Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

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Daniel Oertli · Robert Udelsman (Eds.)

Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

With 235 Figures and 52 Tables

123

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Editors

Daniel Oertli

Division of General Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Vice-Dean of the Medical Faculty, University of Basel

4031 Basel Switzerland Robert Udelsman

Lampman Professor of Surgery and Oncology, Chairman, Department of Surgery,

Surgeon-in-Chief –Yale-New Haven Hospital Yale University School of Medicine

PO Box 208062

New Haven, CT 06520-8062 USA

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938803

ISBN-10 3-540-29165-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork ISBN-13 978-3-540-29165-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

Springer is a part of Springer Science + Business Media springer.com

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Editor: Gabriele M. Schröder, Heidelberg, Germany Desk Editor: Stephanie Benko, Heidelberg, Germany

Typesetting and Production: LE-TeX Jelonek, Schmidt & Vöckler GbR, Leipzig, Germany

Cover Design: estudio calamar, Spain

Printed on acid-free paper 24/3100/YL - 5 4 3 2 1 0

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V

The Editors are deeply indebted to all authors and coauthors who have contributed to Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. The Editors believe that this textbook is among the most comprehensive international references on surgical diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The diligent efforts of the contributors, who have provided insightful state- of-the art presentations, are gratefully acknowledged.

The Editors also wish to pay tribute to the diligent work of the Springer-Verlag staff members, who en- abled the realization of this first edition. Particularly appreciated were the efforts of Gabriele M. Schroeder, Executive Editor, and Stephanie Benko, Desk Editor, who provided strong encouragement and ongoing support during the creation of this textbook. Further- more, the Editors are most appreciative of the princi- pal artist, Mr. Jörg Kühn, who provided us with excel- lent drawings.

We also express our gratitude to the valuable coor- dinative work of our editorial assistants in Basel and New Haven: special thanks are addressed to Susan Demou, Madeleine Moser, and Dotty Franco.

Finally, our profound gratitude goes to all who were involved in the development of this text, including our immediate families, who expressed in- terest and encouragement in the completion of this textbook. We greatly appreciate their support, which stimulated us to pursue the ambitious goal of prepar- ing what we consider to be a concise, comprehensive textbook.

Daniel Oertli and Robert Udelsman

Acknowledgement

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Preface

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Thyroid and parathyroid disorders are frequently en- countered by the endocrine surgeon in daily practice.

The Editors therefore have designed this comprehensive textbook focusing on surgically relevant thyroid and parathyroid diseases. The Editors intend this book to become an important reference presenting the latest information regarding the management of both common and rare thyroid and parathyroid disorders. Internationally renowned physicians and surgeons have provided detailed outlines and discussions on operative techniques and treatments accompanied by rationales for particular approaches advocated by the authors. The topics cover all surgically relevant thyroid and parathyroid pathologies, the preoperative surgical evaluation, decision making, and operative strategies including high quality step-by-step illustrations of the current surgical techniques. Furthermore, experts are presenting the molecular basis for thyroid neoplasia and the current understanding of the ge- netics of inherited thyroid and parathyroid diseases.

Moreover, evolving modern operative techniques like the minimally invasive videoscopic approach to the thyroid and parathyroid glands are discussed in this textbook.

The current edition has been designed primarily to meet the requirements of young surgeons who wish to acquire profound knowledge of basic, clinical, and laboratory concepts as well as surgical techniques regarding the thyroid and parathyroid glands, thus complementing the surgeons’ training. These prin- ciples are presented together with advancements in technologic, molecular, cellular, and biologic sciences, thus meeting the criteria of the 21st century defini- tion of each subspecialty involving care of patients with thyroid and parathyroid disease. The prepara- tion of the text material has been a labor of love and represents an honest attempt to provide information that we believe is not only of clinical importance to surgeons, but also to endocrinologists, radiologists, and pathologists dealing with patients with thyroid and parathyroid disorders.

It is hoped that the reader will find the material in our textbook as helpful and exciting as we do.

