Subject Index

(1)

Subject Index

CMYK

A

_/` ratio 231 _/` value 224

abdominal compression 278 acceptance test 436 accidents 427

ACR, see American College of Radiology action level 435, 442

active

– breathing control 279, 308 – contour 23

– source length 389, 391 – tracking 340

adaptive radiotherapy 2, 5

advanced single-slice rebinning (ASSR) 71, 72 AEC, see automatic exposure control afﬁ ne transformation 44

air kerma strength 243 algebraic reconstruction 12 algorithm

– convolution 191 – dose optimization 380 – evolutionary 248 – genetic 248, 380

– gradient-based optimization 248 – histogram-reduction 226 – linear optimization 213 – marching cubes 24, 25 – of Feldkamp 71 – of Monte Carlo 197, 198 – optimization 212

– pencil beam 188, 190, 197, 356 – ray-tracing 183

– region growing 21 – shear warp 26 – superposition 191, 194 – tracking-based 25

American Association of Physics in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 430

American College of Radiology (ACR) 54 – NEMA 55

anatomical atlas 24 – 3D 37

angiogram 390 angioplasty 390, 391 anisotropy function 244 anthropomorphic phantom 416 aperture design 433

archiving 58

arterio-venous malformation (AVM) 106–108, 110, 271 ASSR, see advanced single-slice rebinning

atlas 37 ATSM-PET 173

automated image pre-processing 23 automatic exposure control (AEC) 74 AVM, see arterio-venous malformation B

balloon implantation 398 – MammoSite RTS 403 balloon-cavity conformance 404 bang gel 415

baseline value 435

basic dosimetry for dose algorithm production 412 beam

– angles 212 – calibration 438 – eye view 181 – monitoring 352 – orientation 212 beam-shaping device 257 BED, see biologically effective dose biological

– imaging 175 – model 221

– target volume 168, 170 – treatment planning 379

biologically effective dose (BED) 224 block format 53

blocking tray factor 439

blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) 106, 110 – contrast 104, 105

– venography 107, 108 boundary tracking 22 brachytherapy 5, 237 – coronary 393 – interstitial 398

– intravascular, based on beta sources 393 – partial breast 397

– permanent implant 379 – vascular 389

Bragg peak 205, 345, 365 brain glioma 113, 115 breath-hold technique 279, 305 breathing motion 337 B-spline transformation 45 BTV 175

C

Canny operator 22

cell survival after charged particle irradiation 230 centering balloon 393

(2)

CMYK

central axis

– percentage depth 438, 440 – wedge transmission factor 439 CGE, see Cobalt Gray equivalent chain

– of procedures 432 – of radiotherapy 2 chamber phantom 416 charged particle – irradiation – – cell survival 230 – therapy 5 chart review 445 choline (Cho) 116 chondrosarcoma 373 chordoma 373

classiﬁ cation method 21 claudication 393 clinical – evaluation 432 – target length 391

– target volume (CTV) 168, 175, 251 Cobalt Gray equivalent (CGE) 229 COIN, see conformal index collapsed cone 192 collimator

– and head leakage 437 – axis of rotation 437 – ﬁ eld size indicator 437 – scatter factor (CSF) 189 colour-wash technique 184 commissioning 437

Committee Radiological Oncology (ARO) 431 comprehensive quality management program 429 Compton scatter 199

cone-beam – CT 70

– reconstruction 11 conformal

– index (COIN) 251, 252 – radiotherapy 2

conformational radiation therapy (CRT) 257 congruence of light and radiation ﬁ eld 437 constraint 208, 209

convergence error 194 convolution algorithm 191 coronary brachytherapy 393 cosmetic result 405 costlet 209

