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From the watershed to the Great Adriatic Plain: an investigation on humans and landscape ecology during the late Upper Paleolithic. The significance of lithic technology.

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(1). Università degli Studi di Ferrara DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN "SCIENZE e TECNOLOGIE per l’ARCHEOLOGIA e i BENI CULTURALI" CICLO XXII COORDINATORE Prof. Carlo Peretto. FromthewatershedtotheGreatAdriaticPlain:aninvestigationon humansandlandscapeecologyduringthelateUpperPaleolithic. Thesignificanceoflithictechnology. Settore Scientifico Disciplinare BIO/08. Dottorando Dott. Emanuele Cancellieri. Tutore Prof. Marco Peresani. _______________________________ (firma). ____________________. Anni 2007/2010. Corso di Dottorato in convenzione con. (firma).

(2) ‘––‘””ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”ŽŽǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒƒŽ‹ǡ

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(4) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡””•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—† †‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . Borsa a di studio o finanzia ata da SACI SrL ͳ .

(5) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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(7) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. .    abstract.................................................................................................................................................5 riassunto................................................................................................................................................6 acknowledgements................................................................................................................................7 presentation........................................................................................................................................10 1.. METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................................11 1.1.. Introduction.................................................................................................................................11. 1.2.. Natureofthearcheologicalrecordandmeansofdatacollection..............................................16. 1.3.. Schemeoflithicartefactsgeneralclassification.........................................................................17. 1.4. Definitionofthephasesofthereductionsequenceandpertinentdiagnosticartefacts............18 1.4.1. Acquisition.........................................................................................................................18 1.4.2. Shaping..............................................................................................................................18 1.4.3. Laminolamellarproduction..............................................................................................19 1.4.4. Management.....................................................................................................................19 1.4.5. Transformation..................................................................................................................21 1.4.6. Deactivationofproduction................................................................................................22 1.5. Mainconventionsadoptedinmorphotechnicalandmorphometricdatacollection.................23 1.5.1. Rawmaterialsandstateofentry......................................................................................23 1.5.2. Technique..........................................................................................................................23 1.5.3. Morphotechnicalfeaturesofthelaminarproducts..........................................................25 1.5.4. Morphotechnicalfeaturesofcoresandprecores............................................................28 1.6. 2.. Someremarksabouttypologicalstandards................................................................................31. MADONNADELL’OSPEDALE.........................................................................................................33 2.1. Presentationofthesite...............................................................................................................33 2.1.1. Localization........................................................................................................................33 2.1.2. Theexcavations.................................................................................................................35 2.2. Lithicproduction:theassemblagerecoveredoutofstratigraphiccontext.................................38 2.2.1. Generalcomposition.........................................................................................................38 2.2.2. Acquisition.........................................................................................................................38 2.2.3. Shaping..............................................................................................................................38 2.2.4. Production.........................................................................................................................40 2.2.5. Transformation..................................................................................................................50 2.2.6. Deactivationofproduction................................................................................................54 2.2.7. Hammerstones..................................................................................................................61 2.3.. Lithicproduction:theassemblagefromthe1984testexcavation.............................................62. 2.4.. Synthesisanddiscussion.............................................................................................................67. . ʹ .

(8) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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(10) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.  3.. FOSSOMERGAONI.......................................................................................................................69 3.1. Presentationofthesite...............................................................................................................69 3.1.1. Localization........................................................................................................................69 3.1.2. Theexcavations.................................................................................................................71 3.1.3. Stratigraphyandchronology.............................................................................................74 3.2. Flintsources................................................................................................................................77 3.2.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................................77 3.2.2. Fieldresearchandsamplingstrategy................................................................................79 3.2.3. Flintoutcropscharacterizationandclassification.............................................................81 3.3. Lithicproduction.........................................................................................................................86 3.3.1. Generalcomposition.........................................................................................................86 3.3.2. Rawmaterials....................................................................................................................87 3.3.3. Reductionsequence,generalobservations....................................................................100 3.3.4. Acquisition.......................................................................................................................102 3.3.5. Shaping............................................................................................................................102 3.3.6. Laminarproduction.........................................................................................................107 3.3.7. Management...................................................................................................................130 3.3.8. Deactivationofproduction..............................................................................................139 3.3.9. Transformation................................................................................................................151 3.3.10. Useweartraces...............................................................................................................164 3.3.11. Refittings.........................................................................................................................166 3.3.12. Processingimplements....................................................................................................173 3.4. Spatialdistribution....................................................................................................................176 3.4.1. Foreword.........................................................................................................................176 3.4.2. Sitetopographicfeatures................................................................................................176 3.4.3. Rawmaterials..................................................................................................................180 3.4.4. Reductionsequences.......................................................................................................185 3.4.5. Conjoinsandrefittings.....................................................................................................195 3.5.. 4.. Sinthesyisanddiscussion..........................................................................................................201. GROTTADIPOZZO.....................................................................................................................206 4.1. Presentationofthesite.............................................................................................................206 4.1.1. Localization......................................................................................................................206 4.1.2. Theexcavations...............................................................................................................208 4.1.3. Stratigraphyandchronology...........................................................................................209 4.2. Lithicproduction.......................................................................................................................212 4.2.1. Generalcomposition.......................................................................................................212 4.2.2. Reductionsequence,generalobservations....................................................................214 4.2.3. Rawmaterials..................................................................................................................215 4.2.4. Shaping............................................................................................................................216 4.2.5. Production.......................................................................................................................218 4.2.6. Management...................................................................................................................222 4.2.7. Transformation................................................................................................................223 4.2.8. Deactivationofproduction..............................................................................................235 4.3.. Synthesisanddiscussion...........................................................................................................236.   . ͵ .

(11) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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(13) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.  5.. THEEARLYEPIGRAVETTIANOFTHENORTHERNADRIATICFRINGE:DISCUSSION.........................238 5.1.. Introduction...............................................................................................................................238. 5.2. TheearlyEpigravettianofthenorthernAdriaticfringe............................................................243 5.2.1. TheFucinoBasin(AbruzziApennine)..............................................................................244 5.2.2. TheEsinoandMisariverbasinsandtheCingoliridge(MarcheApennine)....................246 5.2.3. TheBericihills(Venetianprealps)..................................................................................250 5.3. Overthehillsandfaraway:onthetracesofthelateUpperPaleolithicsettlementsystem around(andwithin?)theGreatAdriaticPlain.............................................................................................256 6.. LISTOFFIGURES,GRAPHSANDTABLES......................................................................................264 6.1.. Figures.......................................................................................................................................264. 6.2.. Graphs.......................................................................................................................................267. 6.3.. Tables........................................................................................................................................269. 7.. BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................271. 8.. Annex:flintsourcesoftheupperEsinoriverbasin,samplesinventory.......................................286.                   . Ͷ .

