Subject Index

(1)

Subject Index

CMYK

1H-MRSI 203, 205 3D acquisitions 12 3D acquisitions

– 3D and faster 2D protocols 285 – 3D PRESTO 105

– 3D sequences 65

– 3D volumetric methods 179

A

Accumulation factor 224 Acute prostatitis 202 – stroke 58, 101 Adaptive imaging 111

Adiabatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity model (AATH) 88

Albumin-(Gd-DTPA) 40, 41, 43–47, 49, 50

American College of Radiology Imaging and Data Reporting System terminology for breast MRI 152

Ami-25, (dextran-coated) 241 Amplitude (A) 180

– of the initial enhancement 202 Analysis of the histograms 286 Anaplastic glioma 131

Androgen deprivation therapy (prostate cancer) 191, 205, 206

Androgens 193

Angiogenesis 4, 47, 119, 193, 281 Angiogenic factors 5

– inhibition 119 – therapies 132

Angiography using blood pool contrast agents 42

Anterior prostate 192

Anti-angiogenic agents 119, 283 – pharmaceuticals 31

– therapies 31, 129, 238, 239 Anti-vascular therapies 268, 283 Anti-VEGF antibody 48, 49 Aortic inﬂ ow 253

Apoptosis 205, 281

Apparent Diffusion Coefﬁ cient (ADC) 292 Apparent enhancement 273

Area under the curve 27

Arterial input function (AIF) 9, 56, 74, 86, 95, 98, 102, 103, 110, 128, 233, 285

– – – : Aorta 255 – – – : Arterial 7 – perfusion 253

– phase 246

– spin labelling 53, 293, 292 Arthritis 50

Artifacts 196 Ascites 49

Automated vessel indentiﬁ cation procedures 75 Avastin 34, 48

Average vessel diameter 64 Axillary adenocarcinoma 159 Axillary lymphadenopathy 159

B

B22956/1 49 B-22956/1 45

Balanced Fast Field Echo 11 Benign 152

– breast diseases 146, 150, 160 – liver tumours 248

– prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) 194 Beta ﬁ broblastic growth factor (bFGF) 193 Bidirectional transfer constant (Ki) 255 Biomarker 48, 288, 292, 295

Biopsy for diagnosis of musculoskeletal lesions 216

Bloch equations 71 Blood

– brain barrier 57, 70, 96 – – following dexamethasone 135 – ﬂ ow (F) 41, 83, 88, 129, 130, 135, 186, 225 – pool contrast media (BPCM) 12, 27, 39, 55 – retinal barrier 25

– testicular boundary 25 – transfusions 176 – volume 15, 31, 167, 195 BOLD imaging with Hyperoxia 26 Bolus arrival time (BAT) 56, 60 – delay 59

– dispersion 57, 122 – injection 179 – passage 97 – tracking 54, 55

Bolus-induced frequency changes due to large vessels 100 Bone sarcoma 219

Brachytherapy 192 Brain perfusion 267 – tumour grade 64 BRCA1 273 BRCA2 273

Jack_06_Register.indd 299

Jack_06_Register.indd 299 19.10.2004 14:18:16 Uhr19.10.2004 14:18:16 Uhr

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CMYK

Breast Cancer 6, 17, 48, 49, 149, 266, 268, 273 – – detection 269

– – – Accuracy rate 202 – – screening 266 – conserving surgery 146 – ﬁ brosis 156

– oedema 166 – tumours 44, 46 – – (MDA-MB-435) 42

Breath hold dynamic imaging 251, 255 Bulk efﬂ ux constant (K_ep) 132 – magnetic susceptibility (BMS) 70 – transfer coefﬁ cient Ktrans 129

C

Ca²⁺ sensitive contrast agents 28 Calculation of Reproducibility 296 – of Statisical Power 297

Cancer in situ 4 – recurrence 206 Candidate Drug 295

Capillary endothelial permeability 16, 119, 120 – haemangiomas 248

Carboxymethyl-dextran (P717) 41 Carcinoid tumour 247, 250 Carcinoma of the cervix 175 – of unknown primary (CUP) 159 Cartilaginous tumors 228 Categories of contrast agent 25 – of normal microvasculature 25 Cavernous haemangiomas 248, 255, 257 CD31 147

