Figures and tables
Figures
Figure 1.1 Jespersen’s structure of tenses 3 Figure 1.2 Reichenbach’s representation of the Past Simple 4 Figure 1.3 Reichenbach’s representation of the Present Perfect 4 Figure 1.4 The system of Italian and English indicative tenses (Bertinetto
1995)
21 Figure 1.5 The construction of ‘Perfect’ forms 26 Figure 1.6 The Present Perfect in Mental Space Theory (Cutrer 1994) 35 Figure 2.1 Complexity and difficulty in communication 74 Figure 3.1 Inclusion and non-inclusion of temporal bounds 86 Figure 3.2 Underlying resultative meaning of Present Perfect interpretations 104 Figure 3.3 The basic ‘resultative centre’ of the Present Perfect system 125 Figure 4.1 The Present Perfect along a naturalness/unmarkedness-markedness
axis 128
Figure 4.2 The Resultative Perfect semantic ‘space’ 131 Figure 4.3 The Perfect of Recent Past, Continuative Perfect and Experiential
Perfect semantic ‘space’
13 2 Figure 4.4 Temporal orientation of the Resultative Perfect 134 Figure 4.5 Temporal orientation of the Perfect of Recent Past 135 Figure 4.6 Temporal orientation of the Continuative Perfect 138 Figure 4.7 ‘Space’ separating event time from utterance time 140 Figure 4.8 Temporal orientation of the Experiential Perfect 141
Tables
Table 2.1 Basic phonological features (Jakobson & Halle 1971) 52 Table 2.2 Syntactic markedness (Battistella 1990) 55 Table 2.3 Markedness status of clause types (Givón 1995) 57 Table 2.4 Frequencies of distribution of active and passive diatheses (Givón
1995) 57
Table 2.5 Some marked and unmarked semantic categories (Battistella 1990) 59 Table 2.6 Markedness and experiential prototypes (Van Langendonck 1986) 59 Table 2.7 A redefinition of markedness (Haspelmath 2006) 62-63 Table 2.8 The definitions of resultativeness (Gorlach 2000) 78 Table 3.1 Actional classifications (Tatevosov 2002) 91
Table 3.2 The features of actionalities 95
Table 3.3 Verb valency patterns (Biber 1999) 97 Table 3.4 Classification of verbal semantic domains (Biber 1999) 98 Table 3.5 Percentages of occurrence of the Resultative Present Perfect 102 Table 3.6 Percentages of occurrence of the Perfect of Recent Past 102 Table 3.7 Percentages of occurrence of the Experiential and Continuative
Perfect
10 3 Table 4.1 Markedness values of the different Present Perfect interpretations 147