(14) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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(16) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . ƒ„•–”ƒ –  . MethodologyǤ

(17)  Šƒ’–‡” ͳǡ   ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•‘—–Ž‹‡†Ǥ

(18)  Šƒ’–‡”‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ”ƒ’‹†excursus‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹†‹”‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹  Š—–‡”Ǧ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡”• ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡†ǡ ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹–Š‹  ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ

(19)  ™Šƒ– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ ƒ‹ †‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–‹˜‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†‘’–‡†‹–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǥ  Analysis.Šƒ’–‡”•͵ǡͶƒ†ͷƒ”‡†‡˜‘–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‹–Š‹ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•‘ˆǯǡ  

(20) ƒ†  

(21) ǤŠ‡•–”— –—”‡‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ ‹”•–ǡƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡†ȋpresentationofthesiteȌǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‹–•‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‘‹–ƒ†–Š‡ Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†•–”ƒ–‹‰”ƒ’Š‹ †ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡ƒ‹•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡” ‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‹–Š‹  ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ȋlithic productionȌǡ ™Š‘•‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ’Šƒ•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ •‡“—‡ ‡Ǥ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘”’Š‘Ǧ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”’Š‘Ǧ‡–”‹  †ƒ–ƒ ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹˜‡ •‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š Šƒ’–‡” ȋsynthesisanddiscussionȌƒ‹•–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ–ƒ‹ƒ•›–Š‡–‹ ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹ ˆ”ƒ‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ   Discussion. Šƒ’–‡” ͷǡ    

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(28) ǡ ƒ‹• –‘  ’—– †ƒ–ƒ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒ ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡” ˆ”‹‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡  †”‹ƒ–‹  ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡  ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ „‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ‡ ‡š’‘•‡† ”‡ƒ– †”‹ƒ–‹  Žƒ‹Ǥ ˆ–‡” ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡   ƒ– —”‘’‡ƒ • ƒŽ‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š”‡‡ •–—†› ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹• •›–Š‡•‹œ‡†ǣ ‡–”ƒŽ ’‡‹‡ ȋƒ” Š‡ ƒ† „”—œœ‹ ”‡‰‹‘•Ȍǡ‡”‹ ‹Š‹ŽŽ•ȋ‡‡–‹ƒ”‡‰‹‘Ȍƒ†‘”–ŠǦ™‡•–‡”ƒŽƒ•ȋŽ‘˜‡‹ƒǡ‘”–Š‡””‘ƒœ‹ƒ ƒ†‘”–Š‡”‘•‹ƒȌǤ  –Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‡†‹–‡††ƒ–ƒƒ†–Š‘•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‡•‡–™‘”ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡–”‹‡†–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ –Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– †”‹ƒ–‹  Žƒ‹ ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ˆ‘” Š—ƒ ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‹  ™‘”•‡‹‰Ǥ  ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ•™‡” ‹• ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •—’’‘•‡† „‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ •— Š ’Š›•‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ‡Ž‡‡– „‡ƒ” ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘–‹‰‡–„”‹‡ˆ˜‹•‹–•ˆ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‘”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹’Ž‹‡•ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘‡‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡•‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ•‘‡™Š‡”‡‡Ž•‡Ǥƒ–ƒƒ„‘—–‘„‹Ž‹–›•–”‘‰Ž› ’‘‹– –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•– •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ’‹‰”ƒ˜‡––‹ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š •—‰‰‡•–•ƒƒ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‡‡š’‘•‡† ”‡ƒ–†”‹ƒ–‹ Žƒ‹Ǥ.    . ͷ .

(29) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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(31) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . ”‹ƒ••—–‘  . Metodologia. ‘’‘ ƒ˜‡” •‹–‡–‹ ƒ‡–‡ †‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‘ ‰Ž‹ • ‘’‹ †‡Ž Žƒ˜‘”‘ ‡ ‰Ž‹ •–”—‡–‹ ƒƒŽ‹–‹ ‹ ‹’‹‡‰ƒ–‹ǡ‡Ž ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ͳǡ  ǡ•‹‹–”‘†— ‘‘‡Ž‡‡–‹†‹‹“—ƒ†”ƒ‡–‘–‡‘”‹ ‘‡ ‡–‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ‘Ǥ ‡ŽŽǯ ‹–”‘†—œ‹‘‡ ƒŽ ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ •‹ ’”‘’‘‡ — ”ƒ’‹†‘ excursus †‡‹ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹ ‘”‹‡–ƒ‡–‹ ƒ†‘––ƒ–‹ ‡ŽŽǯƒƒŽ‹•‹ ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ †‹ •‘ ‹‡– †‹ ƒ ‹ƒ–‘”‹Ǧ”ƒ ‘‰Ž‹–‘”‹ ’”‡‹•–‘”‹ ‹ǡ ‘’ƒ”–‹ ‘Žƒ”‡”‹ˆ‡”‹‡–‘ƒŽ’‘–‡œ‹ƒŽ‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‘†‡ŽŽ‡‹†—•–”‹‡Ž‹–‹ Š‡Ǥ

(32)  ‹Ö Š‡•‡‰—‡•‹ ’”‡•‡–ƒ‘ ‰Ž‹ •–ƒ†ƒ”† †‡• ”‹––‹˜‹ ‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹˜‹ ƒ†‘––ƒ–‹ ‡ŽŽƒ Ž‡––—”ƒ –‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ †‡Ž ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡ ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‘ ‹ ‘‰‰‡––‘ǡ ƒŽ ˆ‹‡ †‹ ˆ‘”‹”‡ ‰Ž‹ •–”—‡–‹ ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹ ’‡” —ǯ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒœ‹‘‡—‹˜‘ ƒ†‡‹†ƒ–‹‡†‡‹”‹•—Ž–ƒ–‹’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹Ǥ  Analisi.

(33)  ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹ ͵ǡ Ͷ ‡ ͷ •‘‘ †‡†‹ ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽǯƒƒŽ‹•‹ǡ †‡• ”‹œ‹‘‡ ‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒœ‹‘‡ †‹ ƒŽ–”‡––ƒ–‹ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‰‹ Ž‹–‹ ‹ ’”‘˜‡‹‡–‹ †ƒ‹ •‹–‹ †‹  ǯǡ   