CD34 147 Cell survival 48 Cellular resistance 218 Central gland tumours 202 Central reading Centre 295 – volume theorem 56

Cerebral blood ﬂ ow (CBF) 55, 56 – – volume (CBV) 56, 95, 120 – metastasis 130, 133, 139 Cervical carcinoma 17, 175, 181 Chemotherapy 215

Child-Pugh index 253, 254 Choice of imaging sequence 70 Cholangiocarcinoma 249 Choline 192, 193 Chondrosarcoma 228 Chronic ﬁ brosis 203 – hepatic iron deposition 248 Circumventricular organs 25 Cirrhosis 251–253

Cispatin-based chemotherapy 175, 217 Citrate 192, 193

Clariscan 27, 44, 46 Classiﬁ cation of tumours 3 Clinical endpoint 295 – trial design 291

Clonal selection pressure 176 CNS lymphoma 60, 61

Coefﬁ cients of variation 288, 296 Coil inhomogeneities 74

Colonic carcinoma 257 Colorectal adenocarcinoma 255 – cancer metastasis 291

Colour doppler (Trans-Rectal ultrasound) 192 Combidex (ferumoxtran-10, AMI-227) 241, 244 Combined T1W and T2W imaging techniques 137 Combined use of ﬁ rst pass leakage proﬁ le and conventional

curve ﬁ tting analyses 136 Combretastatin 291

Commercial Research Organization (CRO) 295 Compartmental models 83

Complete response (CR) 18 Components of variation 288 Computer systems validation 288 Concentration of contrast agent 55, 101 Congestion index 253

Consensus recommendations 109, 283 Consensus workshop 109

Content validity 287 Contrast administration 6

– agent behaviour as a function of Molecular weight 30 – – categories 23

– – compartmentalisation 70 – – concentration 70, 71, 283 – – extrvasation 81 Contrast agents 12 – arrival time 122, 233, 227 – concentration 121 – dose 97

– enhanced cholangiography 245 – – CT 253, 292

– enhancement 194 – recirculation 58

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound 292 Coregistration techniques 252 Cryosurgical ablation 205 Cryotherapy 192

Curve ﬁ tting analysis 15, 129, 130, 134, Cytokines 119

Cytostatic 281 Cytotoxic therapy 175

D

Data decomposition 135 Data quality 123 DCE-MRI 224, 283 Deconvolution 95

Design of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI protocols 9

Detecting tumour recurrence 166 Detection of differences 139

Diamagnetic susceptibility artifacts 97 DICOM 277

Diffuse liver disease 250 Digital rectal examination 205

Disease-free survival (DFS) 218, 224, 225, 228 Disrupion of the blood brain barrier 60 Distortion of anatomy by tumours 9 Dose limiting toxicity 282

– response effect 290 Drug access 233

Drug development 109, 295

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CMYK

Dual-echo acqusition 103 – techniques 121 – acquisition 97 – T₂* 59

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) 161 – enhancement 160

Dynamic enhancement pattern analysis 182 – helical CT 245

– magnitude vector (DMV) 220, 222 – relaxivity contrast enhanced MRI 10 – susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI 9, 53, 54 – vector magnitude (DVM) 223

Dysprosium 26 E

Early enhancement 228 – exponential enhancement 228 Echo planar imaging 12, 54, 93 Eddy current corrections 277 Edema 217

Empirical pharmacokinetic parameters 273 Enchondroma 228

Endogenous contrast 23 Endometrium 17 Endorectal coil 205 Endorem 241, 244

Endothelial cell migration 48 – – mitogenesis 48

– mitosis 119 – permeability 130

– – surface area product (PS) 83, 120, 127, 130 – permeabilty 12, 15

Endothelial surface area 15 Endothelium 281

Endpoints 282, 295

Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) 32 Enhancement curve analysis 13

– – – Maximum enhancement (ME) 185, 200, 220, 223, 227 – – – Maximum gadolinium concentration 200

– – – Mean gradient (Enhancement parameter) 200 – – – Onset time 153, 200

– – – Percent slope analysis 223

– – – time to 90% maximum enhancement (T90) 128 – – – % slope 222

– patterns 199

ENU-induced mammary tumour model 46 Eovist 241, 244, 245

EPI sequences 64 – technique 98 EPIX medical 24 Equilibrium method 179 Equipment issues 271 Ernst formula 102

