Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 223 ( 2016 ) 823 – 827
ScienceDirect
1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ISTH2020 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.284
QG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP1(:0(75232/,7$13(563(&7,9(66WUDWHJLFSODQQLQJ
VSDWLDOSODQQLQJHFRQRPLFSURJUDPVDQGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWWRROVWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
+RUL]RQ(XURSH,67+5HJJLR&DODEULD ,WDO\ 0D\
6PDOOVFDOHSODQWVIRUHQHUJ\SURGXFWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWRI
ELRPDVVHVS\URJDVLILFDWLRQ
0DUWLQR1HJUL
D$OHVVDQGUR'H5RVVL
E0DUFR)HOOLQ
D*LRUJLR0DFUu
E'LHJR5XVVR
E$QGUHD53URWR
Ea
CNR-IVALSA, Trees and Timber Institute, via F. Biasi 75,S. Michele all’Adige (TN) Italy. b
Department of Agriculture, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito 89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
$EVWUDFW
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ȝP DQGWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI IHZ FKHPLFDO FRPSRXQGV VXFK DV VXOIXU GLR[LGH FDUERQ PRQR[LGH QLWURJHQ GLR[LGH DQG R[LGHV 7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI DWPRVSKHULFSROOXWDQWVIURPWKHHQJLQHLVUHODWHGWRWKHHQJLQHVHWXSDQGWRWKHHQJLQHEHKDYLRUDQGLWLVQRWRQO\VWULFWO\UHODWHG WRWKHELRPDVVTXDOLW\7KHPDLQVROLGUHVLGXHLVWKHELRFKDUWKDWFDQEHDGDQJHURXVZDVWHLIVWRFNHGLQXQDSSURSULDWHGZD\EXW WKDW FDQ SURYLGH D EHQHILFLDO LPSDFW LQ DJULFXOWXUH DV ZHOO ZKHQ GLVWULEXWHG DQG SURFHVVHG ZLWK WKH GXH WHFKQLTXHV DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQV 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,67+ &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO ID[
E-mail address:QHJUL#LYDOVDFQULW
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords:VPDOOVFDOHHQHUJ\SODQWV ZRRGS\URJDVLILFDWLRQ ELRPDVVHV ELRFKDU
,QWURGXFWLRQ
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
*DVLILFDWLRQLV D SURFHVV WKDW FRQYHUWV FDUERQDFHRXV PDWHULDOV RUJDQLF RU IRVVLO EDVHG PDLQO\ LQWR FDUERQ PRQR[LGHK\GURJHQDQGFDUERQGLR[LGH7KLVLVDFKLHYHGE\UHDFWLQJWKHPDWHULDODWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV !& ZLWKRXWFRPEXVWLRQZLWKDFRQWUROOHGDPRXQWRIR[\JHQDQGRUVWHDP
