Constipation Second Edition

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Constipation

Second Edition

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Steven D. Wexner and Graeme S. Duthie

(Eds)

Constipation

Etiology, Evaluation, and Management Second Edition

Foreword by David C.C. Bartolo, MS, FRCS, FRCSE

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Steven D. Wexner, MD, FACS, FRCS, FRCS (Ed)

21st Century Oncology Chair in Colorectal Surgery

Chairman, Department of Colorectal Surgery

Chief of Staff

Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA Professor of Surgery

Ohio State University Health Sciences Center at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation

Columbus, OH, USA

Clinical Professor of Surgery

University of South Florida College of Medicine

Tampa, FL, USA

Clinical Professor of Surgery

Charles E. Schmitt College of Science Florida Atlantic University

Boca Raton, FL, USA

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2005936336

ISBN-10: 1-85233-724-9 e-ISBN 1-84628-275-6 Printed on acid-free paper ISBN-13: 978-1-85233-724-7

1st edition published in 1995 by Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK (ISBN 0750607769)

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.

Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speciﬁc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by con- sulting other pharmaceutical literature.

Printed in the United States of America (BS/MVY) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Springer Science+Business Media springer.com

Graeme S. Duthie, MD, FRCS, FRCSEd Reader in Surgery

University of Hull and

Honorary Consultant Colorectal Surgeon Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust

Castle Hill Hospital Cottingham, UK

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This book is dedicated to my parents, Justice Ira H. Wexner and Arlene L.

Wexner, whose guidance, love, and encouragement kept me focused on my goals. Their nurturing, caring, and support have enabled me to help patients and practitioners throughout the world. Their teachings and values have been the cornerstones of my professional career and, in fact, my entire life.

Steven D. Wexner

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Foreword

Constipation may simply be a symptom that signiﬁes an obsessive desire to defecate with regular frequency. The authors of this text, however, have demonstrated admirably that this nebulous condition often has a multifaceted etiology. I enjoyed reading this excellent text, which covers the gamut of topics related to the etiology, assessment, investiga- tion, and management of constipation. The editors have recruited an international team of exemplary ability and have amassed a very comprehensive and consistent text. The chapters merge imperceptibly with minimal repetition. Novel treatments and the more accepted approaches have been presented in considerable detail. This book should be considered the standard for health care professionals managing functional bowel and allied disorders. It provides a benchmark on how to approach and treat the constipated patient. The majority of the authors have been my esteemed colleagues for a number of years; thus it is with particular pleasure that I am able to share their opinions so ably expressed in their respective chapters. This book demonstrates that coloproctology remains a dynamic specialty that provides a holistic approach to constipation. Manag- ing constipation without understanding the psyche and emotions, together with the background of emotional and physical traumas of life, would be analogous to walking blindfolded.

It has been my pleasure and privilege to have been associated with the editors for some nineteen years and to watch their reputations grow in the international arena. It has been an honor to write the foreword for this book which deserves great success.

David C.C. Bartolo, MS, FRCS, FRCSE Consultant Colorectal Surgeon Western General Hospital Edinburgh, Scotland

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Preface

ix

The subject of constipation has been discussed in a variety of textbooks. Some works have been authored and edited in the field of gastroenterology, some in colorectal surgery, and still others in general surgery. The purpose of the first edition of Consti- pation: Etiology, Evaluation, and Management, which has also been continued in this second edition, was to provide multidisciplinary coverage of a rather difficult and some- times controversial subject. In addition, rather than culling authors from a specific geo- graphic area, the authors for this work have been selected from throughout the world.

As such, excellent contributions and perspectives within this book emanate from throughout Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, North and South America, Asia, and Aus- tralia. This very comprehensively written, authoritatively referenced, and visually enhanced work has strived not only to update the preexisting chapters, but has thor- oughly improved upon the subject matter with more current and relative information.

The interdisciplinary, intercontinental approach has led to the most complete and comprehensive of all available information regarding the evaluation and management of constipation. We trust that you will ﬁnd this book worthwhile and hope that you join us in expressing our very sincere appreciation to the authors for their superlative material.

Steven D. Wexner, M.D., FACS, FRCS, FRCS(Ed) Graeme S. Duthie, MD, FRCS, FRCS(Ed)

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Contributors

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Karim Alavi, MD

Colon and Rectal Surgery Associates, Ltd.

St Paul, MN, USA Adil E. Bharucha, MD

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Mayo Foundation

Rochester, MN, USA Michael Camilleri, MD

Department of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN, USA Giuseppe Clerico, MD

Colorectal Eporediensis Center Unit of Colorectal Surgery Policlinico of Monza Ivrea, Italy

Ara Darzi KBE

Department of Surgical Oncology and Technology

St. Mary’s Hospital Imperial College London London, UK

G. Willy Davila, MD

Chairman, Department of Gynecology Section of Urogynecology and

Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery Cleveland Clinic–Florida Weston, FL, USA

Peter J. Deveaux, MD Department of Surgery

University of Louisville School of Medicine

Louisville, KY, USA

Eli D. Ehrenpreis, MD

Department of Gastroenterology Rush Presbyterian St. Luke’s Medical

Center

Adult Care Specialists Arlington Heights, IL, USA

Noel R. Fajardo, MD

Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN, USA

Joel G. Fletcher, MD Department of Radiology

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Mayo Foundation

Rochester, MN, USA

Susan Galandiuk, MD Department of Surgery

University of Louisville School of Medicine

Louisville, KY, USA

Ezio Ganio, MD

Marc A. Gladman, PhD, MBBS, MRCOG, MRCS

Centre for Academic Surgery and Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit Barts and the London, Queen Mary’s

School of Medicine and Dentistry Royal London Hospital

London, UK

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Olof J. Hallböök, MD, PhD Department of Surgery University Hospital Linköping, Sweden Tracy L. Hull, MD

Department of Colorectal Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA

Hei-ying Jin, MD, PhD

Department of Colorectal Surgery Third Afﬁliated Hospital

Nanjing University of TCM Second Military Medical University Nanjing, China

John F. Johanson, MD, MSc

Rockford Gastroenterology Associates, Ltd.