Erroneous measurement of T1(0) 102 Estimate of error 110

Estimates of T1 73

EU medical devices directive 271

European Regulatory Agency (EMEA) 282, 295 Ewing’s family 231

– – tumors 217, 226, 227 – sarcoma 225

Exchange minimisation techniques 77 – rate constant (k21) 180

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis 31 Exponetially decaying AIF 85

Extracellular 267

Extra-cellular distribution volume (V_e) 130 Extracellular extravascular space (EES) 82 Extra-cellular extra-vascular space (V_(e)) 130 Extraction fraction 25, 41, 60, 135

– ratio 103

Extravascular agents 25 – Extracellular Space EES_(Ve) 129 – volume (v_e) 267

F

Factor analysisof medical image sequences (FAMIS) 223 Factor V111-related antigen 147

False positive rate 202 Familial breast cancers 158 Fast enhancement 230 – exchange 76

– image acquisition protocols 285 – low angle shot (FLASH) 11, 54, 179, 268 – SE T2 weighted images 202

Fat necrosis 166 Fat suppression 216

Federal Drug Administration Bureau (FDA) 282 Federal food and drugs administration 271 Feridex 241, 244

Ferrixan 244 Ferromagnetic 24, 70 Ferrum oxide 241, 244 FFE 11

Fibroadenoma 46, 149, 230 Fibrosis 166

Field emission scanning elecron microscope (FESEM) 33 FIESTA 11, 99

Filter factors 272

First pass leakage proﬁ le (FPLP) method 136, 140 – – methods 179

– – peak 86 – passage 255 First-pass images 224 – kinetics 29 FISP 11 Fitting error 122 Flow (F) 41, 42, 130 – disturbance 120

Fluid attenuated inversion recovery 24 Fluorodeoxyglucose 125

Focal nodular hyperplasia 246, 248 Fourier domain 99

Fractional blood volume (fPV) 49, 103 – leak rate (FLR) 41, 42

– plasma volume (fPV) 42 – – volume (v_p) 129, 131, 132, 139

Fractional volume of the extracellular space 103 Free parameters 136

Full width at half maximum (FWHM) 60

G

Gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA, Multihance) 241, 244

Gadocoletic acid 27

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CMYK

Gadodiamide 25 – (Omniscan) 96, 284

Gadolinium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra- acetic acid (gadoterate, Dotarem) 25, 96

Gadolinium 10-(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetc acid (gadoteridol) 25

Gadolinium dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) 243 Gadolinium-based contrast agents 96 Gadolinium-texaphyrin 26

Gadomer17 27, 30, 40, 43, 46, 49 Gadopentetate (Magnevist) 25, 40, 284 Gadopentetate dimeglumine 44, 96, 179 Gadoterate (Dotarem) 284

Gadoteridol (ProHance) 96, 284 Gadoversetamide (OptiMark) 96

Gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA, Eovist) 241, 244, 245 Gamma-variate function 58, 59, 62, 121, 122, 148 Gd-BOPTA 246, 249

Gd-diethylene-triaminepentaacetic acid bis-methylamide 25 Gene therapy 28

Giant haemangiomas 248 Glandular size 205

Glandular/tubular formation 44 Gleason score 193, 200, 206

Glioblastoma multiforme 4, 48, 60, 61, 63, 130,131, 139 Glioma 119, 123, 125, 127, 130, 133, 137, 287, 288 Glucose uptaked 125

Gold standard calibration for cerebral blood ﬂ ow 57 Good clinical practice (GCP) 295

Good manufacturing practice (GMP) 271 Gradient amplitude 277

Gradient echo (GE) 11, 71, 95, 123, 124, 179 – – DSC-MRI 97, 98

– of concentration increase 82 – of the upslope 153

– recalled acquisition in steady state (GRASS) 11 – screening 277

Gradient-echo vs spin-echo 63

Growing region segmentation sofware (GRES) 269 Growth factor 281

H

Haemangioma (hepatic) 240, 248 Haematocrit 56, 89

Half-Fourier acquisition single-shot SE (HASTE) 98 HCC 257

Head and neck cancer 6 Hepatic adenomas 248 – metastases 243 – perfusion 252 – vascular resistance 252 Hepatocellular carcinoma 249, 255 – Carcinoma Tumour Grade 249 Hepatocytes 239, 249

