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Characterization of the white ovals on Jupiter's southern hemisphere using the first data by the Juno/JIRAM instrument

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Characterization of the white ovals on Jupiter's southern hemisphere using the first data by the Juno/JIRAM instrument

Title

Sindoni, G.; GRASSI, Davide; ADRIANI, Alberto; MURA, Alessandro; Moriconi, M. L.; et al. Authors 10.1002/2017GL072940 DOI http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12386/26859 Handle

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