T.J.V. Bowcock

54

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E. Bowen

42

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C. Bozzi

17

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40

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S. Braun

12

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M. Britsch

12

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T. Britton

61

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J. Brodzicka

56

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E. Buchanan

48

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C. Burr

56

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A. Bursche

2

,

J. Buytaert

40

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S. Cadeddu

16

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R. Calabrese

17

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g

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M. Calvi

21

,

i

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M. Calvo Gomez

38

,

m

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A. Camboni

38

,

P. Campana

19

,

D.H. Campora Perez

40

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L. Capriotti

56

,

∗

,

A. Carbone

15

,

e

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G. Carboni

25

,

j

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R. Cardinale

20

,

h

,

A. Cardini

16

,

P. Carniti

21

,

i

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L. Carson

52

,

K. Carvalho Akiba

2

,

G. Casse

54

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L. Cassina

21

,

i

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L. Castillo Garcia

41

,

M. Cattaneo

40

,

Ch. Cauet

10

,

G. Cavallero

20

,

R. Cenci

24

,

t

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D. Chamont

7

,

M. Charles

8

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Ph. Charpentier

40

,

G. Chatzikonstantinidis

47

,

M. Chefdeville

4

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S. Chen

56

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57

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V. Chobanova

39

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M. Chrzaszcz

42

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27

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X. Cid Vidal

39

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G. Ciezarek

43

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52

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H.V. Cliff

49

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J. Closier

40

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V. Coco

59

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J. Cogan

6

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E. Cogneras

5

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V. Cogoni

16

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40

,

f

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L. Cojocariu

30

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G. Collazuol

23

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o

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P. Collins

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A. Comerma-Montells

12

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A. Contu

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A. Cook

48

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G. Coombs

40

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S. Coquereau

38

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G. Corti

40

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M. Corvo

17

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g

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C.M. Costa Sobral

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52

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52

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A. Crocombe

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M. Cruz Torres

62

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S. Cunliffe

55

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R. Currie

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C. D’Ambrosio

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2

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E. Dall’Occo

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J. Dalseno

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43

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A. Davis

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O. De Aguiar Francisco

2

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K. De Bruyn

6

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S. De Capua

56

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M. De Cian

12

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J.M. De Miranda

1

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L. De Paula

2

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M. De Serio

14

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d

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P. De Simone

19

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C.-T. Dean

53

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D. Decamp

4

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M. Deckenhoff

10

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L. Del Buono

8

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M. Demmer

10

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A. Dendek

28

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D. Derkach

35

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O. Deschamps

5

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F. Dettori

40

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B. Dey

22

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A. Di Canto

40

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H. Dijkstra

40

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F. Dordei

40

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M. Dorigo

41

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A. Dosil Suárez

39

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A. Dovbnya

45

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K. Dreimanis

54

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L. Dufour

43

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G. Dujany

56

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K. Dungs

40

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P. Durante

40

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R. Dzhelyadin

37

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A. Dziurda

40

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A. Dzyuba

31

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N. Déléage

4

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S. Easo

51

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M. Ebert

52

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U. Egede

55

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V. Egorychev

32

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S. Eidelman

36

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w

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S. Eisenhardt

52

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U. Eitschberger

10

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R. Ekelhof

10

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L. Eklund

53

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S. Ely

61

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S. Esen

12

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H.M. Evans

49

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T. Evans

57

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A. Falabella

15

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N. Farley

47

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S. Farry

54

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R. Fay

54

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D. Fazzini

21

,

i

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D. Ferguson

52

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A. Fernandez Prieto

39

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F. Ferrari

15

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40

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F. Ferreira Rodrigues

2

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M. Ferro-Luzzi

40

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S. Filippov

34

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R.A. Fini

14

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M. Fiore

17

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g

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M. Fiorini

17

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g

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M. Firlej

28

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C. Fitzpatrick

41

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T. Fiutowski

28

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F. Fleuret

7

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b

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K. Fohl

40

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M. Fontana

16

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40

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F. Fontanelli

20

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h

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D.C. Forshaw

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R. Forty

40

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V. Franco Lima

54

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M. Frank

40

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C. Frei

40

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J. Fu

22

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q

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E. Furfaro

25

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j

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C. Färber

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A. Gallas Torreira

39

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D. Galli

15

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e

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S. Gallorini

23

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M. Gandelman

2

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P. Gandini

57

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L.M. Garcia Martin

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39

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J. Garra Tico

49

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38

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D. Gascon

38

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C. Gaspar

40

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L. Gavardi

10

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G. Gazzoni

5

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(6)

