of of of of of of CONTENTS

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AN N ALI DI STATISTICA

Anno 119

Serie IX · Vol. 8

ATTI

DEL SEMINARIO SULLE STATISTICHE ECOLOGICHE

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE SEMINAR ON ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS

Organizzato dalla Conferenza

degli Statistici Europei,

Organo della Commissione

Economica per l'Europa delle

Nazioni Unite, e dall'Istituto

Nazionale di Statistica

Organized

by

the Conference

of European Statisticians

of the United Nations Economie

Commission for Europe and

by

the ltalian National lnstitute

of Statistics

Rome, 28 March - 1 Aprii 1988

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L 'lstat autorizza la riproduzione parziale o totale del contenuto del presente volume con la citazione della fonte.

lstat authorizes total or partial reproduction of the papers included in the present volume on condition that the source be indicated

ISSN: 0075·1766

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a

g.

18. Environmental Expenditure in ltalian State and Regional

Plan-ning . . . 309 19. Objectives. Topics and Tools of Environment Statistics in the

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DISCOURS D'OUVERTURE DE M. ROGER GENTILE

DIRECTEUR P.l. DE LA DIVISION DE STATISTIQUE

DE LA COMMISSION ECONOMIQUE POUR L'EUROPE

Il y a maintenant plus de seize ans que la Conférence des statisti-ciens européens a inscrit à son programme de travail l'étude des problè-mes posés par l'élaboration de statistiques de l'environnement.

Com-mencés sur un rythme plut6t /ent, ces travaux ont atteint très rapide-ment leur vitesse de croisière, et /es dix dernières années peuvent etre considérées comme une période d'intense activité dans ce domaine.

Au cours de cette dernière période, il a souvent été suggéré lors

des réunions d'experts convoquées par la Conférence des statisticiens

européens que /es statistiques de l'environnement devraient prendre en compte de façon plus systématique qu'actuellement /es connaissances scientifiques en matière de biologie ou, plus précisément, d'écologie. Cependant, il n'a jamais été possible d'examiner en détail ces proposi-tions, /es participants à ces réunions ne comprenant que pas ou peu de scientifiques, dont la présence aurait été indispensab/e.

C'est ce qui, entre autres, a conduit la Conférence des statisticiens

européens à convoquer ce Séminaire, don t le but premier est de rassem-bler des statisticiens et des experts de l'environnement, a fin d'examiner en détail ce qu'ils pourraient accomplir ensemble en vue du développe-ment futur des statistiques de l'environnedéveloppe-ment. Ce but devrait etre pré-sent à l'esprit des participants tout au long des travaux du Séminaire,

aussi bien lors de l'examen des divers documents qui leur sont soumis

que lors des débats généraux portant sur /es divers points de l'ordre du jour. L 'un des résultats du Séminaire pourrait en effet e tre la présen-tation à la Conférence de recommandations portant sur /es travaux que celle-ci pourrait, ou devrait, inserire à son programme de travail.

A ce propos, permettez-moi, Monsieur le Président, de rappeler briè-vement ce qu'est la Conférence des statisticiens européens. Celle-ci tut créée en 1953 par /es directeurs des services nationaux de statistique des pays membres de la Commission économique pour I'Europe. Son but est de promouvoir le développement et l'harmonisation des

statisti-ques nationales afin de permettre aux gestionnaires et aux décideurs aussi bien qu'aux chercheurs et aux scientifiques de disposer de

don-nées comparables concernant /es différents pays. Son programme de travail couvre l'ensemble des domaines qui peuvent intéresser /es

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économi-ques, des statistiques sociales et démographiéconomi-ques, des statistiques de l'énergie ou, et c'est là ce qui nous intéresse plus particulièrement aujourd'hui, des statistiques de l'environnement. Il comprend également /es questions liées à l'organisation des services de statistique comme, par exemple, l'emploi des ordinateurs.

C'est donc tout naturellement que la Conférence a été amenée à s'intéresser aux statistiques de l'environnement. J'ai dit tout à l'heure qu'elle a commencé à le faire il y a plus de seize ans. Ces travaux devaient aboutir en 1987 à la publication d'un Recueil expérimental de statistiques de -J'environnement pour /es pays de la CEE. A la sui te de cette publication, la Conférence convoqua une réunion destinée à éva-luer le résultat de ses travaux. Le rapport fina/ de cette réunion contient, entre autres, /es propositions de travaux futurs que la réunion a établies à l'intention de la Conférence des statisticiens européens. Ce sont ces propositions que le Séminaire peut, s'il l'estime nécessaire, amender, voire compléter, afin d'y incorporer ses propres recommandations.

La tache qui vous attend, Mesdames et Messieurs, est donc impor-tante. Des résultats de vos débats dépendra, dans une large mesure, l'orientation que la Conférence donnera à ses travaux futurs dans le domaine des statistiques de l'environnement.

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OPENING SPEECH BY MR. GUIDO M. REY

PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRAL INSTITUTE

OF STATISTICS, ITALY

The subject considered by this Seminar is undoubtedly a t the centre of discussion and attention in almost every country at the present time. Every day we are experiencing (and we wi/1 undoubtedly continue to experience even more in the future) extremely precarious situations which oblige us to think that the time has come to arrive at fast at a wiser approach to environmental problems. We see an irrational utilisa-tion of the various forms of energy, an uncontrolled use of the territory, the spreading of different forms of pollution induced by human activity and particularly disastrous natura/ events which reveal the existence of a close connection between economie, social and environmental phenomena.

In ltaly there has been a growing awareness of the importance of these problems which involved at different times the various insti-tutions, politica/ parties and social organizations.

The most outstanding demonstration of this new awareness is the growing demand (expressed above al/ in recent years) for high/y signifi-cant statistica/ information on the evolution of the different environmen-tal components.

lstat knows only too we/1 that a statistica/ system must constantly meet, in due time and with appropriate instruments, the requirements for information arising from the society. That is why we have considered for some years now as one of the priority objectives to be reached in the short term, a substantial development of the sector of environmental statistics.

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We are following very carefully al/ the efforts being made by the various international organizations in the fie/d of standardized statistica/ instruments. And we must say that the results achieved in the fast few years, in the framework of the Economie Commission for Europe and of the Conference of European Statisticians, from definitions and clas-sifications to methods of measurement and data organization proce-dures, should be considered as extremely positive. We hope that it may prove possible to go even further in the near future.

Before closing these brief greetings, l would like to say that lstat is at the present time carrying out a survey on the sources of environ-mental information. As it wi/1 be explained in the course of this Seminar, its objective is to ascertain the state of data now existing in ltaly. The construction of an environmental information system should start from this first step: in fact data on the environment are scattered among a large number of organizations, public and private, centra/ and /oca/, scientific and economie so that it is difficult to establish a connection not only to set up adequate initiatives of intervention, but even to know what (and where) data are available at the moment.

