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The Determinants of Participation in Adult Education and Training: a Cross-National Comparisons using PIAAC Data

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Direzione

Liliana Dozza

Comitato scientifico

Luciano Bellini, UPS –Ecuador, Quito – Cuenca - Guayachill Kieran Egan, Simon Fraser University

Elisa Frauenfelder, Università Suor Orsola di Benincasa, Napoli Hans U. Fuchs, Zurich University

Rosa Gallelli, Università di Bari Isabella Loiodice, Università di Foggia Racheal Lotan, Stanford University

Franca Pinto Minerva, Università degli Studi di Foggia Monica Parricchi, Libera Università di Bolzano Simonetta Ulivieri, Università degli Studi di Firenze Paul Vermette, Niagara University

Werner Wiater, Universität Augsburg

Miguel Zabalza, Università de Santiago de Compostela Xu di Hongzohu, Zhejiang University

Metodi e criteri di valutazione

La collana adotta un sistema di valutazione dei testi basato sulla revisione paritaria e anonima (peer review). I criteri di valutazione adottati riguardano: l’interesse e l’originalità dell’argomento proposto, la qualità dell’esposizione, l’assetto metodologico e il rigore scientifico degli strumenti utilizzati, l’innovatività dei risultati, la pertinenza della bibliografia indicata.

Comitato di redazione

Monica Parricchi e Maria Teresa Trisciuzzi

La presente Collana intende portare

un contributo di studio e di ricerca

ai temi relativi all’educazione e

alla formazione per tutta la vita, in

differenti contesti ed in maniera profonda

(Lifelong, Lifewide, Lifedeep

Learning). Data la ricchezza,

complessità e problematicità

di tali ambiti, la Collana si avvale

dei contributi teorico-metodologici

di differenti prospettive disciplinari.

Particolare attenzione viene rivolta

ai campi di studio e di ricerca della

comunicazione e formazione, pedagogia

dei gruppi e di comunità, orientamento

e pratiche valutative.

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I lettori che desiderano informarsi sui libri e le riviste da noi pubblicati

possono consultare il nostro sito Internet: www.francoangeli.it e iscriversi nella home page al servizio “Informatemi” per ricevere via e-mail le segnalazioni delle novità.

(3)

a cura di Liliana Dozza

e Simonetta Ulivieri

con la collaborazione di Monica Parricchi

L’educazione permanente

a partire

dalle prime età della vita

FrancoAngeli

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