HIF-1a 176

High-frequency ultrasound 192 Hip prostheses 197

Histogram analysis 75 Histologic parameters 184 Histological features 125 – grade of prostate cancer 193 – tumour grade 45

– type 175

Hormonal deprivation 205 Hormone ablation 205 – – treatment 204 Hyperbaric oxygen 176

Hypervascularised tumour volume 284 Hypoglycaemia 119

Hypointense lesions 202 Hypoxia 119, 175

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) 176, 193 I

Image Informatics 295 Image scaling factors 272 Imaging biomarkers 283 – coil design 277 Immature vessels 193

Increased contrast doses to improve signal to noise ratio 121

Indicator dilution theory 55, 97 Inﬂ ow artefacts 7

Initial area under the contrast agent time-concentration curve (IAUC) 81, 111, 112, 283, 285

– chemtherapy 215

– contrast accumulation rate (ICAR) 223 – enhancement 153

Inner prostate 192 Input function 111

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) 204 Intensity-time curves 233

Interleaved T1-T2* imaging sequence 103

International conference on harmonization of technical requirements for registration of pharmaceuticals for human use (ICH) 295

International working group on breast MRI 268 Interpretation of dynamic imaging data 292 Interstitial ﬂ uid pressure 218

Interstitial -intracellular water exchange 76, 77 – space ve 88

– water 75

Intracellular space 82 – water 75

Intra-tumoral heterogeneity 139 Intravascular contrast 129 – pressure 28

– water 75

Inverse relationship between MVD and VEGF 184 Iron-oxide 27

Islet cell tumour 250 J

Japanese regulatory body (MHLW) 282 K

k_ep 220, 221, 255, 233 Keyhole imaging 12, 99 Kinetic analysis 152 Kinetic modeling² 29 Kinetic modelling 81

K^trans 16, 88, 111, 112, 137, 142, 283, 285 K_trans 267

K^trans (fp) 139 K^trans (TK) 139

Kupffer cells 26, 27, 241, 248, 249,

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CMYK

Lanthanide chelates 25 Laser ablation 205 Late enhancement 153 Leakage proﬁ le 135 – space V_e 131, 202

Least-squares curve ﬁ tting technique 180 Leiomyoma 230

Leiomyosarcoma 229, 230 Lesion characterisation 160 – detection rate 150 Light microscopy 32

Limb salvage 26, 215, 219, 226, 231 Linear agents 26

Lipoma 216, 229 Liposarcoma 230

Liposarcomatous degeneration 229 Liposomes 40

– paramagnetic 244 Liver 292

– compartments 253 – perfusion 252, 253 Lobular cancer 160 Local control 219 – recurrence 219

Look-locker techniques (T1 quantiﬁ cation) 73 Low ﬂ ip angle 121

Lung imaging 6, 17 – ventilation 26 Lymphatic spread 175 Lymphoma 131, 139 M

Machine gain 197 Macrocyclic 26

Macromolecular contrast media (MMCM) 39 Macrophages 27

Macroscopic susceptibility artifacts 100 Magnetic ﬁ eld homogeneity 96 – – inhomogeneities 196

– resonance imaging workbench (MRIW) 148 Magovist 96

Malignant breast tumours 150, 152 – ﬁ brous histiocytoma (MFH) 229 – liver tumours 249

– lymphoma 127 – melanoma 250

– peripheral nerve sheath tumor 230 – progression (Cervix) 176

Mammary Carcinoma Model 46 – tumour 45

Mangafodipir trisodium (Mn-DPDP, Teslascan) 26, 241, 244 Manual contouring (MC) 269

Manufacturer’s support 266 MARIBS trial 265

Mathematical deconvolution 56

Maximal intensity change per time interval ratio (MITR) 128

Maximum enhancement (ME) 185, 200, 220, 223, 227, – – gradient 283

– focal enhancement 198 – gadolinium concentration 200 – intensity projections (MIP) 152