CRE, see cumulative radiation effect creatine (Cr) 116

critical

– element model 226 – structures 167, 169 – volume model 227

CRT, see conformational radiation therapy CSF, see collimator scatter factor

CT 257 – 16-slice 77

– 4D 83, 85, 86, 305, 307 – calibration 202 – cone beam 71 – gated 77, 83

– helical 93 – number 32 – values 69

Cu-ATSM 134, 141, 144

cumulative radiation effect (CRE) 223 Cyberknife 338

– Image-Guided Radiosurgery System 278 cyclotron 349

– isochronous 349

cylindrical solid water phantom 415 D

data – format 53 – fusion 49 density scaling 192

department‘s policy formulation 430 depth dose curve 189, 194

detection of edges 22 detector row 77 diamond detector 419 diaphragm 304

DICOM 44, 54, 55, 58, 60, 63 – RT 56, 57

digital ﬁ lter 201

digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) 4, 29, 62, 183, 184, 342

DIL, see dominant interprostatic lesion distal edge tracking (DET) 358 DLT, see magnetic tape storage

dominant interprostatic lesion (DIL) 124, 125 dose

– algorithm production 412 – calculation 4, 187 – – accuracy 187, 202 – – in brachytherapy 242 – – of Monte Carlo 188 – distribution – – 3D 4, 193 – – computation 433 – – display 184

– evaluation in brachytherapy 250 – homogeneity 209

– kernel 188–190 – mean dose 209 – optimization – – algorithm 380 – – in brachytherapy 246 – physical criteria 209 – prescribed and delivered 427 – prescribed level 209 – tolerance level 209 dose-response curve 221, 226 dose-volume

– histogram (DVH) 169, 185, 209, 213 – iso-effect curve 226

dosimetry

– measurement 437 – veriﬁ cation 432 Douglas-Fowler plot 224

DRR, see digitally reconstructed radiograph DVH, see dose-volume histogram

dynamic wedge 440

(3)

CMYK

E

EA, see evolutionary algorithm echo-planar imaging (EPI) 102, 104, 105 eddy currents 99

effective dose 73 electron

– contamination 203 – interaction 200 – source 202 – transport 199

electronic portal images (EPI) 62, 413 endorectal

– coil 115 – MRI 124

endovascular brachytherapy (EVBT) 389 energy

– absorption 189 – ﬂ uence 190 – spectrum 189

EPI, see electronic portal images; echo-planar imaging EPID, see electronical portal imaging device

equivalent – dose 222

– uniform dose (EUD) 210, 217 ERD, see extrapolated response dose error 427

ESTRO 434 ethernet 54

EUD, see equivalent uniform dose EVBT, see endovascular brachytherapy evolutionary algorithm (EA) 248 external

– ﬁ ducial 338 – marker 339 extracranial – radiosurgery 278

– stereotactic radiation therapy 277 extrapolated response dose (ERD) 224 F

fan-beam reconstruction 10 fat necrosis 404, 405 FBP 70

FDG, see ﬂ uoro-deoxyglucose feasability search 207 Feldkamp algorithm 71 ferrous sulphate gel 415 ﬁ ducial

– external 338 – internal 338 – marker 46, 339 ﬁ ducial-based respiration – compensation 340 – tracking 341 ﬁ lm 415

– calibration condition 414 – dosimetry 413, 414, 418 – review 446

ﬁ lter 201

fi ltered backprojection 11, 12, 69 fi nite element method 326 fi xed format 53

FLAIR, see ﬂ uid-attenuated inversion recovery

FLT 173 ﬂ uence 189 – map 413 – matrix 190 – transmitted 413

ﬂ uid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) 114 ﬂ uoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) 140, 142

– PET 134, 145, 170–172 FMISO 173

format – block 53 – ﬁ xed 53

– graphic interchange (GIF) 54 – JPEG ﬁ le interchange (JIFF) 54 – tag-/record-based 54

