TABLE OF CONTENTS

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SUMMARY ... ii

SOMMARIO ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi

LIST OF TABLES ... x

LIST OF FIGURES ... xiii

1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Introduction of the context and previous researches... 1

1.2. Defining the research problem and case studies ... 2

1.3. Introduction of research steps (objectives, methodology, scope and importance)... 3

2. HISTORICAL REFERENCE OUTLINE ... 5

2.1. Origins of the Ottomans ... 5

2.1.1. Frontier seigniory to empire ... 6

2.2. Ottoman art and building program in 14

century... 9

2.2.1. The architectural program in 14

century ... 10

o Early period of Ottoman dwellings ... 14

o Building technology ... 14

o The differentiation of Ottoman architecture in Turkish seigniory period ... 15

2.3. Seigniory and early periods of Ottoman Empire... 22

2.3.1. Seigniory period (1243-1483) ... 22

o The relations between Turkish tribes and Byzantine in Seigniory period ... 23

2.3.2. Early period of Ottoman Empire (1299-1505) ... 25

2.4. Overview of building traditions in Western Anatolia before the Turkish civilization... 26

2.4.1. Byzantine architecture in Anatolia ... 28

2.4.2. Construction techniques in Anatolia before Turkish civilization... 29

o Construction materials ... 29

o Masonry walls ... 30

o Transitional elements ... 37

o Closure structures... 38

2.5. Construction techniques in Anatolia in after Turkish civilization ... 46

2.5.1. Turkish Seigniory period... 46

o Masonry walls ... 46

o Transitional elements ... 51

o Closure structures... 62

2.5.2.Early Ottoman period ... 73

o Masonry walls ... 73

o Transitional elements and the dome... 74

2.5.3. Classical period of Ottoman ... 76

o Foundations... 77

o Walls and wall pattern techniques... 78

2.6. Categorization of types of building materials in Ottoman architecture ... 86

2.6.1. Stone... 86

o Sedimentary Stones... 86

o Magmatic stones ... 93

o Marbles... 99

2.6.2.Brick and tiles ... 101

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2.6.3.Timber ... 103

o Oak ... 104

o Chestnut ... 105

o Beech Tree ... 105

o Ash Tree... 105

o Elm Tree... 105

o Poplar Tree... 105

o Linden Tree ... 105

o Beech Tree ... 105

o Non - Resinous Pine Tree ... 105

o Resinous Pine Tree... 105

o Walnut Tree... 106

o Ceshew Tree... 106

2.6.4.Iron, lead and bronze... 106

2.6.5.Lime and ‘Horosan’ mortar... 107

2.6.6.Used building materials in Turkish seigniory period in Western Anatolia ... 108

2.6.7.Used building materials in early period of Ottoman ... 108

3. BATHS AND TURKISH CULTURE ... 109

3.1. General qualifications of the Turkish bath... 109

3.2. Turkish bath specifications ... 109

3.3. Turkish bath’s parts and functions ... 109

3.3.1.Undressing, ’Soyunmalık’... 109

3.3.2.Warmness, ‘Ilıklık’ ... 110

3.3.3.Hotness, ‘Sıcaklık’ ... 110

3.3.4.Burning room, ‘Külhan’... 110

3.4. Turkish bath Typology... 111

3.5. Baths and their architectural qualifications... 111

3.6. Cultural Habits and history of the bathing culture of Turkish people... 112

4. METHODOLOGIES... 114

4.1. Definition of the qualitative methodology for defining the masonry walls of bath structures (Methodological application A)... 114

4.1.1.Parameters of the rule of methodology ... 114

o The quality of mortar, effective contact between elements – (QM) ... 115

o Presence of cross diatone-meshing - (PD) ... 115

o Form of the element that was resisted – (F.R.E.)... 116

o Size of resistant elements - (S.R.E.)... 116

o Stagger the vertical joints between the meshing in the plan - (S.V.J.)... 116

o Presence of horizontal rows – (P.H.R.)... 116

o Quality resistant elements – (Q.R.E.)... 117

4.1.2.Determination of the scores and their contribution to the masonry wall categories ... 117

