Strategic Mass Killings
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(3) EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE, FLORENCE. DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS. Strategic Mass Killings JOAN ESTEBAN, MASSIMO MORELLI and DOMINIC ROHNER. EUI Working Paper ECO 2010/23.
(4) This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. ISSN 1725-6704. © 2010 Joan Esteban, Massimo Morelli and Dominic Rohner Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu.
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(11) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Interstate wars( IW). Genocides in IW. % IW with genocides. Civil wars (CW) Genocides in CW. % CW with genocides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
(16) Group j initially in power. Groups i and j select fighting efforts Di, resp. Dj War (Di>0, Dj>0). Peace (Di=Dj=0). Winning probability q depends on Di, Dj. j wins Group j in power, sets rent-share of group i to minimum and decides on mass killings Mj. i wins Group i in power, sets rent-share of group j to minimum and decides on mass killings Mi. Payoffs of infinite future received (depend on group sizes). @>LI< .@D@E>. .
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
(54) FI 8I< JD8CC 8E; 8E;
(55) FI " C8I>< (FK@:< K?8K K?@J :FE;@K@FE ><E<I8C@Q<J K?< I<JLCK @E ,<D8IB ") .' 6.,.;;*:A ,76-2<276 /7: 5*;; 3244260; 2; <1*< <=FI< GIF:<<;@E> KF K?< JK8K<D<EK F= FLI =FID8C I<JLCK C<K LJ >@M< 8 >I8G?. @:8C GI<J<EK8K@FE @E @>LI< F= K?< :FE;@K@FEJ =FI D8JJ B@CC@E>J )E K?< 8O<J N< ?8M< >IFLG J@Q<J 8E; D8JJ B@CC@E>J 9FLE;J 8E; K?I<J?FC;J 1< ?8M< ;I8NE 8
(56) C@E< G8JJ@E> K?IFL>? 8E; N?@:? I<GI<J<EKJ K?< G8@IJ K?8K 8;; LG KF K?< >@M<E KFK8C GFGLC8K@FE .?< J<K F= 8J @K @J :FEJKI8@E<; 9P 8E; =<8J@9C< @J K?< 8I<8 9<CFN @EK<IJ<:KJ K?<
(57) C@E< 8K N< ?8M< K?8K 9P =K<I 8E; N< ?8M< ><EF:@;< N@K? K?< :FDGC<K< <OK<ID@E8K@FE F= K?< FGGFJ@E> >IFLG =FI 8CC *8JJ@E> K?IFL>? N< ?8M< K?< JKI8@>?K C@E< N@K? JCFG< K?8K I<GI<J<EKJ <HL8K@FE <OGI<JJ@E> 8J 8 =LE:K@FE F= C<8ICP N?<E<M<I K?<I< N@CC 9< EF D8JJ B@CC@E>J 9<:8LJ< <O:<<;J .
(58) @>LI< '8JJ %@CC@E>J 8E; !<EF:@;<J. .
(59) K?< =<8J@9C< J<K FM<I K?< <EK@I< I8E>< F= .?@J @J FLI ,<D8IB FEK@EL@E> N?<I< N@K? @>LI< :FEJ@;<I K?< M8CL< ;<SE<; 9P FI M8CL<J F= K?<I< N@CC 9< EF B@CC@E>J K?@J C@E< @EK<IJ<:KJ N@K? FI D8JJ B@CC@E>J ALDG LG KF LEK@C K?< 8J 9@E;@E> :FEJKI8@EK 9<:FD<J FE K?<
(60) C@E< =K<I K?@J GF@EK N< F9J<IM< =LCC ><EF:@;< 1< :8E K?<I<=FI< JK8K< K?< =FCCFN@E> GIFGFJ@K@FE .+,+/&0&+* .< 0:7=8 +. 26 87?.: 26 <1. <12:- ;<*0. 7/ <1. 0*5. .< *6- 6 <1. ;=+0*5. 8.:/.,< .9=242+:2=5 ;<:*<.0A
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