7KH UHVXOWLQJ JDV PL[WXUH LV FDOOHGV\QJDV IURPV\QWKHWLF JDV RU ZRRG JDV DQG LV LWVHOI D IXHO 7KH SRZHU GHULYHGIURPJDVLILFDWLRQDQGFRPEXVWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWDQWJDVLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDVRXUFHRIUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\ZKHQ WKHJDVLILHGFRPSRXQGVDUHREWDLQHGIURPELRPDVV
7KHLPSDFWRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWRIWKHVHNLQGRISODQWVLVGXHWRWKHFRPEXVWLRQRIWKHV\QJDVWKURXJKWKHWRUFK VZLWFKHGRQZKHQWKHHQJLQHLVRIIGXHWRWKHHQJLQHPLVVLRQVGXHWRWKHWDUDQGDURPDWLFFRPSRXQGVLQWHUFHSWHG E\ WKH ILOWHULQJ V\VWHPV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH W\SHV HLWKHU GU\ ILOWHUV RU ZDWHU VFUXEEHUV DQG ILQDOO\ GXH WR WKH ODUJH DPRXQWRIELRFKDUUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHS\URJDVLILFDWLRQSURFHVV
%DFNJURXQG
7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO(QHUJ\$JHQF\ ,($ Bioenergy Task 32 on Biomass Combustion and CofiringLVSURPRWLQJ WKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIFOHDQELRPDVVFRPEXVWLRQDSSOLFDWLRQVWRUHSODFHIRVVLOIXHOVDQGWRUHGXFH&2HPLVVLRQV
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
(YHQ LQ D PRGHUQ VPDOO VFDOH DXWRPDWLF EXUQLQJ SODQW WKH H[KDXVW JDVHRXV HPLVVLRQV VXFK DV &2 12[62
,3$ DQG 92&V DUH QRW QHJOLJLEOH ZKLOVW FDQ EH ODUJHO\ KLJKHU LQ ROG RU HYHQ PRGHUQ QRUPDO SODQWV 3LHUDWWL $QWROLQL%DJJLR 1HJUL 7DEOH(PLVVLRQIDFWRUIRUELRPDVVVPDOOVFDOHFRPEXVWLRQLQVWDOODWLRQ>(0(3&25,1$,5@ &2 J*- 12[ J*- ,3$ PJ*- &29 J*- 30 J*- 6WDQGDUGVWRYH 3RVWFRPEXVWLRQVWRYH 3HOOHWVWRYH ,QQRYDWLYHVWRYH $XWRPDWLFZRRGVWRYH
7R IDFH WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG FULWLFDO LVVXH UHODWHG WR WKH WKHUPDO FRQYHUVLRQ RI ELRPDVVHV WKURXJK WKH GLUHFW FRPEXVWLRQSURFHVVWKHS\URJDVLILFDWLRQSURFHVVRIELRPDVVHVWDUJHWHGWRSURGXFHV\QJDVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVD SRVVLEOH VROXWLRQ 7KH V\QJDV LV D SDUWLFXODUO\ HQYLURQPHQWDO IULHQGO\ VLQFH LW FRQWDLQV PHWKDQH K\GURJHQ DQG FDUERQPRQR[LGHDQGGRHVQRW±LQSULQFLSOH±JHQHUDWHDQ\KD]DUGRXVHPLVVLRQVIRUWKHHQYLURQPHQWZKHQEXUQLQJ 6\QJDVFDQEHHLWKHUGLUHFWO\EXUQWHLWKHUXVHGDVDIXHOZLWKLQDQHQJLQHWRSURGXFHSRZHUDQGRUKHDW