– tagged image ﬁ le (TIFF) 54

forward treatment planning system 3, 213 Fourier

– projection 33 – slice theorem 10 – space 33 fractionation 223 – regime 225

FSU, see functional subunit functional subunit (FSU) 226, 227 G

GA, see genetic algorithm gamma knife 277 gantry 351

– angle indicator 437 – axis of rotation 437 – rotation 203 gated CT 77, 83

genetic algorithm (GA) 248, 380 geometric transformation 43 geometry factor 243

German Association of Radiooncology (DEGRO) 431 German Cancer Association 431

GIF, see graphic interchange format gold

– ﬁ ducial 304 – marker 339

gradient technique 212

gradient-based optimization algorithm 248 graphic interchange format (GIF) 54

gross tumour volume (GTV) 168, 172, 175, 239, 251 – nodal (GTV-N) 168

– primary (GTV-P) 168 GTV, see gross tumour volume H

HDR, see high dose rate helical

– CT 86, 93 – scanning 82

high dose rate (HDR) 242 – brachytherapy 389 high-LET radiation 229, 232 high-pass ﬁ ltering 19

histogram-reduction algorithm 226 Hounsﬁ eld 67, 69

– number 188 – unit 32, 180, 199

(4)

CMYK

hybrid phantom 412, 414 hypofractionation 307 hypoxia 133, 229 I

ICRU report – 24 426 – 46 202 – 50 167, 168, 175 – 60 175 – 62 167–169

IGRT, see image-guided therapy image

– cube 180 – distorsion 102 – fusion 34

– reconstruction 68, 71 – registration 34, 42, 51 – review 446

image-guided therapy (IGRT) 5 image-smoothing technique 19 imaging

– 3D 432 – biological 175 – tumour localization 3 implanted seeds 244 importance factor 209

IMPT, see intensity-modulated proton therapy IMRT, see intensity-modulated radiotherapy infrared

– sensor technique 340 – tracking 338–340

in-stent restenosis in coronary arteries 390 intelligent volume 37

intensity level 212 intensity-modulated

– dosimetric veriﬁ cation 411, 418 – protocol 210

– proton therapy (IMPT) 346, 348, 356, 357 – quality assurance 414

– – pre-treatment 412, 418 – radiotherapy (IMRT) 5 interaction

– coefﬁ cient 201 – process 199, 200

interactive segmentation 25 interlock 436

internal – ﬁ ducial 338 – marker 339

– target volume (ITV) 169, 175

International Atomic Energy Agency 434

Inter-Society Council for Radiation Oncology (ISCRO) 430 interstitial brachytherapy

– in partial breast irradiation 398 intervention length 391

intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) 398

intravascular brachytherapy based on beta sources 393 inverse

– planning 3, 204, 207, 247 – – program 213 – – software 411 – problem 9

ion

– beam therapy 205 – chamber – – dosimetry 415

– – solid water matrix phantom 416 ionisation chamber 415, 428 iridium-192 398, 399 – source 389

irradiated volume 168, 169 ISDN communication 63 isochronous cyclotron 349 iso-dose line 184

ITV, see internal target volume J

jet ventilation 279

JIFF, see JPEG ﬁ le interchange format

Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organi- zations (JCAHO) 430

JPEG 59

– ﬁ le interchange format (JIFF) 54 K

kernel tilting 192 kick-off time 223 L

lactate 116

LAN, see local area network lateral penumbra 189 LDR, see low dose rate lesion length 391

LET, see linear energy transfer linac

– head geometry 202 – isocentre adjustment 421 – view 182

linac-based QA 419 linear

– accelerator 277

– energy transfer (LET) 222, 230, 360, 366 – optimization algorithm 213

– programming 213

linear-quadratic model 223, 231 lipid 116

liquid ionisation chamber array 415 liver tumor 282, 300

local area network (LAN) 54, 59 low dose rate (LDR) 242 lucite cylinder phantom 415 lung tumor 280, 300 Lyman model 226, 227, 232 Lyman-Kutcher model 225 M

magnetic

– resonance imaging (MRI) 172, 180, 257 – – endorectal 124

– – functional 104, 110 – tape storage (DLT) 59 mapping 50

marching cubes algorithm 26, 27 marker

(5)