The creation of the Ministry for the Environment in 1986, together with a renewed commitment by lstat should gradually reduce the obsta-cles to an effective coordination between ali those who produce infor-mation. However this is a difficult sector for a statistician to dea/ with, since the methodological and organizational problems are often differ-ent from those met when dealing with economie, social and demograph-ic statistdemograph-ics. A better development of statistdemograph-ica/ culture among experts on the environment would make the cooperation much easier. An effort should be made toso/ve al/ of these problems, among other things be-cause the demand for statistica/ information on the environment has by no w reached vast proportions, especially on the part of citizens who are obliged to live more and more often in very serious situations of degra-dation of the environment. In fact legislative actions are already moving in this direction, with the recent la w setting up the Ministry of the En-vironment which recognises in a precise way that citizens are entitled to information on the environment.

The presence of a large number of qualified experts from various countries constitutes the fui/est guarantee that an extensive and thorough debate wi/1 develop on these topics. And this exchange of ex-periences should enable us to dea/ better with the problems related to environmental statistics.

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PREFACE

The use of statistica! methods and actual data is rather common to sciences in generai and to biologica! disciplines in particular. By con-trast, the emerging field of environment statistics to date has only made very limited use of the science of biology in developing its characteristic concepts and taxonomies. Yet, a statistica! information system about the environment can prima facie certainly be expected to lean to an im-portant extent on biologica! subject-matter knowledge. At first sight, the branch of ecologica! science can be seen as being of prime interest to the statisticians of the environment.

We are therefore faced with a surprising situation: environment statistics attempt to describe the state of the environment and its evol-ution in time, but virtually no systematic use is made of ecology as one of the sciences that aim precisely at scientific knowledge about related matters. The Conference of European Statisticians, when deciding to convene a Seminar on Ecologica! Statistics, tried to shed more light on the reasons far this surprising situation, including possible ways and means for more mutually beneficiai cooperation between statisticians and ecologists in future work on environment statistics.

In planning far the Seminar, it was decided to approach the ques-tions involved under four headings: possibilities and limits of describing ecosystems statistically; biologica! indicators for the purpose of describing environmental quality and conditions; ecologica! monitoring; and national experiences with purposes and coverage of ecologica! statistics, including their linkage to other statistics. The results of the discussion by the Seminar under each of these items are resumed briefly in the remainder of this preface, before the discussion papers are presented.

The possibilities and limits of describing ecosystems statistically The discussion under this item related primarily to aspects of a generai nature. First of ali, the Seminar tried to clarify the borderline between environmental statistics on one hand and ecologica! statistics on the other. The conditions that would have to be met before ecologica! statistics could be developed in a systematic way constituted the se-cond major theme of discussion. Thirdly, a number of principles were highlighted that would have to be kept in mind if ecologica! statistics were to be developed.

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well as the need to distinguish between different uses of such statistics were stressed. Ecosystems being systems that are open at ali ends and evolving over ti me, cannot be defined in a rigid manner. However, certain indicators are available that help in many instances. These indicators are often distinct from indicators used for other purposes. Two such other uses were specified, i.e. the description of the state of the ecosystem including its change aver time and the description of the regulating mechanisms of the ecosystem.

The participants in the Seminar did not agree on whether statistics on the population of species should be subsumed under ecologica! statistics. While such statistics are needed for severa! purposes of nature management, the association of population size with ecosystem functioning may be either too indirect or too unreliable to include them under this heading. The apposite view was that in many cases ecosystem management requires data on the change in the size of cer-tain populations so that a pragmatic, user-oriented system of ecologica! statistics can but take this need into account.

The Seminar compared the traditionally available body of environ-ment statistics against a broad description of ecologica! statistics. Available environment statistics primarily cover physical and chemical variables of the natura! environment, whether influenced by human ac-tivities or not. In addition, data on demographic, economie and social activities are added to different extents and in various forms. Seen in this perspective, ecologica! statistics appear to be the wider term, as physical and chemical variables also determine ecosystem functioning, and as it is also possible to extend the term «ecologyn to social systems. On the other hand, the inverse relationship can also be argued. Con-sider the sequence in which reference is made to statistica! or other ìnformation systems. lt can also be said that environment statistics pro-vide a framework within which, if required, scientific information regard-ìng specific issues has to be sought. Ecologica! information being part of scientific information appears in this context as being more limited in scope than environment statistics.

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17

PREFACE

Any development of ecologica! statistics would have to satisfy a certain number of conditions, irrespective of which definition of the term is chosen. In the first piace, such statistics should enable global state-ments of the type required by decision-making instances. This condition implies that sufficient systematic subject-matter knowledge is available for the derivation of the corresponding global statistica! variables. Con-siderable scientific knowledge is available on different ecosystems, but it can often only be systematized - if at ali - once specific questions are asked. At the same time, examples can be cited in which generaliza-tion of available informageneraliza-tion is possible to the extent that at least some form of overall criteria for the structuring of an information system is at hand.

Such structuring appears as one of the minimum requirements if a statistica! information system on ecosystems is to be developed. In this case, the use of ecosystem equilibrium in any static sense has to be avoided. In fact, equilibria change over time, so that they cannot be used as a stable gauge for data evaluation. Finally, ecosystems should not be limited to «naturah> ecosystems but should also include those that are influenced by human activities. The notion of «disturbed» versus «undisturbed» ecosystems may help in the decision on which ecosystems to include in the statistica! system.

The Seminar did not review ali possible approaches to the actual development of ecologica! statistics. However, two such approaches were referred to. The first is based on requirements as expressed by users of such statistics. This approach has the advantage of being close to user needs, but makes it difficult to preserva data linkage and coher-ence over time. The second major approach starts from cartographical information obtained through remote sensing, primarily sateiJite im-agery. The basic observation would occur in terms of land cover charac-teristics. The work required subsequently would consist of linking this information to statistics observed for other units. The Seminar did not evaluate these or other generai approaches in detail.

Biological indicators for the purpose of describing environmental quality and conditions.

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getting any information at ali or in which they offer clear comparative advantages over alternative ways of describing environmental phenome-na. In addition to these two topics, difficulties encountered in the elabor-ation of biologica! indicators as well as limits of their use were briefly considered.

Three potential advantages- of biologica! over other environmental indicators were emphasized. The most important of them is the relative ease with which biologica! indicators can be understood and thus used. lt was agreed that this is an important quality attribute which extends to practically ali user groups of environmental information.

A related advantage is associated with the degree of precision that is characteristic of knowledge in environmental matters. For many reasons a great deal of environmental information has to be used with

c~re as the determinants and/or effects of the described phenomena or situation are not fully understood. In this situation the presentation of the usual environmental data may create an illusion of precision which is not founded on reality. Biologica! indicators, by contrast, more easily convey the complexity and vagueness of the information. Consequently, they may be more adequate for a given purpose at hand.