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(35)  Ǥ ƒ •–”—––—”ƒ †‡‹ ƒ’‹–‘Ž‹ǡ ‡ ‡––‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒœ‹‘‹ ‘–‡•–—ƒŽ‹ †‘˜—–‡ ƒŽŽ‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹– †‹ ‘‰‹ •‹–‘ǡ ° Žƒ ‡†‡•‹ƒǡ ‡ ‘•–ƒ †‹ —ƒ ’”‡•‡–ƒœ‹‘‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡ †‡Ž •‹–‘ ȋpresentationofthesite)ǡ†‡ŽŽƒ•—ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹œœƒœ‹‘‡‰‡‘‰”ƒˆ‹ ƒ‡†‡ŽŽ‡ƒ––‹˜‹–†‹”‹ ‡” ƒ Š‡‹˜‹•‹ •‘‘•˜‘Ž–‡ǡ’”‡•‡–ƒ†‘‡ƒŽ ‘–‡’‘‹’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹•–”ƒ–‹‰”ƒˆ‹ ‹‡ ”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ‹Ǥƒ•‡œ‹‘‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‡†‹ ‹ƒ• — ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘°”ƒ’’”‡•‡–ƒ–ƒ†ƒŽŽǯƒƒŽ‹•‹–‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ†‡‹ƒ—ˆƒ––‹Ž‹–‹ ‹ȋlithic productionȌǡŽƒ —‹†‡• ”‹œ‹‘‡•‹ƒ”–‹ ‘Žƒƒ––”ƒ˜‡”•‘Ž‡ˆƒ•‹–‡‘”‹ Š‡†‡ŽŽƒ•‡“—‡œƒ†‹”‹†—œ‹‘‡ǡ Žƒ —‹• ƒ•‹‘‡ˆ‘”‹• ‡Žƒ•–”—––—”ƒ’‡”Žƒ’”‡•‡–ƒœ‹‘‡‘”†‹ƒ–ƒ†‡ŽŽ‡ ƒ”ƒ––‡”‹•–‹ Š‡‘”ˆ‘Ǧ –‡ ‹ Š‡ ‡ ‘”ˆ‘Ǧ‡–”‹ Š‡ †‡ŽŽ‡ Žƒ••‹ †‹ ƒ—ˆƒ––‹ †‹ ˜‘Ž–ƒ ‹ ˜‘Ž–ƒ ‘‹˜‘Ž–‹Ǥ ƒ •‡œ‹‘‡ ‘ Ž—•‹˜ƒ †‹ ‘‰‹ ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ ȋsynthesis and discussionȌǡ •‹ ’”‘’‘‡ †‹ ”‹‘”‰ƒ‹œœƒ”‡ ‹ †ƒ–‹ •—ŽŽǯ‹†—•–”‹ƒ ƒƒŽ‹œœƒ–ƒ ‹ ‘†‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹ ‘ ‡ •‹–‡–‹ ‘ ‡ †‹ ˆ‘”‹”‡ — “—ƒ†”‘ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹˜‘ ‘’‘”–ƒ‡–ƒŽ‡’‡”Žƒˆ‘”ƒœ‹‘‡†‡ŽŽǯƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‰‹‘ƒƒŽ‹œœƒ–‘Ǥ  Discussione.

(36) Ž ƒ’‹–‘Ž‘ ͷǡ      

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(41)  ǣ 

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(43) ǡ  •‹ ’”‘’‘‡ †‹ ‹•‡”‹”‡ ‹ †ƒ–‹ ‡‡”•‹ †ƒŽŽǯƒƒŽ‹•‹ †‡‹ –”‡ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‰‹ Ž‹–‹ ‹ ‡Ž “—ƒ†”‘ †‡ŽŽƒ ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒœ‹‘‡ —ƒƒ †‡Ž •‡––‘”‡ •‡––‡–”‹‘ƒŽ‡ †‡ŽŽǯ†”‹ƒ–‹ ‘ ƒŽŽƒ ˆ‹‡ †‡ŽŽǯŽ–‹‘ ƒ••‹‘ Žƒ ‹ƒŽ‡ǡ ƒ‹ ƒ”‰‹‹ †‡ŽŽǯƒŽŽ‘”ƒ ‡•’‘•–ƒ ”ƒ†‡ ‹ƒ—”ƒ †”‹ƒ–‹ ƒǤ ‘’‘ —ǯ‹–”‘†—œ‹‘‡ •—ŽŽ‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹ ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Š‡ •—ŽŽǯ  ƒ Ž‹˜‡ŽŽ‘ ‡—”‘’‡‘ǡ•‹’”‘’‘‡—ƒ•‹–‡•‹†‡ŽŽ‡‡˜‹†‡œ‡ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ Š‡‘–‡‹Ž‡––‡”ƒ–—”ƒ’‡”‹Ž’‡”‹‘†‘ ‹ ‡•ƒ‡ǡ ”‹‰—ƒ”†ƒ–‹ –”‡ ƒ”‡‡ •–—†‹‘ǣ Žǯ’’‡‹‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‡ ȋƒ” Š‡ ‡ „”—œœ‘Ȍǡ ‹ ‘ŽŽ‹ ‡”‹ ‹ ȋ‡‡–‘Ȍǡ‡‹ƒŽ ƒ‹‘”†Ǧ‘ ‹†‡–ƒŽ‹ȋŽ‘˜‡‹ƒǡ”‘ƒœ‹ƒ‡‘•‹ƒ•‡––‡–”‹‘ƒŽ‹ȌǤ 

(44)  „ƒ•‡ ƒ‹ †ƒ–‹ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹ǡ ˆ”—––‘ †‡Ž ’”‡•‡–‡ Žƒ˜‘”‘ǡ ‡ ƒ “—‡ŽŽ‹ ‡†‹–‹ǡ ‹ ‡”‹–‘ ƒŽŽƒ †‹„ƒ––—–ƒ “—‡•–‹‘‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜ƒ ƒŽŽƒ ”‡ƒŽ‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹– Š‡ Žƒ ”ƒ†‡ ‹ƒ—”ƒ †”‹ƒ–‹ ƒ ’‘–‡••‡ ˆ‘”‹”‡ — ƒ„‹‡–‡ ‡ ”‹•‘”•‡ ƒ†‡‰—ƒ–‡ ƒŽŽƒ ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒœ‹‘‡ ’‹î ‘ ‡‘ •–ƒ„‹Ž‡ †‹  ‰”—’’‹ —ƒ‹  ‹ ‘†‹œ‹‘‹ †‹ ”‡ ”—†‡• ‡œƒ Ž‹ƒ–‹ ƒǡ •‹ ’”‘’‘‡ —ǯ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒœ‹‘‡ ‹ •‡•‘ ƒˆˆ‡”ƒ–‹˜‘Ǥ ‡ ‡˜‹†‡œ‡ ’”‘˜‡‹‡–‹ †ƒ‹ •—’’‘•–‹ ƒ”‰‹‹ †‹ “—‡•–‘ ‡Ž‡‡–‘ ˆ‹•‹‘‰”ƒˆ‹ ‘ • ‘’ƒ”•‘ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ‘ †‹ ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒœ‹‘‹ „”‡˜‹ ‡ ‘–‹‰‡–‹ǡ ˆ‹ƒŽ‹œœƒ–‡ ƒŽ ”‡’‡”‹‡–‘ †‹ ”‹•‘”•‡ǡ ‹Ž Š‡ ’”‡•—’’‘‡ Žǯ‡•‹•–‡œƒ †‹ ‹•‡†‹ƒ‡–‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜ƒ‡–‡ ’‹î •–ƒ„‹Ž‹ ƒŽ–”‘˜‡Ǥ

(45)  †ƒ–‹ •—ŽŽƒ ‘„‹Ž‹– ‹†‹ ƒ‘ Š‹ƒ”ƒ‡–‡ Žǯ‡•‹•–‡œƒ †‹ —ƒ †‹”‡––”‹ ‡ ‡•–Ǧ‘˜‡•–ǡ ‹Ž Š‡ •—‰‰‡”‹• ‡ — ”—‘Ž‘ ƒ––‹˜‘ †‡ŽŽǯƒŽŽ‘”ƒ‡•’‘•–ƒ ”ƒ†‡‹ƒ—”ƒ†”‹ƒ–‹ ƒǤ . ͸ .

