Distribution, occurrence and biotoxin composition of the main shellfish toxin producing microalgae within European waters:
A comparison of methods of analysis
Sara E. McNamee
a, Linda K. Medlin
b, Jessica Kegel
b, Gary R. McCoy
c, Robin Raine
c, Lucia Barra
d, Maria Valeria Ruggiero
d, Wiebe H.C.F. Kooistra
d, Marina Montresor
d, Johannes Hagstrom
e, Eva Perez Blanco
e, Edna Graneli
e, Francisco Rodrı´guez
f,
Laura Escalera
f, Beatriz Reguera
f, Simon Dittami
g, Bente Edvardsen
g, Joe Taylor
h, Jane M. Lewis
h, Yolanda Pazos
i, Christopher T. Elliott
a, Katrina Campbell
a,*
aInstituteforGlobalFoodSecurity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Queen’sUniversity,StranmillisRoad,BelfastBT95AG,UK
bMarineBiologicalAssociationofUK,TheLaboratory,CitadelHill,Plymouth,UK
cMartinRyanInstitute,NationalUniversityofIreland,Galway,Ireland
dStazioneZoologicaAntonDohrn,VillaComunale,80121Napoli,Italy
eLinnaeusUniversity,MarineEcologyDepartment,SE-39182Kalmar,Sweden
fInstitutoEspan˜oldeOceanografı´a,SubidaaRadioFaro50,36390Vigo,Spain
gUniversityofOslo,DepartmentofBiosciences,0316Oslo,Norway
hFacultyofScienceandTechnology,UniversityofWestminster,LondonW1W6UW,UK
iINTECMAR,PeiraodeVilaxoa´n,Villagarcı´adeArosa36611,Spain
1. Introduction
Monitoring programmes in coastal waters have become a necessitybecauseofthepotentialdangerstohumanhealthand thesignificanteconomicimpactsofcontaminated seafoodfrom harmfulmicroalgae.Monitoringofphytoplanktonandtheirtoxins HarmfulAlgae55(2016)112–120
ARTICLE INFO
Articlehistory:
Received4November2015
Receivedinrevisedform16February2016 Accepted16February2016
Keywords:
Harmfulalgalbloom Microarray Biosensor Saxitoxin Okadaicacid Domoicacid
ABSTRACT
Harmfulalgalblooms(HABs)areanaturalglobalphenomenaemerginginseverityandextent.Incidents havemanyeconomic,ecologicalandhumanhealthimpacts.Monitoringandprovidingearlywarningof toxicHABsarecriticalforprotectingpublichealth.Currentmonitoringprogrammesincludemeasuring thenumberoftoxicphytoplanktoncellsinthewaterandbiotoxinlevelsinshellfishtissue.Asthese effortsaredemandingandlabourintensive,methodswhichimprovetheefficiencyareessential.This studycomparestheutilisationofamultitoxinsurfaceplasmonresonance(multitoxinSPR)biosensor withenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)andanalyticalmethodssuchashighperformance liquidchromatographywithfluorescencedetection(HPLC-FLD)andliquidchromatography–tandem massspectrometry(LC–MS/MS)fortoxicHABmonitoringeffortsinEurope.Seawatersamples(n=256) fromEuropeanwaters, collected2009–2011,wereanalysedforbiotoxins:saxitoxinandanalogues, okadaicacidanddinophysistoxins1/2(DTX1/DTX2)anddomoicacidresponsibleforparalyticshellfish poisoning(PSP),diarrheicshellfishpoisoning(DSP)andamnesicshellfishpoisoning(ASP),respectively.
BiotoxinsweredetectedmainlyinsamplesfromSpainandIreland.FranceandNorwayappearedtohave thelowestnumberoftoxicsamples.BoththemultitoxinSPRbiosensorandtheRNAmicroarraywere moresensitiveatdetectingtoxicHABs thanstandardlight microscopyphytoplankton monitoring.
Correlationsbetweeneachofthedetectionmethodswereperformedwiththeoverallagreement,based onstatistical22comparisontables,betweeneachtestingplatformrangingbetween32%and74%for allthreetoxinfamiliesillustratingthatoneindividualtestingmethodmaynotbeanidealsolution.An efficientearlywarningmonitoringsystemforthedetectionoftoxicHABscouldthereforebeachievedby combiningboththemultitoxinSPRbiosensorandRNAmicroarray.
ß2016ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
* Correspondingauthorat:InstituteforGlobalFoodSecurity,SchoolofBiological Sciences,Queen’sUniversity,DavidKeirBuilding,StranmillisRoad,BelfastBT95AG, UK.Tel.:+4402890976535;fax:+4402890976513.
E-mailaddress:[email protected](K.Campbell).
ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect
Harmful Algae
j our na l ho me p a ge : w ww . e l se v i e r . com / l oc a te / h a l
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.008 1568-9883/ß2016ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