A third advantage relates to costs of collection and compilation of environmental information. The possibility of mapping lichens in cities as an alternative to the traditional way of describing urban air pollution by measuring concentrations of ambient air pollutants was cited as a case in point. The mapping of lichens could clearly be done at lower cost and would at the same time produce reliable information on generai aspects of urban air quality.

The Seminar did not review comparative advantages and disadvan-tages of biologica! indicators in an exhaustive manner. At present, bio-logica! indicators may not always become available in a form that com-plies with the usual quality attributes of statistics, particularly regarding reliability.

Turning to the second rnajor topic of the discussion, the availability of biologica! indicators in situations in which other reasonable methods of data provision do not exist has to be mentioned in the first piace. Examples quoted included the use of bird species in surveying species composition in an ecosystem, the use of indicator species for the pur-pose of describing salinity levels, and the recognition of oil spills through the observation of their effects on animals.

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19

PREFACE

stress. Such signals can only be obtained with great difficulty - if at ali - , so that biologica! indicators at least offer a more practical oppor-tunity than other types of information.

The third situation in which biological indicators are comparatively advantageous can be seen in particularly complex circumstances. In many cases, the pathways on which certain stimuli provoke reactions and certain effects are unknown or only partly known. At the same time, the subject-matter expert may have confidence in the mere description of the final result of the processes involved, although he does not know them in detail. Biological indicators are particularly apt to respond to information requirements in such situations.

lf available, biologica! indicators have to be used with care and should not be seen as satisfying ali information needs ali on their own. «Description» is the only purpose which biologica! indicators can serve. Accordingly, if degradation of an environmental situation is documented by a change in a biologica! indicator, additional research has to be un-dertaken before anything can be said on the cause-effect relationships involved in the process of degradation.

A couple of further caveats have to be borne in mind when undertaking conceptual development of biologica! indicators. The first is that useful biologica! indicators can usually be formulated by the experts once the question is asked to which they should respond. By implication, it is difficult to formulate good biologica! indicators in anticipation of the question. This circumstance appears to complicate the incorporation of biologica! indicators into a system of statistica! information on the environment, which has to be planned as a system that is capable of replying to future questions.

A second caveat concerns the quality assurance of biologica! indi-cators before they can be used by statistica! offices. A reasonable degree of confidence in the statistica! viability of biologica! indicators in measuring the underlying situation or phenomena has to be ascer-tained before the use of indicators by statistica! offices can be contem-plated.

Ecological monitoring.

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On the one hand, degradation of habitats appears to an increasing ex-tent as a major cause of threat to species, so that information on changes in the quality of habitats can be expected to be of growing im-portance. On the other hand, methods exist of generating information on changes in the quality of habitats in a comprehensive way, so that habitat monitoring and related data compilation can be discussed on their basis.

At the same time, the discussion of the approaches showed that the compilation of statistics on the quality of habitats is stili fraught with conceptual difficulties and problems in interpretation. Neverthe-less, useful results start to emerge. The use of these results for statisti-ca! purposes does not appear to be excluded, as the confidence of ex-perts in these results grows, and linkage to other data sets seems to be coming within reach.

lnformation on changes in the quality of habitats can also be ob-tained from other sources. In particular, much of the available forest statistics could previde useful information on habitats, if these statis-tics were deliberately exploited toward this end. The existence and need for further development of biologica! indicators- primarily species indi-cators ... describing habitat quality was also referred to in this context. Finally, widely available physical and chemical information often per-mits us to characterize habitat quality to a considerable degree.

The preponderance of habitat monitoring in the discussion did not mean that population monitoring is only of little importance. On the con-trary, wildlife resources cannot be managed without information on wild-life populations. Secondly, data on wildwild-life populations are also an end in themselves, although understandìng of the related population dynam-ics may stili be insufficient. Population changes result from many differ-ent influences, so that they presdiffer-ent a convenidiffer-ent summary variable.

National experiences and applications regarding purpose and coverage · of ecological statistics, including their linkage to other statistics.

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21 PAEFACE

The discussion also demonstrated that ecologica! statistics in their narrow sense are embodied in environment statistics in a rudimentary way only. However, in well-defined applications, the introduction of eco-logica! expertise into the conceptual development of environment tics appears to have influenced the scope and coverage of these statis-tics considerably.

The conceptual widening of the perspective of environment statis-tics to cover ecologica! aspects will only lead to a modification of such statistics, if sufficient instruments are available for the implementation of the related concepts. The introduction of ecologica! expertise into en-vironment statistics regularly passes through some form of ecologica! or other environmental monitoring. This circumstance permits the con-clusion that no a priori impediments exist to a large-scale incorporation of ecologica! perspectives into environment statistics. In fact, environ-ment statistics are interwoven in many respects with monitoring data, so that the above-mentioned pathway for ecologica! widenings of en-vironment statistics appears to be well in existence already.

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npeAnpii1~TII1Iil-3arp~3HII1Tenelil. npeAYCMaTpii1Baerc~ B 6YAYW.eM aBTOMaTII13111pOBaHHa~ o6pa60TKa pe3ynbTaTOB npo6 C u.enbiO C03AaHII1~

A03111Merpll14eCKoro KOHrpon~ arMoccpepbl s AaHHOM HaceneHHOM nyHKTe 111 no

ecelil crpaHe.

HeAOCTaTKOM C03AaHHOiil CII1CTeMbl Ha6n10AeHII1~ 3a COCTO~HII1eM B03AYXa

(25)

27

1

_·~

1 • METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENT AL STATISTICS

TaK>Ke BblnaAatoT Klf1Cilble AO>KAif1 lf1 Ha4ai10Cb 3a6oneBaHif1e neCHbiX MaCCif1BOB lf1 yBelllf14eHif1e Klf1CI10THOCTif1 n04B.

2. BTopoe HanpaBneHif1e cTaTif1CTif14ecKoro Ha6ntoAeHif1R oxBaTbiBaeT BOAHYto cpeAy, T.e. aKBaTOplf110 4epHOfO MOpR lf1 BHyTpeHHif1X peK lf1 peKif1 tJ,yHaR. napaMeTpbi-A111f1Ha B KM, lf1 BOAOBMew.aeMaR nilOUJ.a,Qb B KM2 yKa3aHbl ,QO rpaHif1U. HP 6onrap1111f1.

AnR BeAOMCTB rnaBHoe ynpaBneH!f1e 'Tif1,qponorlf1R ...., MeTeoponorlf1R" cTaTif1CTif14eCKif1 Ha6nto,qaeT PRA napaMeTpoB: 3aCTOif1 BOAbl, BOAHble KOI11f14eCTBa, TeMnepaTypy BOAbl, HaHOCHble KOI11f14eCTBa, MYTHOCTb, Xlf1Mif14eCKif11i1 aHaillf13 BOAbl. Bo,qHble 3acTolf1 Ha6IltoAatoTCR TOilbKO B AyHae ...., 4epHOM MOpe, a BOAHble KOI11f14eCTBa lf1 BO BHyTpeHHif1X peKaX. Pe3yllbTaTbl Xlf1Mif14eCKOfO COCTaBa B3RTbiX BO,QHbiX npo() • 4eTblpe pa3a B fOA • He lf1MetoT CTaT!f1CTif14eCKO&i1 AOCTOBepHOCTif1.