Daniel Oertli and Robert Udelsman

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Table of Contents

IX

1 History of Thyroid and Parathyroid

Surgery . . . . 1

Hans-Dietrich Röher and Klaus-Martin Schulte

2 Embryology and Surgical Anatomy

of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands . . . . 13

William B. Stewart and Lawrence J. Rizzolo

3 Evaluation of Hyperthyroidism

and Hyperthyroid Goiter . . . . 21

Mirjam Christ-Crain, Nils G. Morgenthaler, and Beat Müller

4 Diagnostic Imaging of the Thyroid

and Radioiodine Therapy . . . . 31

4.1 Walter Wiesner, Hermann Engel, and Wolfgang Steinbrich

4.2 Egbert U. Nitzsche and Jan Mueller-Brand

5 Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules . . . . 45

Michel Procopiou and Christoph A. Meier

6 Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology

of the Thyroid . . . . 61

Anne E. Busseniers and Susan A. Silver

7 Technique of Thyroidectomy . . . . 81

Daniel Oertli

8 Surgery for the Solitary Thyroid Nodule . . 91

Prabhat K. Bhama and Gerard M. Doherty

9 Modified Radical Neck Dissection . . . . 101

Robert Udelsman

10 Thyroid Pathology . . . . 109

Zubair W. Baloch and Virginia A. LiVolsi

11 Surgery for Medullary Thyroid Cancer . . . 147

Oliver Gimm

12 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma . . . . 161

Christian Passler, Reza Asari, Christian Scheuba, and Bruno Niederle

13 Thyroid Lymphoma and Other Metastatic Lesions . . . . 171

Rebecca S. Sippel and Herbert Chen

14 Multinodular and Retrosternal Goiter . . . 179

Rachel Rosenthal and Daniel Oertli

15 Surgery for Hyperthyroidism . . . . 191

Peter E. Goretzki and Bernhard J. Lammers

16 Thyroiditis . . . . 207

Michel Adamina and Daniel Oertli

17 Complications in Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery . . . . 217

Andrea Frilling and Frank Weber

18 Outcomes Analysis in Thyroid Surgery:

A Review of Patient and Provider

Predictors . . . . 225

Kate V. Viola and Julie Ann Sosa

19 Physiology and Pathophysiology

of the Parathyroid Glands and Preoperative Evaluation . . . . 235

Elizabeth H. Holt and Silvio E. Inzucchi

20 Parathyroid Imaging . . . . 245

David Cheng, Ludwig A. Jacob, and Leslie Scoutt

21 Conventional Surgical Management

of Primary Hyperparathyroidism . . . . 261

Heather Yeo, Paola Uranga, and Sanziana Roman

22 Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy . . 269

Tobias Carling and Robert Udelsman

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Table of Contents

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23 Endoscopic Parathyroidectomy . . . . 277

Paolo Miccoli and Gabriele Materazzi

24 Multiglandular Parathyroid Disease

and MEN Syndromes . . . . 285

Peter Langer, Detlef K. Bartsch, and Matthias Rothmund

25 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Secondary

and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism . . . . 293

Ulrich Güller and Michael Mayr

26 Parathyroid Carcinoma . . . . 311

Janice L. Pasieka and Moosa Khalil

27 Reoperative Parathyroid Surgery . . . . 327

Cord Sturgeon, Nadine Caron, and Quan-Yang Duh

28 Outcomes Analysis in Parathyroid

Surgery . . . . 339

Leon D. Boudourakis and Julie Ann Sosa

Subject Index . . . . 349

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List of Contributors

XI

Michel Adamina

Division of General Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21,

4031 Basel, Switzerland Reza Asari

Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vienna University Hospital, Vienna,

Austria

Zubair W. Baloch

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center,

Philadelphia, PA, USA

Detlef K. Bartsch Department of Surgery, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany

Prabhat K. Bhama

Division of Endocrine Surgery,

University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI,

USA

Leon D. Boudourakis

Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,

USA

Anne E. Busseniers Metropolitan FNA Service, Washington, DC; Bethesda, MD, USA

and

Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels,

Belgium Tobias Carling Department of Surgery,

USA

Nadine Caron

Department of Surgery,

University of California San Francisco and UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center at Mt Zion Medical Center,

San Francisco, CA, USA

Herbert Chen

Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin,

H4/750 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue,

Madison, WI, USA

David W. Cheng

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,

USA

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List of Contributors

XII

Mirjam Christ-Crain

Department of Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre,

Barts and the London Medical School, Charterhouse Square,

London, UK

Gerard M. Doherty

Division of Endocrine Surgery,

University of Michigan Medical School,

Ann Arbor, MI; 2920B Taubman Health Care Center, Box 0331, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive,

Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Quan-Yang Duh Department of Surgery,

University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center,

San Francisco, CA, USA

Hermann Engel

Institute of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Waid,

Zürich, Switzerland Andrea Frilling

Department of General Surgery, Visceral surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Essen,

Essen, Germany Oliver Gimm

Department of General,

Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University of Halle, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40,

06097 Halle, Germany

Peter E. Goretzki Department of Surgery,

Lukaskrankenhaus of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf,

Neuss, Germany

Ulrich Güller

Divisions of General Surgery and Surgical Research, University of Basel,

Basel, Switzerland Elizabeth H. Holt Section of Endocrinology,

USA

Silvio E. Inzucchi Section of Endocrinology,

USA

Ludwig A. Jacob

Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology,

University Hospital Basel, Basel,

Switzerland Mo sa Khalil University of Calgary,

Pathologist, Calgary Laboratory Services, Calgary, Alberta,

Canada

Bernhard J. Lammers Department of Surgery,

Lukaskrankenhaus of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf,

Neuss, Germany Peter Langer

Philipps-University Hospital, Baldingerstrasse, D-35043 Marburg,

Germany

Virginia A. LiVolsi

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center,

Philadelphia, PA, USA

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XIII

Gabriele Materazzi Department of Surgery,

Azienda Ospedale Università di Pisa, Pisa,

Italy

Michael Mayr

Division of Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel, Basel,

Switzerland

Christoph A. Meier

Endocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition,

Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Geneva,

CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland

Paolo Miccoli

Azienda Ospedale Università di Pisa, Pisa,

Italy

Nils G. Morgenthaler

Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Mitte,

Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Jan Mueller-Brand University of Basel, School of Medicine, Basel;

Division of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, University Hospital Basel,

Basel, Switzerland Beat Müller

Dept. of Endocrinology,

Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital,

Petersgraben 4, Basel,

Switzerland

Bruno Niederle

Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18–20, A-1090 Vienna,

Austria

Egbert U. Nitzsche University of Basel, School of Medicine, Basel;

Division of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarau General (Cantonal) Hospital, Aarau,

Switzerland Daniel Oertli

Division of General Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Vice-Dean of the Medical Faculty, University of Basel,

Basel, Switzerland Janice L. Pasieka

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery,

Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,

Canada

Christian Passler

Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vienny University Hospital, Vienna,

Austria

Michel Procopiou

Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine,

University Hospital Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland

Lawrence J. Rizzolo Section of Anatomy, Department of Surgery,

Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208062,

New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA

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XIV

Hans-Dietrich Röher

Klinik für Allgemein und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5,

40225 Düsseldorf, Germany

Sanziana Alina Roman Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery,

New Haven, CT 06520, USA

Rachel Rosenthal

Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21,

CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland

Matthias Rothmund Department of Surgery, Philipps-University, Marburg,

Germany

Christian Scheuba

Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vienny University Hospital, Vienna,

Austria

Klaus-Martin Schulte

Department of Endocrine and General Surgery, King’s College Hospital,

Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK

Leslie M. Scoutt

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine,

New Haven, Connecticut USA

Susan A. Silver

Metropolitan FNA Service, Bethesda, Washington, DC, USA

Rebecca S. Sippel Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, H4/710 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue,

Madison, WI, USA

Julie Ann Sosa Sections of Oncologic,

Endocrine, and General Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street,

Wolfgang Steinbrich

Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel,

Switzerland

William B. Stewart Department of Surgery,

Cord Sturgeon Department of Surgery,

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,

Division of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery, Chicago, IL,

USA

Robert Udelsman Department of Surgery,

Ana Paola Uranga Department of Surgery,

Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street FMB 102, New Haven, CT 06520, USA

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XV

Kate V. Viola

Sections of Oncologic,

Endocrine, and General Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street,

Frank Weber

Department of General Surgery, Visceral Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Essen,

Essen, Germany

Walter Wiesner

Medical Radiology Center, Klinik Stephanshorn, Brauerstrasse 95, 9016 St. Gallen, Switzerland Heather Yeo

Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street FMB 102,