4.1.3.Method of scoring of the parameters... 117

4.1.4.Loads that affect the masonry wall structure... 118

o Vertical Loads ... 119

o Horizontal out of plane actions ... 119

o Horizontal plane actions... 120

4.1.5.Scores and calculations ... 121

4.2. Definition of damage and collapse analysis method (Methodological application B)... 125

4.2.1.Analysis of the Quality of Walls ... 127

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4.2.2.Introductory points for “the rule of art” ... 127

o Interpretation of quality through the cracks of the walls ... 129

o Peculiarities of the masonry walls... 129

4.2.3.Steps that have to considered for the “the rule of art”... 130

o Vertical loads ... 130

o Horizontal loads out of plane action ... 133

o Horizontal loads in plane action... 138

4.2.4.Crack and damage behavior of the angled masonry walls ... 142

4.2.5.Crack and damage behavior of masonry cells... 143

o Behavior of the masonry cell ... 143

o Deformation of the cell walls ... 144

o Rigid cell walls with horizontal fixing elements... 144

o Masonry cell closures... 145

4.2.6.Behavior of mass: “The buildings in a row” ... 146

o Mode of growth of the masonry cells ... 147

o Transversal actions... 147

o Front cell masonry wall... 150

o Non-aligned masonry cells... 150

4.2.7.Damage and material analysis with graphics and descriptions ... 152

o Damage mechanism of the masonry walls (General collapse facts about the masonry structures) ... 154

o Cracks, damages of the masonry structures and their identification ... 159

o Interpretative analysis and critique of masonry construction... 164

o Method of the kinematic mechanism of collapse... 164

o Failure mechanisms of different structural elements in buildings ... 170

4.2.8.Analysis of case study bath structures... 173

5. EARTHQUAKES IN ANATOLIA ... 174

5.1. Case study regions in Anatolia... 174

5.1.1. İznik region ... 176

o Historical earthquakes in İznik... 176

5.1.2. Bilecik region ... 178

5.1.3. Edirne region ... 179

5.2. Past Earthquakes ... 179

5.2.1.Historical earthquakes in Marmara region ... 181

5.3. Geological specifications of the case study locations ... 187

5.3.1. İznik settlement ... 187

5.3.2. Bilecik city ... 187

5.3.3. Keşan settlement ... 188

5.3.4. Edirne city ... 188

5.3.5. Havsa settlement ... 188

5.4. The earthquake shaking potencial for Marmara region ... 188

6. CITIES AND LOCATIONS ... 191

6.1. İznik “Nicaea” City... 191

6.1.1. History... 193

o İznik “Nicaea” in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods ... 193

o Byzantine Period ... 194

o Ottoman Period ... 197

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6.1.2. Architectural values... 198

o Hellenistic and Byzantine Period ... 199

o Ottoman Period ... 204

6.2. Bilecik “Belekoma” City ... 210

6.2.1. History... 213

6.2.2. Architectural values ... 214

o “Kulaklı taş” tomb ... 214

o One of the gate of the castle in Bilecik ... 214

o “Osman Camii” mosque... 214

o “Orhan Gazi Camii” mosque ... 215

o “Süleymanpaşa Camii” mosque ... 216

o “Şeyh Edebali” masjid ... 216

o “Malhatun” tomb... 216

o “Şeyh Edebali” tomb... 216

o “Orhan Gazi” İmaret ... 217

o “Süleyman Paşa” bath ... 217

o “Emirler” bath ... 218

o “Tabakhane” bath... 218

6.3. Edirne “Hadrianopolis” city... 219

6.3.1. History... 226

6.3.2. Architectural values ... 227

o Byzantine period and the cultural items that are coming from this time ... 227

o Turkish architecture in Edirne and its development... 229

7. CASE STUDIES... 236

7.1. Emirler Bath... 236

7.1.1.Methodological application (A) ... 239

7.2. Süleymanpaşa Bath ... 242

7.2.1.Methodological applications (A)... 245

7.2.2.Methodological applications (B)... 248

7.3. İsmail Bey Bath... 255

7.3.1.Methodological applications (A) ... 257

7.3.2.Methodological applications (B) ... 260

7.4. Beylerbeyi Bath... 268

7.4.1.Methodological applications (A)... 270

7.5. Gazi Mihal Bey Bath... 273

7.5.1.Methodological applications (A)... 276

7.5.2.Methodological applications (B) ... 279

7.6. Havsa Sokullu Bath... 292

7.6.1.Methodological applications (A)... 295

7.7. Keşan Bath ... 298

7.7.1.Methodological applications (A)... 300

7.7.2.Methodological applications (B) ... 303

7.8. Yeniçeri Bath ... 312

7.8.1.Methodological applications (A) ... 314

8. CONCLUSION ... 317

REFERENCES... 322

APPENDIX... 334