Ka4eCTBeHHOe COCTORH!f1e noBepXHOCTHbiX BOA lf1 KaTerOplf13aL.J.If1R 6acce&i1HOB B 3aBif1Cif1MOCTif1 OT CTOif1MOCTHbiX 3Ha4eHif11i1 3arpR3Hif1Tenelil - 06beKT cTaT!f1CTif14eCKoro lf13y4eHif1R KOMif1TeTa oxpaHbl oKpy>Katow.eli1 cpeAbl. Ha6ntoAaeTcR HeCKOilbKO rpynn noKa3aTeneL-1: Klf1cnopo,qHaR, Mlf1HepailbHaR, oc-o6eHHaR ...., 6!f1onor!f14ecKaR. Pe3ynbTaTbl cTaTif1CTif14ecKoro lf1ccneAOBaHif1R cny>KaT AllR cpaBHeHif1R cpaKTif14eCKolil c npoeKTHOL-1 KaTeroplf1eli1 Ka4eCTBa peK. Ka4ecTBeHHOe cocTo~Hif1e noA3eMHbiX BOA lf13y4aeTcR no MeCTOHaXO>K,QeHif110 lf1 Blf1AY lf1CT04Hif1Ka. V1ccneAytoTCR ,QO 4eTblpex npo6 f0Aif14HO no napaMeTpaM, BXOARUJ.II1M B KWCilOPOAHYIO, MWHepanbHyto, OC-o6eHHYIO rpynny lf1 liiOHHblli1 COCTaB, nplf1 3TOM yKa3biBatoTCR 111 HOpMbl, B 3aBif1CWMOCTII1 OT KaTerOplf1111 3arp~3HeH!f1R.

CTaTif1CTW4ecKoe 1113y4eHif1e BOAOCHa6>KeHwR ,qnR cTpaHbl "' no o6nacTRM

(1 o 562) coBepwaeTCR 4epe3 cneAYtoW.~~Je noKa3aTenlf1: BOAOCHa6>KeHif1e Ail~ HaceneHHbiX MecT, ,qlllf1Ha BOAOnpoBOAHOii1 ceTI-1 B KM, ,qn111Ha BHewHero BOAOnpoBOAa B KM, KOI11f14eCTBO Bo,qonpoBOAHbiX OTKnoHeHif1lil ...., nocrynatow.aR Bo,qa - B TbiC. Ky6. M. 3TII1 AaHHble o6o6w.a10T 6onee TPWAL.J.aTI-1 napaMeTpoB, KOTOpble Ha611toAatoTCR B X03RiiiCTBeHHbiX npe,qnplf1RTII1RX. CTaTif1CTif14eCKif1 OT41f1TbiBaeTCR o6w.ee KOI11f14eCTBO nony4eHHOJil BO,Qbl npeAnp111RTif1eM, B T.4. lf1 OT C06CTBeHHbiX BOAOif1CT04HII1KOB (peKif1, no,q3eMHble BOAbl, BOAOXpaHif1111f1UJ.a), OT 06UJ.eCTBeHHOii1 BOAOnpOBO,QHOii1 ceTif1 lf111111 OT BO,QOCHa6>KaeMbiX CIIJCTeM, B TOM 4111Cile 111 OT OTXOAHO&i1 BOAbl OT APYflf1X noTpe6J..1Teneli1. V1CnOI1b30BaHHaR BOAa Ha6ntoAaeTCR no noTpe61f1TenRM: ,qnR m1Tesoli1BOAb1 noTpe6Hocreli1, A11R f111AP0311eKTpOCTaHL.J.Wii1, All~ OpOWeHWR, AllR npOif13BOACTBeHHbiX HY>KA.

06beM Bbl6pOWeHHbiX lf1 lf1CnOI1b30BaHHbiX OTXOAHbiX BOA Ha611toAeTCR B ABYX HanpasneHif1RX • KaK BOAOnplf1eMHif1KJ..1, B KOTOpble Bb16paCbiBatoTCR _(noBepxHOCTHble BOAOeMbl, no,q3eMHble ropii130HTbl ...., o6w.ecTBeHHaR KaHa111113aLJ.If1R) lf1 KaK Ka4eCTBeHHOe COCTO~Hif1e BOA - YCilOBHO 4WCTbiX,

(26)

coopy>K9Hlii~M111 .qn~ M9xaHII149CKoro, cpii13....,KO·XII1MII149CKOro

111n....,

Ot~~onorll14ecKoro 04111W,eHII1~.

HeAOCTaTKOM C03AaHHbiX CII1CT9M AflW Ha0moA9HW 3a 4....,CTOToVI ...., Ka4eCTBOM BOA B Haw9&i1 cTpaH9 MoryT ObiTb yKa3aHbl cneAYIOW.""9 KOHCTaTa'-'111lll:

- H9 C03AaH A03111M9Tpii149CKII1~ KOHTponb 3a Ha0n10A9H1119M 3arp~3H~IOW.""X Bew,ecTB B p9Kax 111 BHYTP9HHliiX BOA09Max 111 111CT04HII1Kax, KOTOpb19 ~Bn~IOTC~

np1114111HO&i1 3arp~3H9H....,R

- HeAOCTaT04HO&i1 ~Bn~9TC~ nocTyna10w,a~ liiHcpopMa'-'111~ oT 04111W,a10....,X cTaH'-'111&11. HeoOxoAII1M KOHTponb 3a 3cpcpeKTII1BHOCTbiO paOoTbl coopy>K9HII1&i1. HeAOCTaT04Ha t11HcpopMa4111st oO oOpa0oTK9 TII1Hbl: cTa0....,n....,3a'-'""~' o09AH9HII19, 0093BOAH9HII1e, '-'9HTp111cpyrll1pOBaHllle, cp....,nbTpll1pOBaHII19, A93liiHcp9K4111POBaHII1e, a TaK>K9 06 111CnOflb30BaHII1111 TII1Hbl • KOMnOCT111pOBaHII19, coxpaH9Hlll9, p9KynbTII1Ba4lllst, C>KII1raHII19, 111 AP·

- CTaTII1CTlii49CK09 Ha0niOA9HII1e He Mo>KeT onp9Aenii1Tb pa3nlii4Hbl9 yObiTKII1 BOAbl lll npii14111Hbl noT9pll1- H9COB9PW9HCTBO B T9XHonorllllll,

nnoxoe

cocTo~HII19

BOAOnpoBOAHO&i1 ceTII1, yT94Ka 1113 coopy.>t<eH....,&i1 B AOMax 111 T.A.