:RRG JDVLILFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV KDYH EHHQ WHVWHG DQG GHYHORSHG IRU RYHU \HDUV HYHQ WKRXJK PDQDJLQJ DQGFRQWUROOLQJ D FOHDQ JDVLILFDWLRQ SURFHVV LV VWLOO D WHFKQLFDO FKDOOHQJH DW OHDVW IRU SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ WKH PDLQ FULWLFDOLVVXHLVWKHILOWHULQJRIWDUUHVLGXHVUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHS\URO\VLVSURFHVVDEOHWRGDPDJHHQJLQHVGXULQJORQJ WHUPXVH
0DWHULDODQGPHWKRGV
7KH IOXH JDV DQDO\]HU LV DQ KDQGKHOG 058 2SWLPD LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK (1 7KH LQVWUXPHQW LV HTXLSSHGZLWKDQHOHFWURFKHPLFDOVHQVRU2&2VHQVRUV121212[62WHPSHUDWXUHDQGIXPHVYHORFLW\,Q
FRQMXQFWLRQZLWKPHDVXUHPHQWVRIHPLVVLRQVZHUHFDUULHGRXWYHORFLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHVPRNHWKURXJKWKHSLWRW WXEH7KHVDPSOLQJSLSHKDVEHHQLQVHUWHGLQWKHFKLPQH\ZLWKDVDPSOLQJUDWHRIOK
7KHDLUERUQHSDUWLFXODWHKDVEHHQPHDVXUHGE\WKHPHDQVRIDKDQGKHOGODVHUVFDWWHULQJGHYLFHWKH76,$HUR7UDN 3DUWLFOH &RXQWHU 0RGHO UHTXLUHPHQWV DFFRUGLQJ ,62 SURYLGLQJ WKH SDUWLFXODWH IUHTXHQFLHV DFFRUGLQJ WR VL[ GLPHQVLRQDO FODVVHV IURP WR PP VLPXOWDQHRXVO\7KH VDPSOLQJ KDV EHHQ GRQH FORVH WR WKH FKLPQH\ZLWKDVDPSOLQJUDWHRIOPLQ7KHJDVLILFDWLRQSODQWLVIHGE\NJKRIGULHGELRPDVVDQGSURGXFHD IORZRIV\QJDVRIDERXWRIPKVHQWWRDQHQJLQHSRZHUXQLWSURGXFLQJN:KHO
)LJ7KHJDVLILFDWLRQSODQWWHVWHG 5HVXOWV
4.1 Exhaust gaseous emissions
7KHFKHPLFDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIH[KDXVWJDVHRXVHPLVVLRQVRIFKLPQH\HQJLQHSRZHUXQLWDUHUHSRUWHGLQWDEOH WKHYDOXHVDUHDYHUDJHGLQWKHUDQJHRIRQHPLQXWHDQGUHIHUWRDVWDQGDUGRIR[\JHQLQILYHGLIIHUHQWWHVWLQJ VHVVLRQVQDPHGZLWKFDSLWDOOHWWHUV
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
,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRFRPSDUHWKHVHUHVXOWVZLWKHPLVVLRQOLPLWVLQWKH,WDOLDQODZV'/QRDQG'/QR EHFDXVHWKHVDPSOLQJWRRNSODFHLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGQRWZLWKLQWKHFKLPQH\IORZ7KHOHJDOOLPLWRI PJPLVH[SHFWHGIRUSODQWVXVLQJVROLGIXHOVZLWKDUDWHGWKHUPDOSRZHULQVWDOOHGVWDUWLQJIURPN:7KH SODQW KDV DQ LQVWDOOHG FDSDFLW\ RI N: DQG LV WKHUHIRUH H[FOXGHG IURP WKLV OHJLVODWLRQ7KH DLUERUQH SDUWLFXODWH HPLVVLRQV LQ WKLV VHVVLRQ ZHUH H[WUHPHO\ PRGHVW QHYHU H[FHHGLQJ WKH WKUHVKROG RI ȝJP 7KH GHWDLOV DUH SUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH 7DEOH([KDXVWJDVHRXVHPLVVLRQVSHUYROXPHDWUHIHUHQFHR[\JHQ >PJPñ2@ &2 12 12[ 62 $ % & ' ( $YHUDJH 6WGHY &RY 0D[ 0LQ )LJ7KHDLUERUQHSDUWLFXODWH $0 $0 $0 30 30 30 30 &RQFHQWUDWLRQ >ȝJP @ WLPHOLQH $LUERUQHSDUWLFXODWH VHVVLRQ 30 30 30 30 30 30
