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Il verbo èuna parte del discorsovariabile che denota azione(portare, leggere), o uno statodell'essere (esistere, vivere, stare).Il verbo esprime le seguenti categorie grammaticali:PersonNumberAspectTenseMoodVoice VERBS

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VERBS

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course

Il verbo è una parte del discorso variabile che denota azione (portare, leggere), o uno stato dell'essere (esistere, vivere, stare).

Il verbo esprime le seguenti categorie grammaticali:

Person Number

Aspect

Tense

Mood

Voice

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L'aspetto verbale è la proprietà che definisce la durata nel tempo di un'azione. Si distingue perciò essenzialmente l'aspetto perfettivo e quello imperfettivo.

 L'aspetto perfettivo descrive azioni delimitate nel tempo, cioè sia azioni momentanee, sia l'inizio o la conclusione di un'azione duratura.

John has painted the garage door He shot an arrow

 L'aspetto imperfettivo descrive azioni che non specificano la durata, o durano a lungo o si ripetono nel tempo.

John has been painting the garage door He was shooting arrows.

ASPECT

ASPECT

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course

In inglese è andata perduta qualsiasi

distinzione chiara: le forme del tempo verbale rappresentano sia il tempo che l'aspetto.

I have eaten

Present Perfect = esprime normalmente sia il tempo passato prossimo che l'aspetto

perfettivo (un'azione descritta come compiuta).

I am eating

Present Continuous = esprime generalmente sia il tempo presente che l'aspetto imperfettivo (un'azione descritta come in corso di

svolgimento).

ASPECT

ASPECT

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Indica il tempo in cui l'azione espressa dal verbo viene collocata dal parlante, sia rispetto al momento in cui viene prodotto l'enunciato (es. pioveva), sia rispetto ad altri fatti o azioni espressi all'interno dell'enunciato (es.

quando uscii, pioveva già da un'ora). I tempi fondamentali sono presente, passato e futuro .

 L’inglese ha soltanto due tempi veri e propri, past e present. Questi si distinguono per la flessione del verbo, che al passato può variare per apofonia vocalica o per l’aggiunta di un suffisso in dentale:

sing ~ sang ~ sung walk ~ walked ~ walked

TENSE

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course

 In Inglese il future tense non è un tempo vero e proprio, ma viene costruito tramite ausiliari.

I will go

 L’inglese possiede anche i compound tenses (tempi composti), come il past perfect e il present

contiuous, che usano modali e ausiliari per associare il tempo con altre categorie grammaticali come

l’aspetto e il modo.

I had gone I am going

 In Inglese ci sono due classi di verbi:

1. I verbi ausiliari (auxiliaries / modals)

2. Tutti gli altri verbi, che possiamo chiamare verbi ordinari (ordinary verbs):

TENSES

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TENSEs

TAVOLA DEI TEMPI ATTIVI (active tenses)

SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

He works He is working He has worked He has been working Present

Past

Future

He worked He was working He had worked He had been working

He will work He will be working He will have worked He will have been working

• Il paradigma del verbo ci serve per formare tutti i tempi:

sing – sang – sung(present – past – perfect)

• I tempi progressivi (‘continuous’) si formano con l’ausiliare to be + la forma -ing del verbo.

Present perfect continuous I have been working

• I tempi composti (present e past perfect) si formano con l’ausiliare to have + il perfetto del verbo.

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course

forma negativa del verbo

TENSES

S + A (not) + V / O

He is not a student

He has not a car

He does not sing He did not sing He must not sing

Attenzione!Quando l’ausiliare non c’è (come nel Present e Past Simple) bisogna inserire l’audiliare do/does/did che assume su di sé le categorie grammaticali della persona e del tempo:

You have not eaten

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forma interrogativa del verbo

A + S + V / O?

Are you a student?

Has she a car ?

Is he going home ? Have you seen this movie ?

Attenzione!Quando l’ausiliare non c’è (come nel Present e Past Simple) bisogna inserire l’audiliare do/does/did che assume su di sé le categorie grammaticali della persona e del tempo:

Do you read books?