- He conocTaBn~IOTC~ ...., He aHan~3111PYIOTC~ npOlii3BOACTB9HHbl9 pacXOAbl no BOAOCHa6>K9HII110 ...., BOA004....,CTKII1 ...., APYrii1X ycnyr, CB~3aHHbiX C BOAOnonb30BaHlii9M pa3nii14HbiX KaTeropll1&i1 BOA.

- H9 np....,M9H~9TC~ cpyHK4....,0HanbHbl&i1 111 3Konorii149CKII1&i1 nOAXOA np111 o'-'9HK9 Ka49CTBa BOA. 3TO 03Ha4a9T, 4TO Ka49CTBO BOAbl Ha6fl10Aa9TC~ C T04KII1 3p9HII1~ 99 ynoTp96fl9HII1~ 49flOB9KOM 111 npOMbiWfl9HHOCTbiO, a H9 C T04KII1

3p9H&!1~ B03MO}f(HOCT&!1, 4T06bl oHa Obma CP9AO&i1 Afl~ M9CTa oOt~~TaHlll~ pa3nlii4HbiX 49HHbiX B111AOB pbiO, pacTII1T9nbHOcT....,, 69HToca, cp&!lTO - 111 3oonnaHKTOHa &!1 TaK>K9 CP9AO~ An~ p9Kp9a4111111. TpaAII141110HHbl9 AaHHbl9 o Ka49CTB9 BOAbl H900XOAII1MO B 6YAYW.9M MOAlllcpii14111POBaTb 111 paCKpbiBaTb CBO&i1CTBa BOAHbiX 3KOCII1CT9M (Hanpii1Mep, A111HaMII1KY np9BpaW,9HII1~ 3H9prlllll1, '-'111Kfl nii1TaHII1~, KII1CflOPOAHbl&i1 6anaHC, COCTaB 01110Ta, B03MO>KHOCTb

o0Hapy.>t<II1BaHII1~ 3arp~3H9HII1~, Kpii1T11149CKII19 noporoBbl9 rpaHII14bl 01110Ta, CTeneHII1 A9rpaAa4111111 3KOCliiCT9Mbl 111 T.r.).

- 0T49T TOnflii1BHOrO 111 paAII1a41110HHOrO 3arp~3H9HII1SI OTXOAHbiX BOA.

- npoHII1KHOB9HII19 3arp~3H9HII1~ 49p93 rocy.qapCTB9HHbl9 rpaHII14bl 4epHOrO Mop~ ...., AyHa~.

- YH111Q:>1114111POBaHII1e HOpMaTII1BOB Ka4eCTBa noB9pXHOCTHbiX, nOA39MHbiX 111 MOpCKII1X BOA, C T04KII1 3p9HII1~ B03MO>KHOCTII1 cpaBH9Hlll~ CTaTII1CTII149CK111X Ha0niOA9HII11f1 CO BC9MII1 CTpaHaMII1 EBpOnbl.

(27)

29 1 • METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENT AL STATISTICS

MOp~ OCTaiOTC~ nOLIT~ He~3MeHHbiM~ nocne BTopoV! M~pOBOVi BOV!Hbl (1 C. 2).

8 OTpacn~ "CellbCKOe X03f!ViCTBO" CTaT~CT~'-4eCKa~ ~HcpOpMaU.~~ oxsaTbiBaeT CTPYKTYPY X03SfV!CTBeHHOV! ~ oOpaOaTbiBaeMoV! 3eMn~, s TOM 1.4~cne nonf!, ecTeCTBeHHble nyra, nacTO~LI.\a, cTa6~nbHble Haca>KAeH~~, Kapbepbl, PYAH~K~, HeaccpanbT~posaHHble AOpor~, napK~, 3aCTpoeHHble nnow.aA~ ~

ABOpbl (1 C. 342). BeAeTC~ OT'-4eT OC80eHHbiX, 3a0poweHHbiX,

cna6onpOAYKT~BHbiX 3eMellb, peKyllbT~B~pOBaHHbiX nllOLI.\aAelil, ~3b~TOrO

vyxycHoro noLIBeHHOro nnacTa (6 c. 324). 3a peKyllbT~8~posaHHble nllOLI.\aA~ yKa3bl8aeTc~ KaK~M~ oH~ Oblll~ AO 3Toro: OTKpbiTble PYAH~K~, Kapbepbl, WllaKOBble OTBallbl, 3aCTpOeHHble MeCTa, AOpor~, KaHallbl, 80AOXpaH~ll~LI.\a,

nyCTYIOLI.\~e MecTa. CTaT~CT~LiecK~ HaOntOAatOTC~ ,.., noTpeOneHHble x~M~LiecK~e ~ O~onor~LiecK~e cpeACT8a pacT~TellbHOVI 3aW.~Tbl, x~M~LiecK~e

YA06peH~~, HaBo3, KOMnocT ~ Ha803Ha~ >K~AKOCTb (6. c. 331).

0TAellbHO~ eA'-1H~l.\e~ Ha01110AeH~Sf Sf8llSfiOTC~ nllOLI.\aA'-1, 3aHSfTble 3ali.\~W.eHHbiM~ np~pOAHbiM~ oObeKTaM~ HaPOAHbiM~ napKaM~,

3anoBeAH~KaM~, np~pOAHbiM~ np~pOAOnp~MeLiaTellbHOCT~M~, 3ali.\~W.eHHbiM~

MeCTHOCT~M~ ~ ~CTOp~LieCK~M~ MeCTaM~ (1. C. 489).

CTaT~CT~'-4eCKOe Ha61110AeH~e O COCTO~H~~ n0'-48 8eAeTC~ Ha ypoBHe

BeAOMCT8a ~HCT~TYTOM n0'-4B08eAeH~fl. 8 CTpaHe COCTaBlleHa KapTa n0'-48

HaceneHHbiX MecT. CosepwaeTc~ ,.., aHan~3 COAep>KaH~~ a3oTa, cpoccpopa, Kall,..,Sf ~ M&o1Kp0311eMeHT08 B 3aCef!HHbiX nllOUJ.aA~X ll1 8 3aB~Cli1MOCTll1 OT 8li1Aa cenbCKoxo3~VICT8eHHOVI KYllbTYPbl, KOTopo~ 6yAeT 3ace~Ha AaHHa~ nnow.aAb,

t.1 peKoMeHAYIOTCSf HOpMbl AllSf Xli1Mll14eCKli1X YA06peHll1~. 3Ta li1HcpopMal.\,..,Sf

HeA-ocTaTOLIHa ~ He MO>KeT ~cnonb308aTbC~ All~ 3Konor~LieCKli1X nporH030B. 3acall~8aHll1e ~ 3aOOI104li1BaHll1e nOLIB · npOAOI1>Kli1TellbHbiVI npOL\eCC ll1 np~HSfTble 808peM~ Mepbl Morn~ Obl npeAOT80p,..,Tb 3KOHOMll14eCKll1e y6biTK~ t.1 noTep,.., nllOAOPOAHOVI 3eMI1~. CLI~TaeM, LITO C 3KOllOrll14eCKOV! TOLIK~ 3peHli1Sf 8a>KHO HaOlliOAaTb pH n048bl, Y4li1TbiBaTb COAep>KaH~e XllOP,..,A08 ~ Hli1TpaT08 s BOAe All~ opoweH~~ ~ KocseHHO nporH03ll1posaTb 3aconeHll1e noi.4B.