M. Kelsey

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I.R. Kenyon

,

M. Kenzie

,

T. Ketel

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E. Khairullin

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B. Khanji

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C. Khurewathanakul

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T. Kirn

9

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56

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K. Klimaszewski

29

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S. Koliiev

46

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M. Kolpin

12

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I. Komarov

41

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R.F. Koopman

44

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P. Koppenburg

43

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A. Kosmyntseva

32

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A. Kozachuk

33

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M. Kozeiha

5

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L. Kravchuk

34

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K. Kreplin

12

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M. Kreps

50

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P. Krokovny

36

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w

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F. Kruse

10

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W. Krzemien

29

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W. Kucewicz

27

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l

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M. Kucharczyk

27

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V. Kudryavtsev

36

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w

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A.K. Kuonen

41

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K. Kurek

29

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T. Kvaratskheliya

32

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40

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D. Lacarrere

40

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G. Lafferty

56

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A. Lai

16

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G. Lanfranchi

19

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C. Langenbruch

9

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T. Latham

50

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C. Lazzeroni

47

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R. Le Gac

6

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J. van Leerdam

43

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J.-P. Lees

4

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A. Leﬂat

33

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40

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J. Lefrançois

7

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R. Lefèvre

5

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F. Lemaitre

40

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E. Lemos Cid

39

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O. Leroy

6

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T. Lesiak

27

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B. Leverington

12

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T. Li

3

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Y. Li

7

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T. Likhomanenko

35

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67

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R. Lindner

40

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C. Linn

40

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F. Lionetto

42

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B. Liu

16

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X. Liu

3

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D. Loh

50

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I. Longstaff

53

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J.H. Lopes

2

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D. Lucchesi

23

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o

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M. Lucio Martinez

39

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H. Luo

52

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A. Lupato

23

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E. Luppi

17

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g

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O. Lupton

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A. Lusiani

24

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X. Lyu

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F. Machefert

7

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F. Maciuc

30

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31

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K. Maguire

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A. Malinin

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T. Maltsev

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G. Manca

7

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G. Mancinelli

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P. Manning

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J. Maratas

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v

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24

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t

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D. Melnychuk

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A. Merli

22

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q

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5

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M. Morandin

23

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28

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A. Mordà

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52

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A. Nandi

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2

