Advanced Programming Advanced Programming

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Advanced Programming Advanced Programming

Giuseppe Attardi Giuseppe Attardi

Dipartimento di Informatica Dipartimento di Informatica

Università di Pisa Università di Pisa

Università di Pisa

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Language is an instrument of human reason, not merely a medium for the expression of thought.

G. Boole, An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, 1854

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Instructor and Assistant Instructor and Assistant

Giuseppe Attardi Office: 292

Mail: attardi@di.unipi.it Giuseppe Attardi

Office: 292

Mail: attardi@di.unipi.it

TBDTBD

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Recurring questions Recurring questions

 To teach or not to teach To teach or not to teach programming?

programming?

 How to teach programming?How to teach programming?

 Programming is not just Programming is not just programming languages programming languages

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Software Everywhere Software Everywhere

 Software can be the key to delivering Software can be the key to delivering new product offerings and driving

new product offerings and driving continuous product innovation

continuous product innovation

 Software role:Software role:

– Product innovation – Process flexibility

– Process enforcement for quality assurance and matching demands

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Software Innovation

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Software as Competitive Software as Competitive

Advantage Advantage

Most Admired Companies Making IT A Competitive Advantage (Forbes)

 Accenture

 Amazon

 Apple

 Cleveland Clinic

 General Electric

 Goldman Sachs

 Google

 Hospital Corporation of America

 IBM

 Intermountain Healthcare

 JP Morgan Chase

 Kaiser Permanente

 Mayo Clinic

 Microsoft

 Nestle

 Procter & Gamble

 Progressive Insurance

 Schlumberger

 Target

 Toyota

 Wells Fargo

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Introduction Introduction

 Programming in the 21 centuryProgramming in the 21 century

 Software as complex as everSoftware as complex as ever

 Command line interface not enoughCommand line interface not enough

 Data comes from multiple sources: Data comes from multiple sources:

structured (DB) and unstructured structured (DB) and unstructured

 Single computer not enoughSingle computer not enough

 Software development is a group Software development is a group activity

activity

 Deployment on Web or mobile devicesDeployment on Web or mobile devices

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Requirements Requirements

 Cannot start from scratchCannot start from scratch

 Reusable components are neededReusable components are needed

 OS + libraries not enoughOS + libraries not enough

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Elements of a Solution Elements of a Solution

 Software FrameworkSoftware Framework

 Component ModelComponent Model

 Execution EnvironmentExecution Environment

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More Complex Software More Complex Software

 Object-Oriented Programming allows Object-Oriented Programming allows ever larger applications to be built

ever larger applications to be built

 Require increased high-level Require increased high-level

application and system oversight application and system oversight

 Multi-tier applications development Multi-tier applications development increases the choices on how to

increases the choices on how to build applications

build applications

 A new A new Software Architect Software Architect Role is Role is needed

needed

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Software Architect Duties Software Architect Duties

 Creating, defining or choosing an Creating, defining or choosing an application framework

application framework

 Creating the component designCreating the component design

 Structure a complex application into Structure a complex application into pieces

pieces

 Understand the interactions and Understand the interactions and dependencies among components dependencies among components

 Select the platform based on Select the platform based on cost/performance criteria

cost/performance criteria

 Organize and supervise the Organize and supervise the

““construction siteconstruction site””

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Application Framework Application Framework

 A software framework used to A software framework used to implement the

implement the standardstandard structure of structure of an application for a

an application for a specificspecific development environment development environment

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Software Framework Software Framework

 A collection of A collection of common codecommon code providing

providing generic functionalitygeneric functionality that that can be selectively overridden or

can be selectively overridden or specialized by user code

specialized by user code providing providing specific functionality

specific functionality

 Frameworks, like software libraries, Frameworks, like software libraries, provide

provide reusable abstractions reusable abstractions of of code wrapped in a well-defined API code wrapped in a well-defined API

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Framework Features Framework Features

 Inversion of controlInversion of control

– unlike in libraries, the overall program's flow of control is not dictated by the

caller, but by the framework – Hollywood Principle:

Don’t call us, we’ll call you

 Default behaviorDefault behavior

 Extensibility: usually by selective Extensibility: usually by selective overriding

overriding

 Non-modifiable framework code Non-modifiable framework code

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OO Software Framework OO Software Framework

 Object-oriented programming Object-oriented programming frameworks consists in a

frameworks consists in a set of set of abstract classes

abstract classes

 An application can be built simply An application can be built simply inheriting from pre-existing classes inheriting from pre-existing classes

in the framework in the framework

 Instantiation of a framework consists Instantiation of a framework consists of composing and subclassing the

of composing and subclassing the existing classes

existing classes

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Examples of Frameworks Examples of Frameworks