CMYKCMYK

– external 339 – internal 339 mAs

– product 72 – value 72, 73 mass density 202

mathematical optimization 208 matrix phantom 418

maximum

– intensity projection (MIP) 29, 184 – likelihood classiﬁ er 20

MCD, see mean central dose

MD-CRT, see multidimensional conformal radiotherapy mean

– central dose (MCD) 251 – dose 209

mechanical check 437 median ﬁ ltering 19

Medical-Scientiﬁ c Associations 431 mega-voltage image 184

metal cut-out 440 Mick applicator 380 micro-MLC 265 MIDI 54 minimum

– peripheral dose (mPD) 380 – target dose (MTD) 251

MIP, see maximum intensity projection MLC, see multi-leaf collimator modality

– performed procedure step (MPPS) 60 – worklist management (MWL) 60 modulation wheel 354

Monte Carlo technique 200 – algorithm 197, 198 – dose calculation 188 – – for inverse planning 204 – dose engines 203 – simulation 201, 203 motion artifact 82 moving target 2 MPEG 54

MPPS, see modality performed procedure step MR spectroscopy (MRS) 172, 175, 379 MRI, see magnetic resonance imaging MTD, see minimum target dose multicriteria optimization 216

multidimensional conformal radiotherapy (MD-CRT) 170 multi-disciplinary process 425

multi-leaf collimator (MLC) 5, 204, 257, 289, 413, 439 – accessory type 260

– conﬁ guration in the treatment head 261 – double-focussed 420

– ﬁ eld size 419

– focusing properties 262

– geometrical and mechanical properties 258 – interdigitation 261

– interleaf leakage 263 – leaf transmission 263 – leaf width 259

– leaf-position accuracy test 419 – leaf-speed test 419

– leakage radiation 264

– maximum ﬁ eld size 259 – maximum overtravel 261 – operating modes 265 – optimum leaf width 260 – transmitted intensity 264 multimodality registration 51 multiobjective optimization 247, 248 – evolutionary algorithm 249 multi-planar reconstruction 183 multiple scattering 200 multislice 76

mutual information 35, 47

MWL, see modality worklist management

N

N-acetylasparatate (NAA) 116 NAS, see network attached storage

National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) 54 natural dose volume histogram (NDVH) 251

NDVH, see natural dose volume histogram neck phantom 416

needle insertion 239

NEMA, see National Electrical Manufacturers Association network attached storage (NAS) 59

neutrons 231, 360

new patient planning conference 444 nominal standard dose (NSD) 223 non-coplanar beam 213

non-rigid registration 94 normal anatomy, delineation 180 normal tissue (NT) 213, 246

– probability 1, 208, 217, 221, 223, 379, 426 – – model 225

nozzle 352

NSD, see nominal standard dose NT, see normal tissue

NTCP, see normal tissue complication probability

O

OAR, see organs at risk objective function 209, 210, 247 observer‘s view 181

OER, see oxygen enhancement ratio off-axis ratio 187

open system interconnection (OSI) 54 optical

– distance indicator 437 – guidance 157 – – ultrasound 159 – tracking 158 optimization – algorithm 212 – criteria 208 – parameter 213 organ

– at risk (OAR) 2, 169, 170, 237 – – localization 432

– motion 278

OSI, see open system interconnection output factor 187, 438, 440

oversampling 28

oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) 229

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CMYKCMYK

P

PACS 54, 59 pair production 199

para-aortic lymph node (PALN) 144 parallel-beam reconstruction 10 paraspinal tumor 285

Pareto optimal solution 216 Paris system 398

partial breast 399 – brachytherapy 397 – irradiation 398

– – using high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy 401 – – using low-dose-rate insterstitial brachytherapy 399 particle

– history 199

– scanning technique 355 passive scattering 353 pathlength scaling 192 patient

– data acquisition 433 – identiﬁ cation 428

– immobilization 139, 360, 433 – monitoring equipment 436 – positioning 4, 139, 360, 368, 432, 433 – setup 44