7DEOH5HIHUHQFHYDOXHVIRU30 >ŝŵŝƚƐ͘>͘ϭϱϱͬϮϬϭϬ ђŐͬŵϹ ŶŶƵĂůĂǀĞƌĂŐĞůŝŵŝƚǀĂůƵĞ ϰϬ DĂdžŝŵƵŵĚĂŝůLJůŝŵŝƚǀĂůƵĞ;ϮϰͲŚŽƵƌƐͿ ϱϬ hƌďĂŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ;ĚĂƚĂWW͕ϯͲϱŵĂƌĐŚ ϮϬϭϮ͕ϲϯϮƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͕dƌĞŶƚŽͿ ϯϬ 30 30 30 30 30 30 ȝJP ȝJP ȝJP ȝJP ȝJP ȝJP $YHUDJH 6WGHY &RY 7DEOH2XWSXWDQGGHVWLQDWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWR,WDOLDQODZVDQGFRGHV 2XWSXW 'HVWLQDWLRQ ,WDOLDQ/DZV &KLPQH\HPLVVLRQV 0RQLWRULQJQRWGXH '/HVP
%LRFKDU 8VHGDVIHUWLOL]HU *D]]HWWD8IILFLDOH6HULH*HQHUDOH QGHO
$VK QHJOLJLEOH '/HVP
&RQFOXVLRQV
7KH DQDO\VLVRU LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RQ WKH FKLPQH\ HPLVVLRQV KDYH GHWHFWHG W\SLFDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQV IRU WKHVH LQGXVWULDO SURFHVVHVZLWKDUDWKHUKLJKYDULDELOLW\LQWLPH7KHFXUUHQWOHJLVODWLRQGRHVQRWVHWOLPLWVWRWKLVW\SHRIORZSRZHU SODQWV 7KH DQDO\VLV RI DLUERUQH SDUWLFXODWH VKRZHG WHPSRUDU\ RXW RIOLPLW YDOXHV UHIHUUHG WR D SODQW XQGHU QRQ RSWLPDORSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV7KHOHJDOOLPLWVDOVRUHIHUWRWKHDQQXDODQGGDLO\DYHUDJHYDOXHVZKLFKDFFRUGLQJWR PHDVXUHPHQWVPDGHVHHPWREHIXOO\VDWLVILHG2YHUDOOWKHUHZHUHQRSRWHQWLDODGYHUVHHIIHFWVRQHFRV\VWHPVDQG KXPDQV 5HIHUHQFHV (XURSHDQ(QYLURQPHQW$JHQF\ (0(3&25,1$,5(PLVVLRQ,QYHQWRU\*XLGHERRN7HFKQLFDOUHSRUW *D]]HWWD8IILFLDOH6HULH*HQHUDOHQGHO 1XVVEDXPHU7&]DVFK&.OLSSHO1-RKDQVVRQ/7XOOLQ& 3DUWLFXODWH(PLVVLRQVIURP%LRPDVV&RPEXVWLRQLQ,($&RXQWULHV6XUYH\ RQ0HDVXUHPHQWVDQG(PLVVLRQ)DFWRUVVerenum International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Task 32=ULFK6ZLW]HUODQG6ZLVV)HGHUDO 2IILFHRI(QHUJ\ 6)2(
3LHUDWWL ( $QWROLQL ' %DJJLR 3 1HJUL 0 :RRG FRPEXVWLRQ SURFHVV FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI JDVHRXV HPLVVLRQV RI GLIIHUHQW SDUWV RI D VSUXFH WUHH E\ PHDQV RI D JDVLI\LQJ ZRRG VWRYH 3URFHHGLQJV 9HQLFH 7KLUG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6\PSRVLXP RQ (QHUJ\ IURP %LRPDVV DQG :DVWH9HQLFH,WDO\ 1RYHPEHU
0RQHWL0'HOIDQWL/030DUXFFL$%HGLQL5*DPEHOOD)3URWR$5 *DOOXFFL) 6LPXODWLRQVRIDSODQWZLWKDIOXLGL]HG EHGJDVLILHU:*6DQG36$Contemporary Engineering Sciences9RO,VVXHKWWS G[GRLRUJ FHV 3URWR$5=LPEDODWWL*$EHQDYROL/%HUQDUGL% %HQDOLD6 %LRPDVV3URGXFWLRQLQ$JURIRUHVWU\6\VWHPV 9(5L)RU3URMHFW
Advanced Engineering Forum±KWWS GRLRUJZZZVFLHQWLILFQHW$()