4. 4eTBepTOe HanpasneH~e CTan1CTll14eCKOrO HaOI110AeHli1Sf OX8aTbl8aeT

HaceneHHble nyHKTbl. PaccMaTpll18aH~e HaceneHHbiX MecT KaK 3KoTon

npeAno11araeT onpeAeneHHble napaMeTpbl: AOMa ,.., nnow.aAb, KOTopytO OHl-1 3aH,..,MatOT, yn,..,LIHble npocTpaHCT8a, o3eneHeHHble MecTa ,.., ObiTosoe 00CllY>K,..,BaHll1e (BOAa, KaHallll13aLJ.ll1~, 3lleKTp~cp,..,KaLJ.ll1~, Tennocp,..,KaLJ.,..,~, 6aH,..,, npa4e4Hble, rocTli1Hll1l.\bl). (1, c. 393, 562).

PaccMaTpeHll1e HaceneHHbiX nyHKTOB KaK 3Koc,..,cTeMbl TpeoyeT li1HcpOpMal..\ll110 O HaceneHl/1,.., ,.., ero >K,..,3HeHHOM ypOBHe. 111HcpOpMal.\,..,Sf O

COCTO~Hll1ll1 ~ ,..,3MeHeHll1,.., HaceneHl/1~ ~BllSfeTC~ pe3yllbTaTOM peryllSfpHbiX nepen,..,ceVI, BKlliOLI,..,TellbHO c KOHLJ.a 1985 roAa. HanpasneHll1e aHTponoreHHoro

(28)

pa3BLIITLI!e OTpaCnLII MaTepLIIaflbHOro npOl43BOACTBa L'l T . .q ..

3TO B03Ae~CTBLI!e noKa He Y'"ILIITbiBaeTCH npstMO, a KOCBeHHO pa3flLII'"IHbiMl4 napaMeTpaMLII.

0ALIIH &.13 Hl4X CBH3aH C TBep.qbiMLII OTXO.qaMLII 6biTOBbiMIA, npOMbiWneHHbiMLII lA cenbCKoxoast~CTBeHHbiMLII. OObeKTOM perynstpHoro CTaTLI!CTLII4eCKOrO Ha0ntOAeHLI!H HBflH-IOTCH OanaHC 111 L113MeHeHIIIe OTXOAOB: Haniii4HOCTLII e Ha'"lane roAa, nony4eHHble oT APYrlllx npeAnPLIIHTLII~, reKyUJ.IIIe OTXOAbl B npOLII3BOACTBe, OTXOAbl, nepeAaHHble .qpyrLIIM npeAnpiiiHTIIIHM 111 OCTaTK&.1 B KOH4e ro.qa. 8 npOMbiWfleHHO~ CTan1CTl4Ke Y'"ILIITbiBatoTCfl 6onee 54 BLII.QOB OTXO.QOB, _B CeflbCKOM X03fi~CTBe - Macca y.qoOpeHLII~, OTXO,[\bl >KIIIBOTHOrO L'l paCTIIITeflbHOrO npOLIICXO>K.qeHLI!H L'l OCaAKLII B 0'-IIIIUJ.atOUJ.LIIX CTaH4LIIHX. 8 HenpOL113BOACTBeHHO~ ccpepe Y'"ILIITbiBaiOTCH HOB000pa30BaHHble orxo,qbl, nepepaOoraHHble"' ,qenoHLI!posaHHble ObiTOBble OTXOAbl 111 oca,qKIII oT CTaH4LIIIil 0'-ILI!WeHLI!H.

Orxo,qbl Y4111TbiBaiOTCH TOilbKO KOnLII4eqTseHHO, a KaK nnow.aAl-1 OHLII He Y4LIITbl8aiOTCH, T.e. KaK aeMnst "' ro onpe,qeneHHO~ KaTeropLIILII l4 npl4ro.qHOCTl4 ,qnst L~~cnonb308aHLIIH ,qnst Hapo,qHoxoast~CT8eHHbiX Hy>K,q •

.QpyrLIIM napaMerpoM st8ns:teTcs:t per111crpa4LIIH wyMo8oro ypo8HH ropo,qo8 l4 HaOntO,qaeMbiX nyHKT08. 8 HeKOTOpbiX ropo,qax KaK 8 Cocp111111, 8pa4e, C03AaHbl KapTbl WyMa L'l perynstpHO np080AHTCH npe,q8apLIITeflbHble l43MepeHLIIH 8 onpe,qeneHHbiX nyHKTax.

3arpst3HeHLIIe 8oa,qyxa 8 HaceneHHbiX nyHKTax o0s:t3bl8aer coa,qaHIIIe 8 Oy,qyw.eM CIIICTeMbl npe,qynpe>K,qeHLIIH HaceneHLIIH O nOs:t8fleHH&.1e CMOra, KLIICflbiX ,qo>K,qe~, aarpst3HeHl4fl coe,ql4HeHl4HMl4 xnopa "' .qp.

5. nstTOe Hanpa8neHIIIe CTaTLIICTl-1'-leCKOrO Ha6ntO,qeHLIIH - Qllr1T04eH03. CI>IIIT04eH03 - 3TO CaMast CyUJ.eCT8eHHas:t 4aCTb ,qaHHOrO 0LII04eH03a L'l

onpe,qensttOW.ee 38eHo e 3KOCir1CTeMe - npo,qy4eHT. OH TpaHccpopMLIIpyer a01r10T&.14eCKir1e, He>KLII8ble Xl4Ml44eCK&.1e 3fleMeHTbl 8 >Kl48YIO opraH&.14eCKYIO MaTepiiiiO L'l nocpe,qCTBOM QlOTOCLIIHTe3a 8KfliO'"IaeT 8 3TY MaTepiiiiO C8eTilYIO COilHe'"IHYIO 3Heprlr110, KOTOpas:t TpaHCcpOpMIIIpyeTCH 8 XLIIM&.14eCKytO.

(29)

31 1 • METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS

xapaKTep"'3YJOTCR no KnaccaM Bo3pacTa, nonHOTe "' ooH"'TeTe "' no npo4eHTaM nec"'CTOCT"' "' .qpesecHoro 3anaca o necHbJX X03Hii1cTsax o6nacTelil (1 4· 292. 293).