– treatment couch – – axis of rotation 437 – – motion 437

PDD, see percentage depth dose curve penalty factor 209

pencil beam 192

– algorithm 188, 190, 197, 356

percentage depth dose curve (PDD) 411 percutaneous transluminal

– angioplasty (PTA) 389

– coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 389 PEREGRINE system 204

performance characteristic 435 periodic test 441

– for linear accelerator 442 – for TPS 444

permanent

– implant brachytherapy 379 – interstitional implantation 379 PET, see positron emission tomography phase space plan 202

phosphorus-32 390

photoelectric absorption 199 photon

– beam data 438

– collimator jaw motion 437 – ﬂ uence 203

– transport 199

photon-energy spectrum 193 pincushion distortion 99 pitch value 70, 72 plan

– evaluation 433 – implementation 433 planning

– organs at risk volume (PRV) 170 – target length 390, 391

– target volume (PTV) 2, 168, 169, 172, 237, 239, 251

PNG, see portable network graphic point matching 51

policy manual 430

portable network graphic (PNG) 54

positron emission tomography (PET) 167, 180 – MET 172

– CT 43 pre-procesing 18 – automated image 24 prescription 428, 433 primary photons 189 prostate 115, 122 – brachytherapy 379, 380 proton 345

– accelerator 349

PRV, see planning organs at risk volume pseudo-coloring 50

PTA, see percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

PTCA, see percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTV, see planning target volume

Q

QMS, see quality management system QS, see quality system

quality

– assurance (QA) 5, 411, 425 – – clinical aspects 444 – – protocol 435 – audit 433 – characteristic 435

– management system (QMS) 426 – manual 432

– measurement – – project team 430 – system (QS) 425, 427, 434 – – structuring 430 R

radial

– dose function 244 – reference depth 391 radiation

– isocenter 437

– measurement system 428 – survey 437

– treatment planning – – standards 175 radioactive sources – beta 389 – gamma 389 radioisotopes 379 – 125I 380 – 103Pd 380

radiosurgical treatment 421 radiotherapy

– adaptive 2 – chain 2 – conformal 2

– intensity-modulated 5 – intraoperative 398

– multidimensional conformal (MD-CRT) – planning cycle 180

random number 198

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CMYKCMYK

range compensator 354 raster scanning 355 ray casting 29

ray-tracing algorithm 183

RBE, see relative biological efﬁ ciency RDDP, see reference depth dose point real-time position management (RPM) 302 – system 84

reconstruction – algebraic 12 – cone beam 11 – fan beam 10 – multi-planar 183 – parallel beam 10

– simultaneous iterative technique 13 record-and-verify system 57 reference

– depth dose point (RDDP) 391 – isodose length (RIL) 391 – lumen diameter (RLDi) 391 – point 244

region growing algorithm 20 registration 24, 45

– multimodality 51 – non-rigid 94

relative biological efﬁ ciency (RBE) 222, 229, 230, 359, 365 – clinical values 231

– of high-LET radiation 232 – variations for protons 232

renal artery restenosis after dilatation 390 respiratory

– air ﬂ ow 301 – artifact 89, 93 – gating 338 – motion 337, 81

restenosis prophylaxis 392 retrospective sorting 85 rigid transformation 46 RIL, see reference isodose length RLDi, see reference lumen diameter robotic gantry 340

room laser adjustment 421, 422 rotation 46

– matrix 43 32-row scanner 77

RPM, see real-time position management RTP ﬁ le transfer quality assurance 412 S

safety

– characteristic 435 – check 436

SAN, see storage area network SC, see storage commitment scattering system 353 3D scene 184 scoring function 208 SDP, see source dwell position secondary