Maximum intensity time ratio (MITR) 153, 197

– peak concentration (MPC) 60 – signal intensity 153, 197

MB-MDA-435 breast adenocarcinomas 49 Mean capillary transit time 103

– enhancement 181

– gradient (Enhancement parameter) 200 – transit time (MTT) 56, 95, 194

Measurement accuracy 73 Measurement of CBV – Absolute units 57 – of T1 102, 285 – of blood ﬂ ow 9 Measuring T1 72

Medical devices directorate 271

Meningiomas 119, 122, 124, 127, 130, 133, 137, 139 Metastatic disease (hepatic) 249

– potential 176

– serious carcinoma of the ovary 257 – spread 17, 26

Method-independence of pharmacokinetic analyses 132 MIB-1 (tumour labelling index) 32

Microbubble contrast agent 27 Microscopic tumour 204

Microvascular density (MVD) 33, 6, 46, 47, 120, 147, 149, 184, 193, 205,

– permeability 31 – barriers 25

Minimum effective dose 291 Mitotic activity 125 – ﬁ gures 44 – indices 130 Modelling failures 197 Modiﬁ ed hepatic index 253 Monitoring tumour treatment 18

Monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle 27 Morphological features 269

Morphology of the neovascular 5 MR angiograms and venograms 246, 247 – cholangiography 241

– MR contrast agent 69

– MR contrast enhanced cholangiogram 244 MRI breast screening 158

MS-325 27, 43, 46

Multi-centre research ethics committee 270 – studies 268

– trials 265

Multicentricity 161, 162 Multifocal breast disease 17 Multi-focal disease 151 Multifocality 161 Multihance 241, 244

Multiphasic imaging (liver) 239, 245 Multiplanar reconstruction 152

Multiple drug resistance protein Mdr1 219 – ﬂ ip angle measurement of T1 74 – institution studies 109

– sclerosis 269

Musculoskeletal Hemangiomas 216 Musculoskeletal tumours: Diagnosis 215 Myocardial perfusion 99

Myoﬁ broblastic sarcoma 229 Myogenic sarcoma 229 Myxoﬁ brosarcoma 229

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CMYK

N

National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) B18 trial 162

Native T1 72

Navigator echo techniques 252 NC 22181 40

NC10050 46 Necrotic tumor 217 Needle oximetry 185

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy 162, 230 Neoangiogenesis 176

N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) 44 Neurinomas 127

Neuroblastoma 226

Neurovascular bundle involvement 204 New vessel formation 119

Nitroxide 26

Non-Cartesian Fourier sampling 99 Non-diffusible agents 27

Non-diffusible agents 55 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma 226 Non-standard sequence 271

Normalization of signal intensity to “normal” tissues 285 Nuclear polymorphism 44

Numerical integration 122 O

Obstructive benign 191 Onset time 153, 200

Optimal properties for DCE-MRI methods 110 Oral contraceptive 248

Organ movements 197 Osteosarcoma 217–220, 226, 231 – response 223

Ovarian carcinoma 48 – serious carcinoma 255 Ovary 17

Oxygen enhancement ratio 176 – mimetic sensitizers 176 – tension 176

Oxygen-electrode placement 176 Oxygen-induced pulmonary ﬁ brosis 50 P

P53 176 P717 40

P792 (Vistarem) 284

Parallel imaging techniques 12, 104 Paramagnetic contrast agent 25, 53 Parametric images 13

– mapping 90, 255 Partial hepatectomy 250 – response (PR) 18 – volume averaging 255 – volume effects 57 Patholigical scoring 31 Patient motion 102 – survival 47 Peak concentration– 82 – enhancement 179 – signal change 31

Pelvic tumour recurrence 181 Percent slope analysis 223 Percentage change required 288

Performance of the ﬁ tting algorithm 134 Perfusion 81, 175, 267

– model 55

Peripheral prostate 203

Peripheral prostate tumours 202 Peri-tumoral oedema 126 Permeability 39, 58, 182

– surface area product (P.S) 41, 103, 129 – weighting 58

pH sensitive switches 28 Phaeochromocytoma 250 Pharmacodynamic Response 296 – endpoints 283