8 cpnopy bonrap"'"' BXO.QRT OKOJlO 3560 B"'.QOB BbiCW"'X pacTeHII1Ji1, KOTOpble COOTBeTCTBeHHO OTHOC~TC~ K 861 BII1AaM 111 143 CeMb~M. 8 "KpaCHYIO KH111ry HP bonrap111111" sKnJ04eHbJ 763 s111.qa np111Ha.qne>Kall.\111X K 373 po.qaM 111 107 ceMb~M, o KOTOpblX AaHbJ cee.qeHII1~, p111cyHKII1 111 xpoHonorll14eCKII1e KapTbJ. 1113 HII1X y>Ke 111C4e3Jlll1 31 BII1.Qa, no.q yrp030C1 111C4e3HOBeHII1~ 153 BII1.Qa 111 574 BIIIAa, KOTOpble 04eHb pe.qKO BCTpe4aJOTC~.

Ha rocy.qapcTeeHHOM yposHe Ha6nJOAaJOTC~ K0111114eCTBeHHO ypo>Kali1HOCTb 111 3ace~HHa~ nnoll.\aAb cenbcKoxo3~lilcTBeHHbJMII1 KYllbTypaMII1, a TaK>Ke .QOCTaBneHHbJe X111MII14eCKII1e y.qo6peHII1~ 4111CTOrO Bell.\eCTBa (a30THbJe, cpoccpopHble, Kanll1eBbJe) 111 XII1M1114eCKII1e cpeACTBa TaK>Ke 4111CTOrO Bell.\eCTBa, s TOM 4111cne rep6111~111Ab1. An~ npeAnPII1~TII1lil 111 AllH arpapHo-npoMbJwneHHbJX KOMnJleKCOB, KOTOpble "'CnOJlb3YIOT XII1M1114eCKII1e cpeACTBa, aHaJ11113111pytOTC~

6onee nOAP06HO XII1MII14eCKII1e cpeACTBa B 0611.\eM KOJ11114eCTBe no BII1.QaM:

111HCeKTII1~111Ab1, cpyHr0~111Abl, cpyMII1raHTbl, rep6111~111Abl, po.qeHTII1BII1.Qbl, .qecponll1aHTbl, AeCII1KaHTbJ, HeMaT04111Abl. YnoTpe6neHHbJe All~ 3all.\111Tbl pacTeHII1C1 6111onor1114ecK111e cpe.qcTsa aHanii13111PYJOTC~ no oxsaTbJBaeMOIÌI nnoll.\a.QIIl pacTeHII1lil.

8 Ka4eCTBe He.QOCTaTKa C03.QaHHOilt B CTpaHe CII1CTeMbl HaOllJO.QeHII1R 3a cpii1TO~eH030M MO>KHO Ha3BaTb:

- He.qocTaTOK IIIHTerplllpOBaHHbiX .qaHHbiX O Hallll14111111 neCTII1~111.QOB B npo.qyKTaX

nii1TaHII1~ _{no HaceneHHbJM nyHKTaM 111 no cTpaHe, no BII1AaM npOAYKTOB 111}

npOII13BOA111Tenelil.

- CTaT111CTII14eCKOe Ha6JlJOAeHII1e 3a HaJ11114111eM HecpTonpOAYKTOB 111 T~>KeJlbiX

MeTaJlllOB B npOAYKTaX nii1TaHII1~ 111 KOpMaX no HaceneHHbiM nyHKTaM.

- Y4eT paA1110aKTII1BHoro 3arp~3HeHII1~ s npOAYKTax n111TaH111~ 111 KOpMax no HaceneHHbiM nyHKTaM.

- Y4eT 111cnonb30BaHHbJX XII1M1114ecxll1x cpeACTB e arpapHo - npoMbJWJleHHbJX KOMnJleKCaX 111 OTKJlOHeHII1e OT npe.qellbHO AOnyCTII1MbiX KOH4eHTpa~II1L.1 111 HaKonneHII1e eT npownbJX neT.

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3apa.>KeH~s:r.

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33

1 • METHOOOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENT AL STATISTICS

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e) Ha oo~eeeponeVICKOM ypOBHe H900XOAIIIMO CTaTif1CTif149CKOe Ha6niO.q9Hif19 ...., y4eT 3a~lf1ll.\9HHbiX nplf1pO.qHbiX 00b9KTOB B Tpex KaTerOpiii.AX • rno6anbHOH, eeponeVIcKoV! ...., HaL.J.IIIOHanbHOVI 3Ha41f1MOCTif1. Heooxo.qlf'IMO coa.qaHif1e "KpacHoVI KHif'lflf1 EBpOnbl" B H9CKOflbKif1X TOMaX - O BbiCWIIIX paCT9Hif'I.AX, Hlf13Wif'IX paCT9Hif'I.AX, .>Kif'IBOTHbiX, pbiOaX, nTif1L.J.aX, HaCeKOMbiX C lf1X M9CTOOOif1TaHif19M . .>K) npe.qnaraeM .qn.A OOCY>KA9Hif'I.A TaK.>Ke npo6neMy CTaTIIICTif149CKOrO HaOfliOA9Hif'I.A, nocne 3KCneplf1M9HTIIIpOBaHIIIS1 B H9KOTOpbiX eeponeV!CKIIIX rocy.qapcTeax, cpoTOCIIIHTe3111PYIO~eVI cnoco6HOCTif1 .qpeeeCHbiX BIIIAOB 111 lf13M9H9Hif'IH pH n04B, KaK lf1HAif1KaTopa Bpe.qHOCTIII Klf'ICflbiX .qo.>K.qeV!. AnbTepHaTif1BHbtVI nyTb - opraHif13aU.If'I.A o6~eeepone&.1cKoro cTaTif1CTif14ecKoro HaOfliOA9Hif'I.A 111 MOHIIITOplf1Hf 041f1CTHbiX COOpy>KeHIIIH Tenn03fl9KTPIII49CKif1X 3fl.9KTpOCTaHL.J.IIIH, aBTOMOOif'lflbHOrO TpaHCnOpTa, npOMbiWfl9HHbiX npe.qnpiii.ATIIIH 111 Xlf1Mif149CKIIIX 3aBOAOB 111 KOCB9HHbiM nyTeM - nocpe.qCTBOM y4eTa KanaL.J.IIITeTa, npou.eHTa Bbt6poweHHbtx raaoe 111 npeo6na.qa10~111x B03AYWHbiX T949Hif1H BKfli04111Tb HOBbl9 CTaTIIICTif149CKif19 napaMeTpbl,

xapaKT9p1113YIO~If'le 41f1CTOTY B03.qyxa.