(46) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(47)

(48) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•ͳ  › ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–• ‰‘ ˆ‹”•– –‘ ƒ”Ž‘ ‡”‡––‘ǡ ™Š‘ Šƒ• Šƒ† –”—•–‡† ‡Ǣ –‘ ƒ” ‘ ‡”‡•ƒ‹ǡ –‘™Š‹ Š

(49) ǯ‹ †‡„–ˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆƒŽŽˆ‘”›• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‰”‘™–Š ȋ„—–ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†Š‹•ˆ”—‹–ˆ—ŽŠ›’‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–›™‹–Š›Dz•Ž‘™–‹‡dzȌǡƒ†–‘ ƒ”ƒ‹Ž˜‡•–”‹‹ǡ™Š‘•‡‹ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡•—’’‘”––‘›™‘”ȋ„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡†‘œ‡•‘ˆ–‹‡• •Š‡ƒ ‡’–‡†›”‡“—‡•–•ǡ‰ƒ˜‡‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡ǡƒŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ ‡••–‘Ž‹–Š‹  ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ǡ‡– ǤȌŠƒ• „‡‡ ˆ‹”•–Ž› ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› Š‡” ‘•–ƒ– ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ

(50)  —•– ƒ††”‡•• › –Šƒ•–‘ƒ”‰Š‡”‹–ƒ—••‹ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ›stimuli•Š‡‹•’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡•‹ ‡

(51) ™ƒ•ƒͳ•– ›‡ƒ”•–—†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘‡Ǥ  Š‡ǡ–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǣ ‹’ƒ”–‹‡–‘†‹‹‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡†˜‘Ž—œ‹‘‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒǢ‹’ƒ”–‹‡–‘ †‹  ‹‡œ‡ †‡ŽŽǯ–‹ Š‹–ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹– †‹ ‘ƒ Dzƒ’‹‡œƒdzǢ ‘’”‹–‡†‡œƒ ’‡” ‹ ‡‹ ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‹ †‡ŽŽ‡ ƒ” Š‡Ǣ —•‡‘ ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‘ ƒœ‹‘ƒŽ‡ †‡ŽŽ‡ ƒ” Š‡ †‹  ‘ƒǢ —•‡‘” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ‘–ƒ–ƒŽ‡‡‹„Ž‹‘–‡ ƒ ‹˜‹ ƒ†‹‹‰‘Ž‹Ǣ ”˜ƒ–•ƒƒ†‡‹Œƒƒ‘•–‹ ‹ Œ‡–‘•–‹ǡ ƒ˜‘† œƒ ’ƒŽ‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹Œ— ‹ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹Œ— ˜ƒ”–ƒ”ƒǡ ƒ‰”‡„Ǣ —•‡‘ ƒœ‹‘ƒŽ‡ ”‡‹•–‘”‹ ‘ –‘‰”ƒˆ‹ ‘ ̶—‹‰‹ ‹‰‘”‹‹̶Ǣ ƒ” ‘ ƒœ‹‘ƒŽ‡ †‡‹ ‘–‹ ‹„‹ŽŽ‹‹Ǣ ƒ” ‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡ ‘Žƒ†‡ŽŽƒ‘••ƒ‡ ”ƒ•ƒ••‹Ǣ‘—‡†‹ ‹ƒ•–”ƒǤ   •’‡ ‹ƒŽ –Šƒ• ‰‘‡• –‘ 

(52)  ”Žǡ ™Š‘•‡ • Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’ ƒ†‡ ‡ •—”˜‹˜‡ ƒ† ™‘” ‘ˆ‘”–Ž›†—”‹‰–Š‡ŠǤǤ   ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ›˜‡”›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Šƒ•–‘›ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ™‹–Š‘—–™Š‘ǡ‹‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž† „‡‘ˆŽ‹–•‹–Š‡Dz—’’‡”•‹‘”‹˜‡”„ƒ•‹dz†ƒ–ƒǦ„ƒ•‡Ǥ     ͳ ‘” ‡˜‡”› ‘‡ ™Š‘ ˆ‡‡Ž• ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ Ž‹•– ȋǥ ›‘— ƒ”‡ ƒ› ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ǡ ƒ† ›‘— ‘™™Š‘›‘—ƒ”‡ǥȌǣ

(53) ™‹ŽŽ„‡Šƒ’’›–‘–Šƒ›‘—’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ. ͹ .

(54) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(55)

(56) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.                “…e dirò di pietre consumate, di città finite, morte sensazioni, racconterò le mie visioni spente di fantasmi e gente lungo le stagioni e canterò soltanto il tempo... “ Francesco Guccini, “Il tema”.              . ͺ .

(57) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(58)

(59) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . …x mì…. . ͻ .

(60) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(61)

(62) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ Š‡ ƒ‹ –ƒ”‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ™‘” ‹• –‘ ƒ ‘—– ˆ‘” •‹–‡• ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ™‹–Š‹ ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡–•›•–‡‹ƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ•‘–Š‡ƒ‹‘„Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•Šƒ•„‡‡–‘†‡–‡ – –Š‡ ’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡• ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ •‹–‡ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‘”†–ƒ‡‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‹•™‘” Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ –‡ Š‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ corpus‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹‘”†‡”–‘‘„–ƒ‹ƒƒ•— Šƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡™‹†‡ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ‘•—’–‹‘ ƒ† ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ›• –Š‡ Ž‹–Š‹  ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‹‰’”‘†— –•—†‡”™‡–ǤŠ”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ǡ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‹ ‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ†‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ –Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‡ ‘‘›ƒ†ˆŽƒ‹‰’”‘†— –•‡ ‘‘›ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡–”‹‡†–‘ ƒ– Šƒ ‰Ž‹’•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‹‡•’ƒǤ  Š‡ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ ‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ ‘†ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”†”‹ƒ–‹ ˆ”‹‰‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –Š‡ –‘’‹  ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ– †”‹ƒ–‹  Žƒ‹ ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‰”‘—’•‹ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‹ ™‘”•‡‹‰ǤŠ‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡’”‡•‡–™‘”‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹–Š‹ •‡–•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ ‡ƒ”Ž›’‹‰”ƒ˜‡––‹ƒ•‹–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ

(63) –ƒŽ›’‡‹‡ǡ ‘••‘ ‡”‰ƒ‘‹ƒ† ƒ†‘ƒ †‡ŽŽǯ•’‡†ƒŽ‡‹–Š‡ƒ” Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒ† ”‘––ƒ†‹‘œœ‘‹–Š‡„”—œœ‹”‡‰‹‘ǡ‹‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ†† ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ –‘ –Š‘•‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ƒ “—‹”‡† ƒ† ‘™ ‹ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘ ”‡ ‘•–”— – –Š‡ •‡––Ž‡‡– •›•–‡ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ —””‡–Ž› •—„‡‰‡”‰‡† ’Žƒ‹ ‘”ǡ ‘”‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›ǡƒ ‘—–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‹‡•ƒ†•‹‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–‹‡•Ž‹‹‰–Š‡ ƒ•–ƒ†‡•–•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ. ͳͲ .