– collimator 440 – electrons 193

segmented multi-leaf modulation (SMLM) 412 sharpening method 19

shear-warp algorithm 28 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 68 simulation 433

simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique 13 single

– beam veriﬁ cation 413, 415 – objective problem 247

– photon computed emission tomography 167, 180 – – IMT 172

skin collimation 441

skin–balloon surface distance 404 sliding window technique 265 snake 22

SNR, see signal-to-noise ratio SOBP, see spread-out Bragg-peak solid water slab 415

source dwell position (SDP) 246 spatial model 37

speciﬁ c test characteristic 435

SPECT, see single photon computed emission tomography SPGR, see spoiled gradient-echo

spinal tumor 285 spiral CT 11, 70 spirometry 301 spline 44

– transformation 44

spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) 114 spot scanning 355

– dynamic 355

spread-out Bragg-peak (SOBP) 230, 353 stationary random process 323 step-and shoot

– technique 290 – IMRT 412, 418 – mode 212, 265

stereo X-ray imaging 338, 339 stereotactic

– body frame 277 – coordinates 277 – irradiation technique 265 – radiation therapy – – fractionated 278 – – frameless system 278 stopping power 201 storage

– area network (SAN) 59 – commitment (SC) 60 strontium-90 390 subﬁ eld 212

sub-lethal damage 224

superposition algorithm 191, 194 surface

– extraction 26 – matching 46 – rendering 26, 30 – representation 26 surviving fraction 227 synchrotron 349, 350 systematic error 194 T

tag-/record-based format 54 tagged image ﬁ le format (TIFF) 54

(8)

CMYKCMYK

target 203

– volume 167, 427, 429 – – deﬁ nition 433 – – localization 432

TCP, see tumour control probability TDF, see time-dose fractionation teleconferencing 62

telemedicine 60, 61 temporal variation 321

TERMA, see total energy released per unit mass test program 441

TG 43 dosimetry protocol 243

The International Atomic Energy Agency 427 therapeutic

– decision 432 – window 221, 222 therapy simulation 179

TIFF, see tagged image ﬁ le format time-dose fractionation (TDF) 223 tissue

– inhomogeneities 191, 196 – oxygenation 105 – perfusion 108 – tissue–air ratio 187

– tissue–phantom ratio 187, 411 tolerance

– dose 170, 209, 210, 222 – level 435, 442 tomotherapy 295

tongue- and groove effect 290 total

– beam veriﬁ cation 414

– energy released per unit mass (TERMA) 189, 191, 192 – plan veriﬁ cation 413

– scatter factor 411, 419 tracking

– algorithm 24

– respiratory motion 337

– without implanted ﬁ ducial markers 341 transformation

– afﬁ ne 44 – B-spline 45 – geometric 43 – rigid 46

transjugular portosystemic shunt occlusion 390 translation 46

transmitted ﬂ uence 413 transport equation 197, 198 transverse beam proﬁ le 441 treated volume 168, 169 treatment

– execution 428 – nozzle 352

– planning 3, 57, 428, 441 – – 3D 4

– – 4D 81, 88 – – comparison 185 – – data transfer 433

– – evaluation and selection 432 – – optimization 207

– – proton beam therapy 356

– – simulation and dose calculation 432 – veriﬁ cation 61

triangulation 26 tubular object 24 tumour

– biological properties 173 – control 300

– control probability (TCP) 1, 208, 217, 222, 223, 227, 346, 349, 426

– delineation 168 – localization – – imaging 3

– macroscopic margins 170 – response 174

– simulation of growth 229 – tracking system 304

U ultrasound – phantom 157 – 3D imaging 242 uncertainty 442 undersampling 28 Uniformity Index 214 unsharp method 19

V

variance reduction technique 200 vascular brachytherapy 389 venography 106, 110 veriﬁ cation phantom 415 verify and record system 411 virtual