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22

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12

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27

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26

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20

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12

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39

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8

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2

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11

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24

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p

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7

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27

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24

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42

,

J. Serrano

6

,

L. Sestini

23

,

P. Seyfert

21

,

M. Shapkin

37

,

I. Shapoval

45

,

Y. Shcheglov

31

,

T. Shears

54

,

L. Shekhtman

36

,

w

,

V. Shevchenko

67

,

B.G. Siddi

17

,

40

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_{R. Silva Coutinho}

42

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_{L. Silva de Oliveira}

2

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_{G. Simi}

23

,

o

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_{S. Simone}

14

,

d

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_{M. Sirendi}

49

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N. Skidmore

48

,

T. Skwarnicki

61

,

E. Smith

55

,

I.T. Smith

52

,

J. Smith

49

,

M. Smith

55

,

H. Snoek

43

,

M.D. Sokoloff

59

,

F.J.P. Soler

53

,

B. Souza De Paula

2

,

B. Spaan

10

,

P. Spradlin

53

,

S. Sridharan

40

,

F. Stagni

40

,

M. Stahl

12

,

S. Stahl

40

,

P. Stefko

41

,

S. Stefkova

55

,

O. Steinkamp

42

,

S. Stemmle

12

,

O. Stenyakin

37

,

S. Stevenson

57

,

S. Stoica

30

,

S. Stone

61

,

B. Storaci

42

,

S. Stracka

24

,

p

,

M. Straticiuc

30

,

U. Straumann

42

,

L. Sun

59

,

W. Sutcliffe

55

,

K. Swientek

28

,

V. Syropoulos

44

,

M. Szczekowski

29

,

T. Szumlak

28

,

S. T’Jampens

4

,

A. Tayduganov

6

,

T. Tekampe

10

,

G. Tellarini

17

,

g

,

F. Teubert

40

,

E. Thomas

40

,

J. van Tilburg

43

,

M.J. Tilley

55

,

V. Tisserand

4

,

M. Tobin

41

,

S. Tolk

49

,

L. Tomassetti

17

,

g

,

D. Tonelli

40

,

S. Topp-Joergensen

57

,

F. Toriello

61

,

E. Tourneﬁer

4

,

S. Tourneur

41

,

K. Trabelsi

41

,

M. Traill

53

,

M.T. Tran

41

,

M. Tresch

42

,

A. Trisovic

40

,

A. Tsaregorodtsev

6

,

P. Tsopelas

43

,

A. Tully

49

,

N. Tuning

43

,

A. Ukleja

29

,

A. Ustyuzhanin

35

,

U. Uwer

12

,

C. Vacca

16

,

f

,

V. Vagnoni

15

,

40

,

A. Valassi

40

,

S. Valat

40

,

G. Valenti

15

,

A. Vallier

7

,

R. Vazquez Gomez

19

,

P. Vazquez Regueiro

39

,

S. Vecchi

17

,

M. van Veghel

43

,

J.J. Velthuis

48

,

M. Veltri

18

,

r

,

G. Veneziano

57

,

A. Venkateswaran

61

,

M. Vernet

5

,

M. Vesterinen

12

,

B. Viaud

7

,

D. Vieira

1

,

M. Vieites Diaz

39

,

H. Viemann

66

,

X. Vilasis-Cardona

38

,

m

,

M. Vitti

49

,

V. Volkov

33

,

A. Vollhardt

42

,

B. Voneki

40

,

A. Vorobyev

31

,

V. Vorobyev

36

,

w

,

C. Voß

66

,

J.A. de Vries

43

,

C. Vázquez Sierra

39

,

R. Waldi

66

,

C. Wallace

50

,

R. Wallace

13

,

J. Walsh

24

,

J. Wang

61

,

D.R. Ward

49

,

H.M. Wark

54

,

N.K. Watson

47

,

D. Websdale

55

,

A. Weiden

42

,

M. Whitehead

40

,

J. Wicht

50

,

G. Wilkinson

57

,

40

,

M. Wilkinson

61

,

M. Williams

40

,

M.P. Williams

47

,

M. Williams

58

,

T. Williams

47

,

F.F. Wilson

51

,

J. Wimberley

60

,

J. Wishahi

10

,

W. Wislicki

29

,

M. Witek

27

,

G. Wormser

7

,

S.A. Wotton

49

,

K. Wraight

53

,

K. Wyllie

40

,

Y. Xie

64

,

Z. Xing

61

,

Z. Xu

41

,

Z. Yang

3

,

Y. Yao

61

,

H. Yin

64

,

J. Yu

64

,

X. Yuan

36

,

w

,

O. Yushchenko

37

,

K.A. Zarebski

47

,

M. Zavertyaev

11

,

c

,

L. Zhang

3

,

Y. Zhang

7

,

Y. Zhang

63

,

A. Zhelezov

12

,

Y. Zheng

63

,

A. Zhokhov

32

,

X. Zhu

3

,

V. Zhukov

9

,

S. Zucchelli

15

1_Centro_Brasileiro_de_Pesquisas_Físicas_(CBPF),_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil 2_Universidade_Federal_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_(UFRJ),_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil 3_Center_for_High_Energy_Physics,_Tsinghua_University,_Beijing,_China 4_LAPP,_Université_Savoie_Mont-Blanc,_CNRS/IN2P3,_{Annecy-Le-Vieux,}_France

5_Clermont_Université,_Université_Blaise_Pascal,_CNRS/IN2P3,_LPC,_{Clermont-Ferrand,}_France 6_CPPM,_{Aix-Marseille}_Université,_CNRS/IN2P3,_Marseille,_France

7_LAL,_Université_Paris-Sud,_CNRS/IN2P3,_Orsay,_France

8_LPNHE,_Université_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie,_Université_Paris_Diderot,_CNRS/IN2P3,_Paris,_France 9_I._{Physikalisches}_Institut,_RWTH_Aachen_University,_Aachen,_Germany

10_Fakultät_Physik,_Technische_Universität_Dortmund,_Dortmund,_Germany 11_{Max-Planck-Institut}_für_Kernphysik_(MPIK),_Heidelberg,_Germany

12_{Physikalisches}_Institut,_{Ruprecht-Karls-Universität}_Heidelberg,_Heidelberg,_Germany 13_School_of_Physics,_University_College_Dublin,_Dublin,_Ireland

14_Sezione_INFN_di_Bari,_Bari,_Italy 15_Sezione_INFN_di_Bologna,_Bologna,_Italy 16_Sezione_INFN_di_Cagliari,_Cagliari,_Italy 17_Sezione_INFN_di_Ferrara,_Ferrara,_Italy 18_Sezione_INFN_di_Firenze,_Firenze,_Italy

19_Laboratori_Nazionali_dell’INFN_di_Frascati,_Frascati,_Italy 20_Sezione_INFN_di_Genova,_Genova,_Italy

21_Sezione_INFN_di_Milano_Bicocca,_Milano,_Italy 22_Sezione_INFN_di_Milano,_Milano,_Italy 23_Sezione_INFN_di_Padova,_Padova,_Italy 24_Sezione_INFN_di_Pisa,_Pisa,_Italy

25_Sezione_INFN_di_Roma_Tor_Vergata,_Roma,_Italy 26_Sezione_INFN_di_Roma_La_Sapienza,_Roma,_Italy

27_Henryk_{Niewodniczanski}_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences,_Kraków,_Poland

28_AGH_–_University_of_Science_and_Technology,_Faculty_of_Physics_and_Applied_Computer_Science,_Kraków,_Poland 29_National_Center_for_Nuclear_Research_(NCBJ),_Warsaw,_Poland