(64) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(65)

(66) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . ͳǤ    . 1.1. Introduction  ƒŽ‡‘Ž‹–Š‹  Š—ƒ ‰”‘—’• †™‡ŽŽ‡† –Š‡‹” ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰  ƒ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ • ƒ‡†„›–Š‡”Š›–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘•ƒ†„ƒ•‡†‘ƒcorpus‘ˆ”—Ž‡•ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ƒ• –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ‡•—”‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ†ǡ —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ•—”˜‹˜‡ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ —””‡–Ž›ƒŽ‹‡–‘‘—”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡•‡‡ƒ•–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‡‡†‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‰”‘—’ǡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡† ’ƒ•– ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹’—–•ǡ –Š‡› ’”‘†— ‡† –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡•‹†—‡•–Šƒ– ‘•–‹–—–‡–Š‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•ǤŠ‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ›•–Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‡–‡”• –Š‡ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •›•–‡ǡ  ‘” Dz‹††Ž‡ ”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡‘”›dz ȋ ƒ†. ͳͻͺͶȌǡ–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘ ‡••‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰•›•–‡ȋ

(67)  ͳͻ͹͸Ȍǡ ™‹–‡••‡• —””‡– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ  ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ –”›‹‰ –‘ ‹ˆ‡” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ”‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘„•‡”˜‡†’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ  ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ Š‘™ ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •‹–‡• ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡†ǡ „‘–Š ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”ƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‡‡–‘ˆ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‹‘•”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡– •›•–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡”‡ˆ‹‡‡–‘ˆ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”’”‡–‹˜‡ ‘†‡Ž• ȋ

(68) 

(69)  ͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹ –Š‹• †‹”‡ –‹‘ ™‡”‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†•‹ ‡ –Š‡ƒ†˜‡– ‘ˆ ’”‘ ‡••—ƒŽ ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ”‡Ž›‹‰ ‘ ƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ™Š‹ Š ‹’Ž‹‡• –Š‡ Š—ƒ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ƒ• ƒ •›•–‡ ƒ†‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡†‹–‡”†‡’‡†‡–‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ‡”›•‹’Ž‹•–‹ ǡ–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ƒ••—’–‹‘ ‹•–Šƒ–•— Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†„›‹–•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ”‡•‹†—‡•ƒ†‹–‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ– ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•‹–‡•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•ƒ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ž‹˜‹‰•›•–‡ ȋ

(70)   ͳͻ͸ʹǡ ͳͻ͹ͻǢ 

(71)   ͳͻͺͲǢ  ͳͻͺͶǢ   ͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ  ‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹• ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž› ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ–™‘ˆ‘Ž†’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ˆ”‘ •‹–‡ –‘ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ –”›‹‰ –‘ ‹ˆ‡” •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ† „‡–™‡‡ •‹–‡•ǡ ƒ† „‡–™‡‡. ͳͳ .

(72) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(73)

(74) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.  –Š‡•‡ ƒ† ‡› ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘•–”ƒ‹–• ™‹–Š‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ„‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ǡ‹ƒƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ”‡Ž›‹‰‘‘†‡” ‰‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ –—ƒŽ‹•–‹ •–—†‹‡•ȋ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ  ––Š‡•‹–‡Ž‡˜‡Žǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Š”‡Ž‹‡•‘ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ǡŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ–‘‹–‡”’”‡–•‹–‡ˆ— –‹‘™‹–Š‹ƒ’ƒ•–Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǤŠ‡•’ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ‘™–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽŽ‘™•’ƒ”–‹ƒŽƒ ‡••–‘ƒ‹ˆ‡””‡†•’ƒ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘– ‘™„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘„—– ƒ„‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡†–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹••—‡†ˆ”‘ ‹–•‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ‘†‡”ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›•–”‘‰Ž›”‡Ž‹‡•‘‘ˆˆǦ•‹–‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š ȋ  ͳͻͺͳȌ –‘ „‡ ƒ• ‘”‡ ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‘ —’ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡••‡––Ž‡†‹Ǥ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ǡ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒ†–‡ Š‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ •—’’Ž›Ȁ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘Ȁ ‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹ ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‹•ƒˆ‡”–‹Ž‡–‘’‹  „›™Š‹ Š–‘ƒ ‘—–ˆ‘”Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡•‡––Ž‡‡–•›•–‡ ’ƒ––‡”ƒ†Žƒ†—•‡ǡ‘”–‘–”ƒ ‡Ž‘‰†‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘‡ –‹‘•„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ .  Fig.1.1Theoricsettlementsystempattern(ANDREFSKY1998).  ͳʹ .

(75) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(76)

(77) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.  š ‡’–”ƒ”‡‡š ‡’–‹‘•ǡƒŽ‡‘Ž‹–Š‹ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š•‡˜‡”‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•†—‡–‘–Š‡ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹–•”‡ ‘”†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡”‡ˆ‹‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹‡• †”ƒ™ˆ”‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡•Ǥ‹–Š‹ ‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡–Š‡‘Ž›‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š—ƒ ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•‹–‡ǤŠ‡›’”‘˜‹†‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ ‘•–”— –ƒŽ‡‘Ž‹–Š‹  •‹–‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒ†–‘–”ƒ ‡’ƒ•–Š—ƒ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”„‘–Š‹–‹‡ƒ†•’ƒ ‡ǡ–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ǡ‘ƒ–‡””‹–‘”‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǡ‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‹‰ǡ‘„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ –”›‹‰–‘‹ˆ‡”–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†‘’–‡†„›’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ Š—ƒ‰”‘—’•–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š–Š‡‹” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡‡†‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ —•‡ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ™ƒ›• –Š‡•‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‡–‡”‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹  Š—–‡”Ǧ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡”•ǡ ƒ”‡ ƒ‘‰  –Š‡ ƒ‹ –‘’‹ •‘ˆ‘†‡”ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ȋ

(78) 

(79) ͳͻͻͺȌǡ™Š‹ Š”‡Ž‹‡•‘„‘–Šƒ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒ† ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ „‡––‡” ƒ•™‡” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ› “—‡•–‹‘• ’‘•‡† „› ”‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ•–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋ ͳͻͻͺǢ

(80) 

(81) ͳͻͻͺȌǤ ‘‰‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ’‡–”‘‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ –Š‡‹” ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‡• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –ƒ”‰‡–•ǡ  „‘–Š ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ’ƒ•– Š—ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ — –‹‘ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ”‡–ƒ‹ ƒ ƒŒ‘” ”‘Ž‡ ˆ‘”ƒ”‰—‹‰‘ˆ–‡—”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡ ‘’Ž‡š —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ–ƒ•‹–‡ƒ†Š‘™‹–™ƒ•—•‡†„›‹–•‘ —’ƒ–•ȋ ǡ‡–ƒŽǤͳͻ͹ͻǢ  ͳͻͺͺȌǤŠ‡’‡–”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  „ƒ•‹ ‘ˆ ’”‘˜‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘ • ‹–”‘†— ‡† ƒ– ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  •‹–‡ ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‹ ”‘’ƒŽ‡‘–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹–Š‹  ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†‹‡• ‘ ‘„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‹† ‹ –Š‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž –‘‘Ž•ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘–‘Ž‹–Š‹ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ  –—†‹‡• ‘ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘‹‰ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘•–‹–—–‡ –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –ǡ •‹ ‡ Ž‘‰ –‹‡ǡ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ™‘”• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡• ȋ

(82)   ƒ† ̵ ͳͻͺͶǢ  ͳͻͻͳǢ   ʹͲͲͶǢ  ʹͲͲͲȌ ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘‡ –‡† ™‹–Š –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ Š”‘‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘ˆ•— Š•–—†‹‡•‹• ƒ„‹–‹‘—• ƒ† ’‘‹–• –‘ ’—– ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ Š—ƒ• ƒ† ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹ ƒ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǦ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ȋǡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ †ƒ–ƒǡ ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ˜‡”› Šƒ”† –‘ †‡’‹ – ‡˜‡ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ • ‡ƒ”‹‘•ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •‹–‡•. ͳ͵ .