– reality 179

– simulation 57, 61, 179, 180, 184 – source position 441

VMC, see Voxel Monte Carlo volume

– rendering 31, 32 – visualization 27, 37 volumetric imaging 50 voxel model 18

Voxel Monte Carlo (VMC) 204 W

WAN, see wide-area networks warning light 436

WAV 54 weight factor 209

wide-area networks (WAN) 54 windowing technique 18 wobbling 356

X X-ray – imaging 257 – sensor technique 340 – sources 339 Y

yttrium-90 393 Z

z-interpolation 70

(9)

List of Contributors

CMYK

John R. Adler, PhD

Professor, Department of Neurosurgery R-205 Stanford University Medical Center 300 Pasteur Drive

Stanford, CA 94305-5327 USA

N. Agazaryan, PhD

Department of Radiation Oncology, Suite B265 David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA University of California Los Angeles 200 UCLA Medical Plaza

Los Angeles, CA 90096-6951 USA

Dimos Baltas, PhD

Professor, Department of Medical Physics Klinikum Offenbach

Starkenburgring 66 63069 Offenbach am Main Germany

Yazid Belkacémi, MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Centre Oscar Lambret

3 rue Frédéric Combemale 59020 Lille

and University of Lille II France

Rolf Bendl, PhD

Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie

Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Im Neuenheimer Feld 280

69120 Heidelberg Germany

Thomas Bortfeld, PhD

Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital

30 Fruit Street Boston, MA 02114 USA

Lionel G. Bouchet, PhD Vice President

Technology Development ZMed, Inc., Unit B-1 200 Butterﬁ eld Drive Ashland, MA 01721 USA

George T. Y. Chen, MD

Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital

30 Fruit Street.

Boston, MA 02114 USA

Karsten Eilertsen, PhD Department of Medical Physics The Norwegian Radium Hospital University of Oslo

Montebello Ullernchauséen 70 0310 Oslo Norway

Matthias Fippel, PhD

Privatdozent, Universitätsklinik für Radioonkologie Medizinische Physik

Universitätsklinikum Tübingen Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3 72076 Tübingen Germany

K.H. Grosser, PhD

Radiologische Klinik der Universität Heidelberg Abteilung Strahlentherapie

Im Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg Germany

Anca-Ligia Grosu, MD

Privatdozent, Department of Radiation Oncology Klinikum rechts der Isar

Technical University Munich Ismaningerstrasse 22 81675 München Germany Peter Häring

Dipl.-Ing. (FH), Department Medical Physics in Radiotherapy Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum

Jean-Michel Hannoun-Lévi, MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology Centre Antoine Lacassagne 33 avenue de Valombrose 06189 Nice Cedex France

(10)

CMYK

Guenther H. Hartmann, PhD

Professor, Department of Medical Physics in Radiotherapy

Klaus K. Herfarth, MD

Privatdozent, Department of Radiation Oncology University of Heidelberg

Jürgen Hesser, PhD Professor, Department of ICM

Universitäten Mannheim und Heidelberg B6, 23–29, C

68131 Mannheim Germany

Ralf Hinderer, PhD Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie

69120 Heidelberg Germany G. D. Hugo, PhD

Department of Radiation Oncology William Beaumont Hospital 3601 W. Thirteen Mile Road Royal Oak, MI 48073 USA

Oliver Jäkel, PhD

Privatdozent, Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie

Marc Kachelriess, PhD

Professor, Institute of Medical Physics (IMP) University Erlangen-Nürnberg

Henkestrasse 91 91052 Erlangen Germany

Christian P. Karger, PhD

Privatdozent, Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie

Marc L. Kessler, PhD

Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology The University of Michigan Medical School 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Box 0010 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010

USA

Christian Kirisits, DSc

Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology Vienna General Hospital

Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18–20 1090 Vienna

Austria

P. Kneschaurek, PhD

Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology Klinikum rechts der Isar der

Technischen Universität München Ismaninger Straße 22

81675 München Germany S. Kriminski, PhD

Eric Lartigau, MD, PhD

Professor, Chief Department of Radiation Oncology Centre Oscar Lambret

3 rue Frédéric Combemale 59020 Lille

and University of Lille II France

Sanford L. Meeks, PhD

Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology Room W189Z-GH

University of Iowa 200 Hawkins Drive Iowa City, IA, 52242 USA

Erich Minar, MD Department of Angiology Vienna General Hospital Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18–20 1090 Vienna