30_Horia_Hulubei_National_Institute_of_Physics_and_Nuclear_Engineering,_{Bucharest-Magurele,}_Romania 31_Petersburg_Nuclear_Physics_Institute_(PNPI),_Gatchina,_Russia

32_Institute_of_Theoretical_and_Experimental_Physics_(ITEP),_Moscow,_Russia 33_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics,_Moscow_State_University_(SINP_MSU),_Moscow,_Russia 34_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences_(INR_RAN),_Moscow,_Russia 35_Yandex_School_of_Data_Analysis,_Moscow,_Russia

36_Budker_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics_(SB_RAS),_Novosibirsk,_Russia 37_Institute_for_High_Energy_Physics_(IHEP),_Protvino,_Russia 38_ICCUB,_Universitat_de_Barcelona,_Barcelona,_Spain

(8)

58_{Massachusetts}_Institute_of_Technology,_Cambridge,_MA,_United_States 59_University_of_Cincinnati,_Cincinnati,_OH,_United_States

60_University_of_Maryland,_College_Park,_MD,_United_States 61_Syracuse_University,_Syracuse,_NY,_United_States

62_Pontifícia_Universidade_Católica_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_(PUC-Rio),_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazilx

63_University_of_Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences,_Beijing,_Chinay

64_Institute_of_Particle_Physics,_Central_China_Normal_University,_Wuhan,_Hubei,_Chinay

65_Departamento_de_Fisica,_Universidad_Nacional_de_Colombia,_Bogota,_Colombiaz

66_Institut_für_Physik,_Universität_Rostock,_Rostock,_Germanyaa

67_National_Research_Centre_Kurchatov_Institute,_Moscow,_Russiaab

68_Instituto_de_Fisica_Corpuscular_(IFIC),_Universitat_de_{Valencia-CSIC,}_Valencia,_Spainac

69_Van_Swinderen_Institute,_University_of_Groningen,_Groningen,_The_Netherlandsad

*

Correspondingauthor.

E-mailaddress:lorenzo.capriotti@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk(L. Capriotti).

a _Universidade_Federal_do_Triângulo_Mineiro_(UFTM),_Uberaba-MG,_Brazil. b _Laboratoire_{Leprince-Ringuet,}_Palaiseau,_France.

c _P.N._Lebedev_Physical_Institute,_Russian_Academy_of_Science_(LPI_RAS),_Moscow,_Russia. d _Università_di_Bari,_Bari,_Italy.

e _Università_di_Bologna,_Bologna,_Italy. f _Università_di_Cagliari,_Cagliari,_Italy. g _Università_di_Ferrara,_Ferrara,_Italy. h _Università_di_Genova,_Genova,_Italy.

i _Università_di_Milano_Bicocca,_Milano,_Italy. j _Università_di_Roma_Tor_Vergata,_Roma,_Italy. k _Università_di_Roma_La_Sapienza,_Roma,_Italy.

l _AGH_–_University_of_Science_and_Technology,_Faculty_of_Computer_Science,_Electronics_and_{Telecommunications,}_Kraków,_Poland. m _LIFAELS,_La_Salle,_Universitat_Ramon_Llull,_Barcelona,_Spain.

n _Hanoi_University_of_Science,_Hanoi,_Viet_Nam. o _Università_di_Padova,_Padova,_Italy. p _Università_di_Pisa,_Pisa,_Italy.

q _Università_degli_Studi_di_Milano,_Milano,_Italy. r _Università_di_Urbino,_Urbino,_Italy.

s _Università_della_Basilicata,_Potenza,_Italy. t _Scuola_Normale_Superiore,_Pisa,_Italy.

u _Università_di_Modena_e_Reggio_Emilia,_Modena,_Italy. v _Iligan_Institute_of_Technology_(IIT),_Iligan,_Philippines. w _Novosibirsk_State_University,_Novosibirsk,_Russia.

x _Associated_to_Universidade_Federal_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_(UFRJ),_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil. y _Associated_to_Center_for_High_Energy_Physics,_Tsinghua_University,_Beijing,_China.

z _Associated_to_LPNHE,_Université_Pierre_et_Marie_Curie,_Université_Paris_Diderot,_CNRS/IN2P3,_Paris,_France. aa _Associated_to_{Physikalisches}_Institut,_{Ruprecht-Karls-Universität}_Heidelberg,_Heidelberg,_Germany. ab _Associated_to_Institute_of_Theoretical_and_Experimental_Physics_(ITEP),_Moscow,_Russia. ac _Associated_to_ICCUB,_Universitat_de_Barcelona,_Barcelona,_Spain.

ad _Associated_to_Nikhef_National_Institute_for_Subatomic_Physics,_Amsterdam,_The_Netherlands.