Does she study English?

Did you enjoy the party ? Will you write that letter ?

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Verb Tense Review Verb Tense Review

The Importance of Time

TENSES

The Simple Present Tense The Simple Present Tense

Expresses a habit or often repeated action.

Adverbs of frequency such as, often, seldom, sometimes, never, etc. are used with this tense.

She goes to work everyday.

They always eat lunch together.

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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The Simple Present Tense The Simple Present Tense

This tense also expresses general truths or facts that are timeless.

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

The Present Progressive The Present Progressive

This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now (at this moment, today, this year, etc.). The action has begun and is still in progress.

She is typing a paper for her class.

He can’t talk. He is fixing the sink right now.

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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The Present Progressive The Present Progressive

The present progressive can also be used to describe an action that is occurring in the

present, but is temporary.

John is living in New York, but he might move soon.

TENSES

The Simple Past The Simple Past

We use the simple past to indicate exactly when an action or event took place in the past.

I visited my sister yesterday.

We went out to dinner last night.

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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The Simple Past The Simple Past

The simple past is used to describe actions and/or events that are now completed and no longer true in the present.

I attended MJC in 1998. (I no longer attend MJC.) I saw a movie every weekend when I was a

teenager. (I don’t see movies very much anymore.)

The Past Progressive The Past Progressive

The past progressive is used to talk about an activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past. The emphasis is on the duration of the activity in the past.

I was studying for an exam while my mother was cooking dinner.

We were walking in the park around 7 p.m. last night.

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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The Past Progressive The Past Progressive

The past progressive is often used with the simple past to show that one action was in progress when another action occurred.

I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.

They were eating dinner when the neighbors stopped by for a visit.

TENSES

The Present Perfect The Present Perfect

The present perfect is used to talk about an event that began in the past and continues up to the present.

He has lived in New York for two years.

(He began living in New York two years ago and he still lives there.)

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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The Present Perfect The Present Perfect

The present perfect is also used to talk about an event that was completed in the past, but the specific time of the event is not

important.

I have seen that movie before.

He has already visited Vietnam.

(Specific dates and times are not mentioned.)

Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Progressive

This tense is used to describe the duration of an action that began in the past and

continues into the present.

He has been studying grammar for an hour.

She has been cooking all day.

(He is still studying and she is still cooking.)

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Progressive

This tense is also used to describe events that have been in progress recently and are rather temporary.

She has been living in Taiwan for the last two months, but she plans to move soon.

TENSES

The Past Perfect The Past Perfect

This tense describes completed events that took place in the past before another past event.

The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the iceberg.

I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to visit.

had received had eaten

it hit my friend stopped by G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive

This tense is used to emphasize the duration of an action that was completed before another action or event in the past.

She had been driving around the city for three hours before she finally found the right office.

had been

driving she found the right office

The Future The Future

Will and be + going + to are often used to describe future actions.

Thomas will graduate in June.

Maria is going to go to Mexico next week.

G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course TENSES

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The Future The Future

The simple present and present progressive are also used to express future time. These are often used used in connection with

schedules.

She is meeting a new client at eleven o’clock.

The train leaves at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow.

TENSES

The Future Progressive The Future Progressive

This tense is used to describe an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point in the future.

I will be teaching EFL at 10 a.m. tomorrow.

They will be moving their furniture out of the house by the time you arrive tomorrow.

at 10 a.m. tomorrow by the time you arrive G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course

TENSES

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The Future Perfect The Future Perfect

This tense is used to describe an event or action that will be completed before another event or time in the future.

We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow.

will have finished the exam class ends

Future Perfect Progressive Future Perfect Progressive

This tense describes an action that has been in progress for a duration of time before another event or time in the future.

By the time he finishes law school, we will have been living in the U.S. for eight years.

finishes law school

will have been living in the U.S. for eight years G. Salvucci - Elementary Grammar Course

TENSES

Riferimenti

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