 GUIGUI

– MFC – Gnome – Qt

 GeneralGeneral

– Android – Spring – Cocoa

 WebWeb

– ASP.Net – GWT

– Rails

 ConcurrenceConcurrence

– Hadoop Map/Reduce

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Class Hierarchy (NextSTEP Class Hierarchy (NextSTEP

1988)

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Cocoa (2013)

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Benefits of Frameworks Benefits of Frameworks

 Drives solutionDrives solution

– Dictates how to fill-in-the-blanks

 Helps solving recurring problemsHelps solving recurring problems

– Designed for reuse

– High value, since reduces cost of development

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Framework Design Framework Design

 Intellectual Challenging TaskIntellectual Challenging Task

 Requires a deep understanding of Requires a deep understanding of the problem domain

the problem domain

 Requires mastering of software Requires mastering of software patterns, OO methods and

patterns, OO methods and polymorphism

polymorphism in particular in particular

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Design Pattern Design Pattern

 More abstract than frameworksMore abstract than frameworks

– Frameworks can be embodied in code, but

only examples of patterns can be embodied in code

– Design patterns explain the intent, trade-offs, and consequences of a design

 Smaller architectural elements than Smaller architectural elements than frameworks

frameworks

– A typical framework contains several design patterns but the reverse is never true.

 Less specialized than frameworksLess specialized than frameworks

– Frameworks always have a particular application domain

– Design patterns can be used in nearly any kind of application

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Examples Examples

 VisitorVisitor

 Publish/SubscribePublish/Subscribe

 FactoryFactory

 Dependency InjectionDependency Injection

 Chain of ResponsibilityChain of Responsibility

 ObserverObserver

 IteratorIterator

 DecoratorDecorator

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Dependency Injection Dependency Injection

 Allows avoiding hard-coded Allows avoiding hard-coded

dependencies and changing them dependencies and changing them

 Allows selection among multiple Allows selection among multiple implementations of a given

implementations of a given

dependency interface at run time dependency interface at run time

 Examples:Examples:

– load plugins dynamically

– replace mock objects in test

environments vs. real objects in production environments

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Dependency Injection Dependency Injection

public class Client {

// Internal reference to the service used by this client private Service service;

Client() {

// Fixed implementation

service = new ServiceExample();

}

Client(Service service) {

// injection of a specific service this.service = service;

}

// Method within this client that uses the service public String greet() {

return "Hello " + service.getName();

} }

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Course Objectives Course Objectives

 Understand programming language Understand programming language technology:

technology:

– Execution Models – Run-time

 Analyze programming metaphors:Analyze programming metaphors:

– Objects

– Components – Patterns

 Learn advanced programming techniquesLearn advanced programming techniques

 Understand their limits ad how to Understand their limits ad how to overcome them

overcome them

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Course Objectives Course Objectives

 Explain how high level programming Explain how high level programming concepts and metaphors map into concepts and metaphors map into

executable systems and which are their executable systems and which are their

costs and limitations costs and limitations

 Acquaint with modern principles, Acquaint with modern principles,

techniques, and best practices of advanced techniques, and best practices of advanced

software construction software construction

 Introduce techniques of programming at Introduce techniques of programming at higher abstraction levels, in particular higher abstraction levels, in particular

generative programming, component generative programming, component

programming and web computing programming and web computing

 Present state-of-the-art frameworks Present state-of-the-art frameworks incorporating these techniques

incorporating these techniques

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Syllabus

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Programming Language Programming Language

Foundations Foundations

 Syntax, Parsing, Abstract Syntax Syntax, Parsing, Abstract Syntax Tree, Parser Generators

Tree, Parser Generators

 Names, Scope, Binding Names, Scope, Binding

 Parameter Passing Parameter Passing

 Static and Dynamic Allocaltion: Static and Dynamic Allocaltion:

Stack, Heap Stack, Heap

 Types, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Types, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Overloading

Overloading

 Delegates, Closures Delegates, Closures

 Exception Handling Exception Handling

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Run-time Systems Run-time Systems

 Virtual Execution Environment Virtual Execution Environment

– Memory Management – Thread Management – Exception Handling – Security

– Debugging Support

– AOT and JIT Compilation – Dynamic Link/Load

– Reflection – Verification

 Language InteroperabilityLanguage Interoperability

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Advanced Techniques Advanced Techniques