Austria

Michael Molls, MD

Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology Klinikum rechts der Isar

Technical University Munich Ismaningerstrasse 22 81675 Munich Germany

Sasa Mutic, MS

Professor, Washington University School of Medicine Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology

Siteman Cancer Center 4921 Parkview Place St. Louis, MS 63141 USA

(11)

CMYK

Simeon Nill, PhD

Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie

69120 Heidelberg Germany Uwe Oelfke, PhD

Privat Dozent, Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie

Dag Rune Olsen, PhD

Professor, Institute for Cancer Research The Norwegian Radium Hospital University of Oslo

Montebello Ullernchauséen 70 0310 Oslo Norway

Nigel P. Orton, PhD Medical Physicist

Department of Human Oncology University of Wisconsin Medical School CSC K4/B 100

600 Highland Avenue Madison, WI 53792 USA

Harald Paganetti, PhD Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Fruit Street 30

Boston, MA 02114 USA

Andrea Pirzkall, MD Assistant Adjunct Professor Departments of Radiation Oncology Radiology and Neurological Surgery

University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) 505 Parnassus Avenue, L-75, Box 0226 San Francisco, CA 94143

USA

Richard Pötter, MD

Professor, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology

General Hospital of Vienna Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18–20 1090 Vienna

Austria

Boris Pokrajac, MD

Department of Radiotherapy and Radiobiology Vienna General Hospital

Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18–20 1090 Vienna

Austria

Andreas Pommert, PhD

Institut für Medizinische Informatik (IMI) Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistrasse 52

20246 Hamburg Germany Bernhard Rhein

Dipl.-Ing. (BA), Department Medical Physics in Radiotherapy Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum

Mark A. Ritter, MD, PhD Associate Professor

Eike Rietzel, PhD Siemens Medical Solutions Particle Therapy

Henkestrasse 127 91052 Erlangen Germany

Michael Roberson, BS

Department of Radiation Oncology The University of Michigan Medical School 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Box 0010 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0010

USA

Georgios Sakas, PhD

Professor, Fraunhofer Institut für Graphische Datenverarbeitung Fraunhoferstr. 5

64283 Darmstadt Germany

Lothar R. Schad, PhD

Professor, Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Radiologie

Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Postfach 101949

Wolfgang Schlegel, PhD

Professor, Abteilung Medizinische Physik in der Strahlentherapie

Christian Scholz, PhD Siemens Medical Solutions Oncology Care Systems Hans-Bunte-Str. 10 69123 Heidelberg Germany

(12)

CMYK

Achim Schweikard, PhD Professor, Institute for Robotic and Cognitive Systems

University Luebeck Ratzeburger Allee 160 23538 Luebeck Germany

Timothy D. Solberg, PhD Professor, Medical Physics Department of Radiation Oncology University of Nebraska Medical Center 987521 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198–7521 USA

and

Lisa D. Sprague, PhD

Department of Radiation Oncology Klinikum rechts der Isar

Technical University Munich Ismaningerstrasse 22 81675 Munich Germany

Dmitry Stsepankou Department of ICM

Universitäten Mannheim und Heidelberg B6, 23–29, C

68131 Mannheim Germany S. E. Tenn, MS

Christian Thieke, MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 280

Wolfgang A. Tomé, PhD Associate Professor

N. M. Wink, MS

Di Yan, D.Sc

Director, Clinical Physics Section Department of Radiation Oncology William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, MI 48073-6769 USA

Marco Zaider, PhD

Department of Medical Physics

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue

NewYork, NY 10021 USA

Nikolaos Zamboglou, MD, PhD ProfessorAbteilung Medizinische Physik Klinikum Offenbach

Starkenburgring 66 63069 Offenbach am Main Germany