B o.qHoM .qoKna.qe He MoryT 6btTb aHanlf131f1poeaHbl npooneMbt cTaTIIICTif1Kif1

oKpy.>KaiO~eVI cpe.qbt. C yceoeHif'leM 3Konor!f149CKOV! KYflbTYPbl ...., np111Bbi4Kif1, e

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35

1 • METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENT AL STATISTICS

pa.q111oaKT1!1BHOCTbJO, ynbrpa3BYKOM, oca.qKaMI.1 041!1CTHbiX craHU.1.11il, MaccoVI

HaB03a B >Kii1BOTHOBOACTBe 111 .qaTb noKa3aTei11.1 1.1X y4eTa.

n~TEPATYPA

1. CTaTI.1CTI.14ecKii1 ro.qi.1WHI!1K Ha Hapo.qHa Peny6111.1Ka 6onrap1.1~, 1986 r., L\CY

np1.1 MC.

2. X111.qponor1.14eH ro.qi.1WHII1K 1982, rY, XM, C., 1986 r.

3. Hape.q6a 3a li1MYW.eCTBeHI.1 caHKLJ.I.11!1 np1.1 3aMbpC~BaHe Ha B03.qyxa, BOAI.1Te

1.1 no4Bara -

A.

B. 6p. 30/78 r.; 44/79 p.

4. Hape.q6a N

=

68 3a onpe.qen~He 3aMbpC~BaHeTo Ha noBbpXHOCTHI.1Te BOAI.1

- A.

B. 6p. 6/1976 p.

5. ECE/Watez/43. C111creMbl craTI.1CTI!14ecKii1 BOAHbiX pecypcoB B perli1oHe E3K, OOH, HbJO-HopK, 1986.

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1 - METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS

SUMMARY

37

1 · METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE

ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS

Authors: S. Nedyalkov and T. Alchev

Paper submitted by the Centrai Statistica/ Office, Bulgaria.

Environmental statistics are an integrai part of official statis-tics in Bulgaria. The need to produce these statisstatis-tics arises from the constitutional obligation to protect the environment. The pol-icy of environmental protection is governed by a number of legai instruments adopted in the '70s.

Some difficulties are encountered in framing the methods of environmental statistics. These difficulties stem from specific

fea-tures of the subject - systems of indicators on protection of the

natura! environment, and the forms, methods and organizational aspects of statistica! activity in this sphere.

lt is the ecosystem that is studied in environmental statistics. An ecosystem is regarded as a biologica! macrosystem that is a dialectical unity of the ecotope and its biocenosis. lt is therefore essential to have regard to the qualitative characteristics of the subjects under investigation when organizing and carrying out statistica! research.

The matters investigated in statistica! observations of the en-vironment in Bulgaria are the air, the Earth's interior, soils, water resources, noise, topography and protected natura! objects, cli-matic factors, solid wastes, and the vegetable and animai king-doms. Observations are carried out at both centrai and departmen-tal levels.

Detailed consideration is given to the statistica! observations made in our country and to the ecologica! indicators that charac-terize them. The observations are carried out daily in large part, but at various intervals for living organisms.

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The statistica! unit coincides with the subjects of statistica! study, i.e. observations are made for the parameters of the air, waters, soils, noise, etc.

The qualitative statistica! characteristics under observation are defined in written standards. They are essentially indicators of the maximum permissible levels of pollution of the environmen-tal subject under observation, for determination of the quality of the environment, and quantitative indicators in the case of solid wastes, the vegetable and animai kingdoms, minerai resources etc.

Statistica! observations in Bulgaria are organized on the

sec-toral principle - in industry, agriculture and forestry, in health

care, in housing and utilities, and in domestic services - by

specific subjects in environmental statistics.

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1 - METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS

RESUME

39 1 · BASES METHODOLOGIQUES DE

L'ELABORATION DES PARAMETRES UTILISES

DANS LES STATISTIQUES ECOLOGIQUES

Auteurs: S. Nedialkov et T. Altchev

Document soumis par I'Office centrai de la statistique, Bu/garie.

Les statistiques écologiques en Bulgarie font partie inté-grante des statistiques de I'Etat. La création de ce secteur statisti-que découle de l'obligation constitutionnelle de protéger l'environ-nement. La politique de protection de l'environnement est régie par une série de textes réglementaires des années 70.

L'élaboration d'une méthodologie des statistiques écologi-ques n'est pas chose aisée, vu la spécificité de son champ d'appli-cation, qu'il s'agisse d'établir des systèmes d'indicateurs pour la protection de l'environnement ou de définir les formes, les métho-des et les critères d'organisation métho-des activités statistiques dans ce domaine.

Les statistiques écologiques étudient l'écosystème. Celui-ci est considéré comme un macrosystème biologique englobant dans une unité dynamique l'écotope et sa biocénose. D'où la nécessité de tenir compte des caractères qualitatifs de l'ensemble observé lorsqu'on organise et réalise des études statistiques.

En Bulgarie, le champ d'investigation des statistiques écolo-giques comprend le bassin atmosphérique, les ressources miniè-res, les sols, les ressources en eau, le bruit, le paysage et les sites naturels protégés, les facteurs climatiques, les déchets solides,

la faune et la flore. Ces observations sont effectuées à l'échelon

de I'Etat et des départements.

Les données d'observation statistique font l'objet dans notre pays d'un examen attentif, au meme titre que les indicateurs éco-logiques qui les caractérisent. Les observations, en grande partie continues, sont effectuées avec une périodicité variable pour les organismes vivants.

Les ensembles statistiques à observer comprennent le

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diffé-rents écosystèmes que lorsque ceux-ci correspondent à des uni-tés administratives (par exemple les réserves naturelles, les sites protégés, etc.).

A une unité d'observation statistique correspond un champ d'investigation, par exemple les paramètres de l'air, des eaux, des sols, du bruit, etc.

Les caractères qualitatifs selon lesquels est menée l'investi-gation statistique sont fixés par la réglementation: ce sont les indicateurs des concentrations maximales admissibles de pol-luants dans l'ensemble observé, pour ce qui est de la qualité du milieu, et les indicateurs quantitatifs correspondant aux déchets

solides, à la faune et à la flore, aux ressources minérales, etc.

En Bulgarie, les champs d'investigation statistique sont sec-toriels: industrie, agriculture et sylviculture, transports, santé publique, gestion municipale des logements et services d'utilité courante dans les ensembles observés aux fins· des statistiques écologiques.

L'analyse du contenu, la portée des paramètres, la périodicité de la collecte de données dans les différents ensembles observés permettent de dégager certaines conclusions concernant

l'élabo-ration d'une, méthodologie statistique propre à répondre aux

besoins de notre pays comme à c'eux de I'Europe tout entière. La

principale conclusion est qu'on ne met encore guère à profit les

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41

1 - METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE ELABORATION OF ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS USED IN ENVIRONMENT AL STATISTICS

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