 Generic ProgrammingGeneric Programming

– C++ templates – C# Generics – Java Generics

 Generative ProgrammingGenerative Programming

– Metaprogramming – Reflection

– Template

– Aspect Oriented Programming – Generators

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Interoperability Interoperability

 Process level: interprocess Process level: interprocess communication

communication

 Language level: CORBA/IDL Language level: CORBA/IDL

 Object level: DCOM Object level: DCOM

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Component Based Component Based

Programming Programming

 COM COM

 JavaBeans JavaBeans

 .NET (Assembly, Reflection, .NET (Assembly, Reflection, Interfaces, Attributes)

Interfaces, Attributes)

 OSGi OSGi

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Web Programming Web Programming

 Web Services, SOAWeb Services, SOA

 Web FrameworksWeb Frameworks

 Web 2.0Web 2.0

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Web Services Web Services

 XML, XML-Schema XML, XML-Schema

 SOAP, RPC, Rest SOAP, RPC, Rest

 WSDL WSDL

 UDDIUDDI

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Web Frameworks and Web Frameworks and

Applications Applications

 Asp.Net Asp.Net

 J2EE J2EE

 JQueryJQuery

 AJAX: XHR, jQuery, YUI, GWTAJAX: XHR, jQuery, YUI, GWT

 Node.jsNode.js

 ReactReact

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Service Components Service Components

 Service Oriented ArchitectureService Oriented Architecture

 MicroservicesMicroservices

 Flow Based ProgrammingFlow Based Programming

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Scaling Scaling

 Map/ReduceMap/Reduce

 CUDA ProgrammingCUDA Programming

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Web Application Web Application

Frameworks Frameworks

 ArchitecturesArchitectures

 Principles:Principles:

– Inversion of control

 FeaturesFeatures

– Templates

– Database access and mapping – Scaffolding

– Ajax

– Web Services

– Symfony – Laravel

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Scripting Languages Scripting Languages

 PerlPerl

 PythonPython

 JavaScriptJavaScript

 PHPPHP

 RubyRuby

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IEEE Spectrum Ranking 2015-2014

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IEEE Spectrum Ranking 2016-2015

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CodEval Chart

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Top 10 Frameworks

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Top 10 Web Application Top 10 Web Application

Frameworks Frameworks

1.1. Ruby on RailsRuby on Rails

2.2. AngularJSAngularJS

3.3. Ember.jsEmber.js

4.4. CakePHPCakePHP

5.5. PhalconPhalcon

6.6. ZendZend

7.7. ASP.netASP.net

8.8. SymfonySymfony

9.9. ExpressExpress

10.10.CodeigniterCodeigniter

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Text Books Text Books

Programming Language Programming Language

Pragmatics, third ed.. Michael L.

Scott, Morgan-Kaufmann, 2009.

Software Components: Beyond Software Components: Beyond

Object-Oriented Programming. C.

Szyperski, D. Gruntz, S. Murer, Szyperski, D. Gruntz, S. Murer,

Addison-Wesley, 2002.

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Additional Reading Additional Reading

Generative Programming: Methods, Generative Programming: Methods,

Tools, and Applications. K.

Czarnecki, U. Eisenecker, Czarnecki, U. Eisenecker,

Addison-Wesley, 2000.

Object Thinking. D. West, Microsoft Object Thinking. D. West, Microsoft

Press, 2004.

jQuery in Action. B. Bibeault, Y.

Katz, Manning, 2010.

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Assessment Assessment

 Mid Term Paper: half way, one week Mid Term Paper: half way, one week homework

homework

 Term Paper: at the end of the course, Term Paper: at the end of the course, 20 days homework

20 days homework

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Final Term Paper Final Term Paper

 Aims at exercising ability to conceive and Aims at exercising ability to conceive and

implement full solutions to a nontrivial problem implement full solutions to a nontrivial problem

– ASP Code generator with regular expression matcher – Implement a DSL for handling persistent object

containers

– SOAP protocol and SOAP server

– Code generator for searching an object DB – Xpath and XSLT Intrepreter

– Language for generating network protocols – AJAX Framework

– Unit Testing Framework – State Charts

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Home Work Home Work

 Develop a simple implementation of Develop a simple implementation of primitives:

primitives:

– void* malloc(size_t size) – void free(void*)

 Assume to have available a block of Assume to have available a block of memory of size MemSize starting at memory of size MemSize starting at

MemStart MemStart

 Discuss the limits of the solutionDiscuss the limits of the solution