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I

A Nonno

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II

Index

• Idex II

• Abstract IV

• Riassunto V

• Introduction 1

1. Proteasome

Proteasome Structure 2

20S core particle 3

PA700 regulatory complex 5

PA28 regulatory particle 7

20S Assembly 7

Proteolysis 9

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPS) 10

Proteasome in Aging 15

1

2. Phage display

Technique and Concept 20

The M13 phage 21

Structure 21

Lifecycle 22

Phage display systems 28

Antibody phage display systems 30

Construction of scFv phage libraries 37

How To Carry Out Selections 40

19

• Materials and Methods

Antigen production 43

PCR amplification and cloning 43

Proteasome subunits expression 46

Phage Display selection 50

43

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III

Immunoselection 50

ELISA 51

ELISA in dilution series 52

Production of soluble antibody fragments (scFv) 53 Antibody purification and concentration 54

Immunostaining 56

• Results and Discussion

The antigens production: proteasome subunits expression.

57 Primers design and PCR amplification 57 Insertion in plasmids and sequencing 62

Proteasome subunit expression 67

Antibody selection by Phage Display 71

Immunoselection 71

Phage clone screening by ELISA 73

Phage clones screening by ELISA in dilution series 76

Test of selected antibody function 81

Production of soluble antibody fragments (scFv) 82

scFv purification 84

Immunostaining 86

Human cell culture, fixation and immunostaining 86

57

• Conclusions 90

• References 92

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IV

Abstract

Accumulation of altered proteins in old animals has been ascribed also to slower turnover of proteins.

Since proteasome is key intracellular protease involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis assuring the regular turnover of cellular proteins, its behaviour in old cells could help to understand molecular mechanisms understanding the aging process.

Proteasome does not change in number of copies per cell neither in its general composition in aged cells, but it decreases its activity, maybe it is due to a sum of causes but it is not well understood.

The proteasome exists as different oligomeric assemblies defined by both the composition of the catalytic subunits (core) and the type of regulatory complex associated with the catalytic core. The regulatory complexes PA700 or PA28 in association with the 20S proteasome (the core) form the 26S constitutive proteasome or the immunoproteasome, respectively.

The constitutive catalytic subunits of 20S core can be replaced by inducible subunits, shifting from 26S constitutive to immuno-proteasome, as consequence of inflammatory stimuli, such as exposure to tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or interferon γ (IFNγ).

Precedent works revealed that in aging there is a similar shift even without a clear inflammatory signal. This study is part of the European Project Proteomage for identify genes involved in aging and longevity and its primary aim is to select antibodies against proteasome subunits to elucidate proteasome subunits behaviour in different aged cells, allowing visualization and quantification of specific proteasome subunit isoforms.

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V

Riassunto

L’accumulo di proteine alterate in cellule animali anziane è stato imputato, tra le altre cause, anche al rallentamento del turnover proteico.

Essendo il proteasoma una proteasi chiave nel mantenimento dell’omeostasi cellulare poiché in grado di garantire il regolare turnover delle proteine cellulari, il suo comportamento durante l’invecchiamento cellulare può essere di fondamentale importanza nella comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari responsabili di tale processo.

Il proteasoma, durante l’invecchiamento cellulare, mantiene numero di copie ed una generale composizione pressoché costante ma la sua attività catalitica risulta ridotta.

Tale riduzione è presumibilmente imputabile ad una serie di concause che però restano ancora da definire nella loro completezza.

Il proteasoma è un complesso multi-proteico composto da una componente catalitica (20S core) pressochè costante e da complessi regolatori che unendosi al core vanno a definire le diverse forme di proteasoma. I complessi regolatori più diffusi nelle cellule animali sono PA700 e PA28, che costituiscono rispettivamente la forma costitutiva del proteasoma, detta 26S, e la forma sua inducibile, definita immunoprotesoma. Inoltre le subunità catalitiche del 20S core possono essere sostituite dalle loro isoforme inducibili portando, con il legame del complesso PA28, al passaggio dal proteasoma costitutivo all’immunoproteasoma. Tale passaggio è generalmente indotto dall’esposizione della cellula a stimoli infiammatori quali il fattore di necrosi tumorale (TNF) e l’interferone gamma (γ-IFN). Alcuni lavori hanno però evidenziato un simile shift anche durante l’invecchiamento, in assenza di stimoli infiammatori.

Questo studio, realizzato presso il laboratorio di ricerca del phage display group nel dipartimento di biologia molecolare dell’università di Århus, DK, sotto la supervisione del professore Peter Kristensen, è parte del progetto europeo

“Proteomage”, volto all’identificazione dei geni coinvolti nell’invecchiamento e nella longevità. Lo scopo primario di questo lavoro è la selezione di anticorpi contro le diverse subunità proteasomiche, da usare successivamente per una migliore caratterizzazione e valutazione della loro presenza nelle forme protesomiali presenti nelle cellule ai vari stadi del loro ciclo vitale.

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