(83) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(84)

(85) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.  ƒ† –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ƒ —””‡–Ž› „‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –‹‡‘ˆ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  —”–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹  ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ ‹• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹–Š‹  ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡• —†‡” ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ† ‰—‹†‡† ‹ ‹–• ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” „› –Š‡ ‘ ‡’–• ‘ˆ ”‡†— –‹‘ •‡“—‡ ‡ǡ ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‡ ‘‘›ƒ†ˆŽƒ‹‰’”‘†— –•‡ ‘‘›ȋ 

(86) ͳͻͻʹǢ 

(87) ͳͻͻͷǢ 

(88) ǡ‡– ƒŽǤ ͳͻͺͺǢ  ͳͻͻͳǢ 

(89)  ƒ† 

(90) 

(91)  ʹͲͲͶȌǤ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –‘ ”‡ ‘•–”— – –Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ† •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†•ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‡†„›Š—ƒ ‰”‘—’•‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š–Š‡‡‡†‹‰–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–ŠƒŽ‹–Š‹ –‘‘Ž‹–Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡”‡’”‡•‡–•‘‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–‡’•‘ˆ –Š‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ

(92) – ƒ„‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‡š–”ƒ –‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘•‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ —‹– ‘ˆ Ž‹–Š‹  ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ ™Š‹ Šǡ ƒˆ–‡” ‹–• ’”‘ —”‡‡–ǡ —†‡”‰‘‡• –‘ ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› ‘˜‡›‡† ‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ•‡ ‘†Ž‡˜‡ŽƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ•–‡’ǡƒ†‹• ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ‘”‡•ǡ —”‡–‘— Š‡† ƒ† ”‡–‘— Š‡† „Žƒ•ǡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ †‡ˆ‹‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”‡ —””‡– ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǡ Ž‹‡ ’”‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ criteriaǡ ‘”’Š‘Ǧ‡–”‹  ƒ† ‘”’Š‘Ǧ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ„‡ƒ”‹‰‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘‡‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘ƒ••‡••Ǥ      . ͳͶ .

(93) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(94)

(95) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. .  Fig.1.2:Anidealizedlaminarproductionsequence(JULIEN1992).     . ͳͷ .

(96) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(97)

(98) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . 1.2. Nature of the archeological record and means of data collection  

(99)  –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘˜‡–‹‘• ƒ† criteria ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‹ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ Žƒ”‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ Š‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆǡ „‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘˜‡–‹‘• ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ†‘’–‡† „› ƒŽŽ • Š‘Žƒ”•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ƒ† criteria –Šƒ– ‘ˆ–‡ ˜ƒ”› ˆ”‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”–‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡”ȀŠ‹•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒ•ǡ‹ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ •‡“—‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‹† ‘ˆ „Žƒ•ǡ –Š‡ –›’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡–‘— Š‡† ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǡ ‡– Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡ Š‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ•’‡ –• ƒ”‡ •—„†‹˜‹†‡†‹–™‘ƒŒ‘”–‘’‹ •ǣ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ͳȌ†‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǡ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ •‡“—‡ ‡•ǡ ƒ† ʹȌ ‘”’Š‘Ǧ–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹–‡•Ǥ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•‡ –‹‘‹•†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡–›’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ†‘’–‡†Ǥ ƒ–ƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‡†‹•’‘•‡† •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳͲͲ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–”‹‡•ǡƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ‡ƒ Šƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡ƒ†„—‹Ž–‹ƒ™ƒ›–‘„‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ž›‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡†™‹–Šƒ

(100) •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹’Ž‡‡–‡† –Š‡ •–—†›  ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒ’•Ǥ          . ͳ͸ .

(101) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(102)

(103) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . 1.3. Schemeoflithicartefactsgeneralclassification  Class Raw/testedblocks. Subclass. Ordinaryflakes. Initializationlaminarproducts. Fullproductionlaminarproducts. Managementlaminarproducts. Managementflakes . Coresandprecores. Retouchedblanks.  Transformationdiagnosticresidues. Undeterminableitems Debris. x Entame x ‘”–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”‘”‡–ŠƒͻͲΨ x ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”–‹ ƒŽ x ‘– ‘”–‹ ƒŽ x ‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ ”‡•– x ‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ ”‡•–‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ•—”ˆƒ ‡ x ƒ–—”ƒŽ†‹Š‡†”ƒŽ x ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–› x ‡–”ƒŽ•‡‹ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ x ‡–”ƒŽ‘– ‘”–‹ ƒŽ x ƒ–‡”ƒŽ•‡‹ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ x ƒ–‡”ƒŽ‘– ‘”–‹ ƒŽ x Souscrête x ‡‘Ǧ ”‡•– x ‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘Žƒ‹ƒ”’”‘†— – x ƒ”–‹ƒŽ•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆŽƒ‡ x Š‘Ž‡•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆŽƒ‡ x ”ƒ‰‡–‡†•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆŽƒ‡ x ‹’”‘†— – x ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆŽƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘” x ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆŽƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘’’‘•‹–‡•–”‹‹‰ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” x ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆŽƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡„ƒ ȀˆŽƒ x ƒƒ‰‡‡–ˆŽƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘•—”ˆƒ ‡ x ’’‘•‹–‡•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”‘’‡‹‰ˆŽƒ‡ x ”‡Ǧ ‘”‡ x

(104) ‹–‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†’”‡Ǧ ‘”‡ x ‘”‡ x ‡•Šƒ’‡† ‘”‡ x ‘‘Ž x ”ƒ–—”‡ x —”‹•’ƒŽŽ x ‡ ‘†ƒ”›„—”‹•’ƒŽŽ x ‘– Šƒ†Œƒ ‡––‘ˆ”ƒ –—”‡ x ‹ ”‘„—”‹ x ”—‘™•›‹ ”‘„—”‹ †‡–‡”‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ƒ† Š—•ǡ Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒͳǡͷ‘”ʹǡͷʹ ‘–†‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ˆŽƒ‡•ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ǡ ƒŽŽ‡”–Šƒͳǡͷ‘”ʹǡͷͳ. Hammerstones/retouchers  Tab.1.1:Schemeofgeneralclassification.   ʹ‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡ƒ••‡„Žƒ‰‡‹•–—†›. ͳ͹ .