Rockford, IL, USA

J. Marcio N. Jorge, MD, PhD Department of Gastroenterology University of São Paulo

São Paulo, Brazil Richard E. Karulf, MD

Colon and Rectal Surgery Associates, Ltd.

St. Paul, MN, USA

Michael R.B. Keighley, MS, FRCS, FEWI, MBBS

Tanworth in Arden, UK Hack Jae Kim, MD

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Scottsdale, AZ, USA

Marc A. Levitt, MD

Colorectal Center for Children Division of Pediatric Surgery

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center

Cincinnati, OH, USA

David Z. Lubowski, MD, FRACS Department of Colorectal Surgery St. George Hospital

Sydney, Australia

Carlos M. Lumi, MD, MAAC, MASCRS Department of Surgery and Proctology Universidad de Buenos Aires

Hospital Municipal de

Gastroenterologiea Dr. Bonorino Udaondo

Buenos Aires, Argentina Anders F. Mellgren, MD, PhD

Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery University of Minnesota

Minneapolis, MN, USA Hélio Moreira Jr, MD Department of Surgery School of Medicine Federal University of Goiás Goiania, Brasil

Hélio Moreira, MD, PhD Coloproctology Service Department of Surgery School of Medicine Federal University of Goiás Goiania, Brasil

José Paulo T. Moreira Coloproctology Service Department of Surgery School of Medicine Federal University of Goiás Goiania, Brasil

Arden M. Morris, MD

Department of General Surgery Division of Colorectal Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Neil J. Mortensen, MB ChB, MD, FRCS Department of Colorectal Surgery John Radcliffe Hospital

Oxford, UK

Yaron Munz, BSc, MD

Department of General Surgery and Transplantation

Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Israel

Bengt Yngve Nilsson, MD, PhD Department of Clinical

Neurophysiology

Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge

Stockholm, Sweden

xiv Contributors

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Lucia Oliveira, MD

Department of Anorectal Physiology Policlínica General do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Susan C. Parker, MD

Colon Rectal Surgery Associates University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA John H. Pemberton, MD

Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and

Mayo Foundation Rochester, MN, USA

Alberto Peña, MD, FACS, FAAP Colorectal Center for Children Division of Pediatric Surgery

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center

Cincinnati, OH, USA Benjamin Person, MD

Department of Colorectal Surgery Cleveland Clinic–Florida

Weston, FL, USA Johann Pfeifer, MD

Department of General Surgery University Clinic of Surgery Medical University of Graz Graz, Austria

Ramu Raju, MD

Department of Gastroenterology Cleveland Clinic–Florida Weston, FL, USA

Thanesan Ramalingam, BSc, FRCS Department of Colorectal Surgery John Radcliffe Hospital

Oxford, UK

Luc Alberto Realis, MD Colorectal Eporediensis Center Unit of Colorectal Surgery Policlinico of Monza Ivrea, Italy

Joffre M. de Rezende, MD Department of Gastroenterology School of Medicine

Federal University of Goiás Goiania, Brasil

Guillermo O. Rosato, MD, MAA, FASCRS, MISUCRS

Department of Surgery Universidad de Buenos Aires Universidad Austral

Hospital Provincial Enrique Erill Buenos Aires, Argentina

Raymond B. Sandler, MD Department of Gastroenterology Cleveland Clinic–Florida Weston, FL, USA

S. Mark Scott, PhD

Centre for Academic Surgery and Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit

Barts and the London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry

Royal London Hospital London, UK

Rune I. Sjödahl, MD, PhD, FRCS University Hospital

Linköping, Sweden Lawrence A. Szarka, MD

Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Mayo Clinic

Rochester, MN, USA Mario Trompetto, MD

Dawn E. Vickers, RN

GI-GU Functional Diagnostics Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA Norman S. Williams, MS, FRCS,

FMedSci

Centre for Academic Surgery and Gastrointestinal Physiology Unit

Barts and the London, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry

Royal London Hospital London, UK

Contributors xv

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Shing W. Wong, MD, FRACS Department of Colorectal Surgery St. George Hospital

Sydney, Australia De-hong Yu, MD

Department of Colorectal Surgery Changhai Hospital

First Afﬁliating Hospital

Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China

Jan Zetterström, MD, PhD Department of Clinical

Neuorophysiology

Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge

Stockholm, Sweden Massarat Zutshi, MD

Department of Colorectal Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA

xvi Contributors

Constipation Second Edition

Constipation

Steven D. Wexner and Graeme S. Duthie

Constipation

Etiology, Evaluation, and Management Second Edition

Foreword

Preface

Contents

Contributors