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(1)

‘There is no such thing as a free lunch’

The hidden powers of aid

Christine Smith-Simonsen

University of Tromsø

(2)

Tromsø

(3)
(4)

University of Tromsø

(5)

Today’s topic; aid relations

What is aid?

Different forms:

relief

development

What is development?

Aid; asymmetric relations:

givers and receivers

power of definition

moral power

(6)

The beginnings

o UN 1948-49: proposes an extended technical aid program

o US follow up; Harry S. Truman’s inaugural speech;

promotes the idea of a program designed to give

development countries the benefit of US technical and scientific progress

o Background;

o Marshall-help; (re)create new markets

o and new allies; Cold War scene; containment o Christian/humanitarian tradition

o Overlapping ‘regimes’; colonialism/cold war/aid

o asymmetric relations/paternalism; common feature

(7)

Major phases 1: transfer

Modernisation theories:

transfer of knowledge and capital

Walt Rostoff; the take-off theory

(8)

Major phases 2: dependency

Dependency theories:

how the ‘core’ exploits the ‘periphery’

Wallerstein, Frank, Amin, Rodney

Development from below

recipient orientation

the poor and marginalized

women

White elephants

(9)

Lake Turkana

(10)

Hilieu, Southern Sudan

(11)

Major phases 3: split image

Sustainability

recipient responsibility

recipient in the driver’s seat

recipient ownership

Structural programs to reduce poverty

Bretton Woods Inst.

Conditionality

democratisation

human rights

good governance

(12)

Theory versus practice?

Recipient responsibility versus

conditionality?

(13)

Norway; humanitarian superpower

Post cold war construction of foreign policy niche

The peace argument

not at war since the 1700s

small state advantage

Nansen and Nobel

peace facilitators; Israel/Palestine, Guatemala, Sudan

The civil society argument

close and non-ambiguous relationship between state and civil society

The innocence argument

no colonial past

(14)

…but; Norway at war

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Civil society?

The NGO paradigm; good aid-channels

grassroot contact

target marginalised and poor

innovative, efficient, flexible

bypass sovereignty

Basically on state pay-roll

Executing (and defining) Norwegian

foreign policies

(16)

Norwegian colonial innocence?

(17)

NEAT, Zanzibar

Norway East Africa Trading Company (1903)

(18)

Thesen residence, The Hill

Knysna, South-Africa (1899)

(19)

Zulu whalers, Durban (1919-11)

(20)

Norwegian officers, Congo

(21)

Société du Madal, Christian Thams

(22)

Processing coconuts; 1907 - 2007

(23)

Aid; image of Self

(24)

…and the Other

Temporal segregation

‘Pathologisation’

Trusteeship

(25)

Whose burden?

The cash flow; in what direction?

The aid industry

Humanitarianism - a political agenda

The power of the purse

the power of definition

The power of the gift

givers and receivers

Whose burden? The

Riferimenti

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