(105) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(106)

(107) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . 1.4. Definition of the phases of the reduction sequence and pertinentdiagnosticartefacts  Š‡ ”‡†— –‹‘ •‡“—‡ ‡ ‹• •—„†‹˜‹†‡† ‹ –Š‡‘”‹  †‹• ”‡–‡ ’Šƒ•‡• ƒ† •—„’Šƒ•‡•ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›͸ƒ†ͳͷǤ . 1.4.1. Acquisition ‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǣ –Š‡ ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ ’Šƒ•‡ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‡’Š‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǡ „—–ǡ‹•‘‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ‹•™‡ŽŽ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

(108) – ‘•‹•–•‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ™„Ž‘ •ˆ‘”ƒ †‡Žƒ›‡†’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡƒ––Š‡•‹–‡‘”‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹  ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǣ –‡•–‡† „Ž‘ •ǡ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ „Ž‘ • ™‹–Š ‘ ‘” ˆ‡™ —’ƒ––‡”‡† †‡–ƒ Š‡–•ǡ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ••‘—†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ . 1.4.2. Shaping ‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǣ–Š‹•’Šƒ•‡ ‘’”‹•‡•–Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•Šƒ’‹‰‘—––Š‡”ƒ™„Ž‘ •‹‘”†‡” –‘ƒ””ƒ‰‡–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘˜‡š‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ‹ƒ”’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǣ–™‘ Žƒ••‡•‘ˆƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• ƒ„‡ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‹•’Šƒ•‡ǡ‰”‘—’‡†‹ –™‘ •—„•‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ”‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ˆŽƒ‡•ǡ ‘”–‹ ƒŽǡ •‡‹ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ‘” ‘– ‘”–‹ ƒŽǡ †‹”‡ – ‘—– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› •Šƒ’‡† „Ž‘ •ǡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘”‘–ǡ’”‡†‹•’‘•‡†ˆ‘”ƒ†‡Žƒ›‡†—•‡ǤŠ‡ƒ––‡”‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡•Šƒ’‡†insitu‘”‘–‹•ƒ‡›“—‡•–‹‘ǡƒ†Šƒ•–‘„‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ƒ•‡„› ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡ ”‡ƒ•‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹ Ž—•‹‘‹–Š‹•’Šƒ•‡‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡ •Šƒ’‹‰ ‘—–ǡ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ˆŽƒ‡• –Š‡ „›Ǧ’”‘†— –• –‡•–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‹–• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ —””‡ ‡‘–Š‡•‹–‡Ǥ‘–Š‡”’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ƒ––‡”‹•–Š‡ ‘””‡ –ƒ––”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ˆŽƒ‡• –‘ –Š‹• ’Šƒ•‡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘‡ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ™Š‡ –Š‡ †‘”•ƒŽ• ƒ”•’ƒ––‡”‹‰‹•‘–‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽƒ‡‘–Š‡ ‘”‡’”‹‘” –‘ ‹–• ”‡‘˜ƒŽǤ Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ƒ•‡ „› ƒ•‡ ƒ†ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ǡ ‹– ”‡ƒ‹• —•‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ. ͳͺ .

(109) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(110)

(111) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . 1.4.3. Laminolamellarproduction  —„Ǧ’Šƒ•‡•ǣ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡˆ—ŽŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ–”ƒ•˜‡”•ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–›ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǣ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ’Šƒ•‡ ‹• Š‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹ ƒ „”‘ƒ† •‡•‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ •–ƒ”–• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ †‡–ƒ Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•–ǡ ‘” ‹–• –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ǡƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’•—–‹Ž–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›ˆ‘”•‘‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡”‡•Šƒ’‹‰Ǥ ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹  ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǣ –Š‡ „Žƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‹• ’Šƒ•‡ ƒ”‡ •—„†‹˜‹†‡† ‹ ͳͲ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹†• ‘ˆ Žƒ‹ƒ” ’”‘†— –•ǡ •—„†‹˜‹†‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’Žƒ ‹‰ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ †‹•‡”‘ŽŽ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘†— –•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„› ”‡•–‡†„Žƒ†‡•ǡ„‹ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ‘”‘‘ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‹Š‡†”ƒŽ•Ǥ —ŽŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ „Žƒ†‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡ •’‡ ‹‡• •Š‘™‹‰ –™‘ •Šƒ”’ •‹†‡•ǡ Š‡”‡ –‡”‡† Dz ‡–”ƒŽ „Žƒ†‡•dzǤ

(112)  –Š‹• ‰”‘—’ ƒ”‡ ‘’”‹•‡†–Š‡souscrêteƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–’”‘†— –•ǡ„‘–Š•‡‹ ‘”–‹ ƒŽƒ†‘–ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽ ƒ•–Š‡Dz„—”‹•’ƒŽŽ•dzǡ™Š‡‹– ƒ„‡–‡–ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆƒ •‡ ‘†ƒ”› ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ „Žƒ†‡ ‘” ˆŽƒ‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ Žƒ•• ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –• –‡”‡† DzŽƒ–‡”ƒŽdz „Žƒ†‡•ǡƒ‡Ž›†‡„‘”†‹‰„Žƒ†‡•™‹–Šƒƒ–—”ƒŽ„ƒ ǡ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ‘”‘–ǡƒ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ• –Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡infieriƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–›ȋcintrageȌǤ . 1.4.4. Management  —„Ǧ’Šƒ•‡•ǣ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Žƒ‹ƒ” †‡–ƒ Š‡–•ǡ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ„ƒ ƒ†•‹†‡•ƒƒ‰‡‡–„›‡ƒ•‘ˆˆŽƒ‡†‡–ƒ Š‡–•ǡ•–”‹‹‰ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ Šƒ‰‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽƒ‹‰‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǣ ’Šƒ•‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ”‡•Šƒ’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ

(113) • —•—ƒŽŽ› ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ”‡‘˜‹‰ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‡ –Šƒ– ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ”‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŽ‘••‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ȋƒ‰Ž‡•ǡ ‘˜‡š‹–‹‡•ǡ”‡‰—Žƒ”‹–›Ȍ–‘ ‘–‹—‡ –Š‡Žƒ‹ƒ”‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡•Šƒ’‡†ƒ”‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ––‡”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘ˆŽƒ‡•†‘”•ƒŽ• ƒ”•ƒ†„›–Š‡–›’‡ƒ† ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡„—––•Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆŽƒ‡•‹–Šƒ•„‡‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‰”‘—’ •— Š ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•‹ ˆ‘—” Žƒ••‡•ǡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡†. ͳͻ .

(114) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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(116) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.  „›Ǧ’”‘†— –•ƒ†‹„ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒƒ‰‡†ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•– Žƒ••‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ˆ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‘–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘•—”ˆƒ ‡‘”–Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š Žƒ‹ƒ” ”‡‘˜ƒŽ•Ǣ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ‹• –Š‡ Žƒ•• ‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ„›ˆŽƒ‡”‡‘˜ƒŽ•ǡ‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡„ƒ ƒ†–Š‡•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡Ǣ ƒ –Š‹”† Žƒ•• ‹• ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ •–”‹‹‰ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ”‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ‹• –Š‡ ‘”‡”‡‘”‹‡–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǣ–Š‡’”‘†— –•™Š‹ Š ƒ””›‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ”‡„‘–Š „Žƒ†‡• ƒ† ˆŽƒ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•Šƒ’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ •—”ˆƒ ‡ „› ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ „Žƒ†‡ †‡–ƒ Š‡–• ’”‘†— ‡• –™‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‡•ǣ –Š‡ ‡‘Ǧ ”‡•–• ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ „Žƒ†‡•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–„‡‹‰„Žƒ†‡••Š‘™‹‰”‡‘˜ƒŽ•™Š‹ Šˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ƒ†ƒ”‡’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘ –Š‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ†‡–ƒ Š‡–•™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†‘‡•ƒ”‡„Žƒ†‡•™‹–Šƒ˜‡”›”‡ƒ”’‘‹–‘ˆ ‹’ƒ –ǡ Žƒ”‰‡ „—––ǡ •‘‡–‹‡• „‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ •–”‘‰Ž› Š‹‰‡† • ƒ”• ‘” ƒ ˜‡”› ‹””‡‰—Žƒ” †‘”•ƒŽˆƒ ‡Ǥ  Š‡ ˆŽƒ‡ ’”‘†— –• ‹••—‡† „› –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒƒ‰‹‰ ƒ „‡ ‰”‘—’‡† ‹ ˆ‘—” Žƒ••‡•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ˆ”‘ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‡ †‡’ƒ”–‡† ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ †‘”•ƒŽ • ƒ”• ’ƒ––‡”‹‰ǣˆŽƒ‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ǡˆ”‘ƒ‘’’‘•‹–‡’‘Ž‡ǡˆ”‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘” ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆŽƒǤ

(117) –Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘ ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡’ƒ––‡”‹‰ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†‘”•ƒŽ• ƒ”•ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›‘‘‘”„‹†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽǡ•Š‘™‹‰•‘‡‹†‘ˆˆŽƒ‹‰ƒ ‹†‡–‘”ǡƒ•‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‡• ˆ‘” ƒ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ’‘Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–› ȋcarénageȌǤ

(118) • ˆ”‡“—‡––Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆŽƒ–‡”ƒŽˆŽƒ‡•‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”™‹–Š–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ” ‹–‡–‹‘–‘”‡‘˜‡ƒ•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽƒ‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–›Ǥ Š‡ –Š‹”† Žƒ•• ‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ˆŽƒ‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ •—”ˆƒ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ˆŽƒǤ Š‡‹” ƒ‹ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡‘Ǧ ”‡•– –‘ ƒƒ‰‡‹–Š‹•™ƒ›–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡š‹–›ǤŠ‡†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‹•‹† ‘ˆˆŽƒ‡•‹•–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘–Š‡„—––‘ˆŽƒ‹ƒ”• ƒ”•™Š‘•‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‹•’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘–Š‡ˆŽƒ‹‰†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽƒ‡ƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘‹–•–”ƒ•˜‡”•ƒŽ’Žƒ‡ǡ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘–Š‡ˆŽƒ‹‰†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„ŽƒǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•‡–‘ˆˆŽƒ‡••Š‘™‹‰Žƒ‹ƒ”• ƒ”•‘–Š‡ †‘”•ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡ǡ ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „Žƒǡ ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ’”‘†— –• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ ƒ‹‡† –‘ ”‡•Šƒ’‡ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ǡ†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ•Š‹‘‹‰‘ˆƒ‡‘Ǧ ”‡•–‘”–‘”‡‘˜‡•‘‡‹†‘ˆƒ ‹†‡–•Ž‹‡ Š‹‰‹‰Ǥ ʹͲ .

(119) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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(121) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ.   Š‡•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹••‹‰ƒŽ‡†„›ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ˜‡”›†‹•–‹ –‹˜‡’”‘†— –•Ǥ Š‡ ˆŽƒ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• Žƒ•• •Š‘™ Žƒ‹ƒ” • ƒ”• ‘ –Š‡ „—–– ‘” ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ •‹†‡•ǡ ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” „‘–Š –‘ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ƒ† –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ•˜‡”•ƒŽ ’Žƒ‡Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›†‡„‘”†‹‰ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹‡†–‘”‡‘˜‡ƒ‘”‡‘”Ž‡•••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡ ™Š‹ Š Š‘Ž†• –Š‡ •–”‹‹‰ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’”‘†— –• ƒ”‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ‹ –Š”‡‡ Žƒ••‡•ǣ –‘–ƒŽǡ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†ǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘””‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘ˆŽƒ‡•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡ •Š‘™‹‰ ƒ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– Žƒ–‡”‘Ǧ†‹•–ƒŽ †‡„‘”†‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š •‹‰ƒŽ• –Š‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ –‘ ”‡‘˜‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ •—„Œ‡ – –‘ ”‡•Šƒ’‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‘‡•ǡ ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‡†–‘”‡‘˜‡‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‹‰’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ†•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ• ’— –—ƒŽƒ† ‹” —• ”‹„‡†‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ˆ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡†‡–ƒ Š‡–‘ˆˆ‡™ „Žƒ•ǤŠ‡–Š‹”† Žƒ••‰”‘—’•–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ•— Š’”‘†— –•Ǥ  Š‡ Žƒ•– ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡– †‹ƒ‰‘•–‹  ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• ‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‡• ”‡‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡ǡ‡š’Ž‘‹–‹‰‹–•”‹ƒ•ƒ ”‡•–ǡ‘ˆ–‡’”‘†— ‹‰Žƒ‹ƒ” ’”‘†— –•ǡ ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ˆŽƒ‡•ǡ •Š‘™‹‰ ‘ –Š‡‹” †‘”•ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡ –™‘ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ”‡‘˜ƒŽ• ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ‹‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ƒ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡ †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ ”‡•–•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘– ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •–”‹‹‰ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ƒƒ‰‡‡– „—–ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ͻͲι”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ . 1.4.5. Transformation  ‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǣ–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’Šƒ•‡‰”‘—’•ƒŽŽ–Š‡„Žƒ•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†„› ”‡–‘— Š ‘” —•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡ „›Ǧ’”‘†— –•Ǥ • ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡–‘— Š‡† ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –• †‘‡•ǯ– ‹’Ž› –Š‡‹” ‘ •‹–‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’Šƒ•‡‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡”‡–‘— Šǡ ™Š‘•‡ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ƒ† –‡’‘”ƒŽ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‘ —•– „‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ƒ•‡ „› ƒ•‡Ǥ

(122) – ƒ „‡ ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡‹†‘ˆ‹’Ž‡‡–Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‘–Š‡•‹–‡‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ”‡ ‘˜‡”›‘ˆ„—”‹•’ƒŽŽ•ƒ†‘”†‹ƒ”›ƒ†”—‘™•›‹ ”‘„—”‹•Ǥ ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹  ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǣ ”‡–‘— Š‡† „Žƒ•ǡ ”‡–‘— Š „›Ǧ’”‘†— –•ǡ ƒ† a posteriori –‘‘Ž•ǡ ‘” „Žƒ•‘†‹ˆ‹‡†„›—•‡ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡piècesesquilléeƒ†piècesmachurée.. ʹͳ .

(123) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

(124)

(125) ‹ Ž‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–†‡‰Ž‹–—†‹†‹ ‡””ƒ”ƒ. . 1.4.6. Deactivationofproduction  ‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǣ ‹–‡””—’–‹‘ ‘ˆ „Žƒ• ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ„ƒ†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ„Žƒ•‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽ”‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”Žƒ‹ƒ” ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ –‘ •–‘’ ƒ ‘ —”ǡ ‘– ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘ —””‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ˆŽƒ‹‰ ƒ ‹†‡–•ǡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹’—”‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ –—”‡ ’Žƒ•ǡ ‡šŠƒ—•–‹‘ǡ —•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  „Žƒ•Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ•– ‘ —””‡ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ” ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ„ƒ†‘Ǥ

(126) – •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –”ƒ ‡† „ƒ  –‘ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ •›•–‡ǡ –ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘ •–”‹ – ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰”‡†— –‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ  ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹  ƒ”–‡ˆƒ –•ǣ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘”‡•ǡ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‘‡ ”‡‘˜ƒŽǢ ‘”‡• ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†ƒˆ–‡””‡ ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ȋ”‡ › Ž‡ȌǤ              . ʹʹ .

(127) ‘––‘”ƒ–‘†‹‹ ‡” ƒ‹ ‹‡œ‡‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹‡’‡”Žǯ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‡‹‡‹—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹ǡ

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