Pharmacokinetic analysis 7, 128, 153, 197, 222 – models 15

Pharmacokinetics 296 Phase I trial 266 – I trial 296 – I/II 282 – II trial 296 – II trial 219 – III trials 282 – III trials 296 – III trials 266 Physiological motion 7 – resistance 218

Pixel by pixel analysis 13, 183, 186 Pixel histogram 183, 186 Plasma half-life 40 – volume 41

Point spread function (PSF) 100 Polylysine contrast agent 49 Poor quality data 123 – signal-to-noise ratio 136 – tumour blood suply 175

Poorly differentiated prostate cancer 199 Portal ﬂ ow 253

– fraction 252 – perfusion fraction 253 – vein occlusion 253 – velocity 253

– venous inﬂ ow 253

Positron emission tomography (PET) 57, 292 Postoperative chemotherapy 218

Power doppler ultrasound 192, 202 – injector 111

Precessional coherence 24

Predicting outcome (cervical cancer) 184 – response (breast cancer) 164

Predictive validity 287 – value for overall survival 217 Predictor of response 164

Pre-enhancement technique 58, 121, 122

Preoperative chemotherapy (musculoskeletal tumours) 217, 219

Pre-operative staging (musculoskeletal tumours) 215 PRESTO (principles of echo-shifting with a train of observa-

tions) 12, 100105

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) 225 Prognostic factor 6

– factors (musculoskeletal tumours) 226 – – (prostate) 193

– value (Cervix) 186

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CMYK

Prognostication (prostate cancer) 207 Progression-free survival (PFS) 228 Progressive disease (PD) 18 Prolonged injection 179 Proportionality constant 56 Prostate cancer 6, 17, 191, 195, 203 – carcinoma 50

– speciﬁ c antigen (PSA) 191, 205

– tumours: Capsular penetration 192, 204, 209 – peripheral zone 192

Prostatectomy 191, 205 Prostatic hyperplasia 191 – movements 199 Prostatitis 192

Protein-binding contrast media 40

Protocol for imaging muskuloskeletal tumours 216 – standardisation 266

– for contrast administration 7 Proton density (PD) 24, 292 Pseudo-permeability 129 PSIF 11

PTK787/ZK222584 49, 255 Publication policy 273

Pulsed high-energy focused ultrasound 205 Q

Quality assurance 266, 274 – control 123

Quantiﬁ cation of liver perfusion 252 – of T1 3TP method 268

– of T1 7, 86 R

R2* 96

Radiation ﬁ brosis (prostate) 203 – induced changes (brain) 132 – necrosis (brain) 132 – therapy (cervix) 175, 181 Radiation therapy (cervix) 181, 186 – – (musculo skeletal tumours) 216 Radiation therapy (prostate) 204, 205 Radical prostatectomy 204, 206

Radiofrequency-spoiled gradient echo sequence 103 Radioisotope imaging 292

Radiotherapy

– Acute hyperaemic response in Prostate 205 Rate of change of enhancement 31, 105, 207, 220, 233 RECIST (response evaluation criteria in sold id tumours 18,

266

Rectal air 204 – motion 197 – movement 17, 194

Recurrent musculoskeletal tumour 215–217 – prostate cancer 206

Red blood cells 28

Reduced ﬁ eld view (rFOV) method 99 Regenerative nodule 249

Region of interest 273, 285 Region of interest (ROI) 286 Regional blood ﬂ ow 15 Regions of interest (ROI) 13, 90 Regulators of angiogenesis 5 Regulatory agencies 282

Relapse breast tumours 166 Relative blood ﬂ ow (rBF) 194 – blood volume (rBV) 195, 255 – cerebral blood ﬂ ow (rCBF) 95, 101

– cerebral blood volume (rCBV) 101, 121, 125, 127, 134, 137, 139

– recirculation (rR) 62, 122, 125, 127 – signal intensity (RSI) 183 Relaxation enhancement 69 – rate 55

– times 70, 292 Relaxivity (r1) 70, 102 Relaxivity effects 121 Relaxivity-based methods 9 Renal carcinoma 250 Renkin/Crone equation 41 Repatition time (TR) 64

Reproducibility 110, 139, 233, 255, 257, 288 Residual disease, breast cancer 146, 164 – – musculoskeletal tumours 217, 224, 227 Residue function 56

Resolution 100

Resovist (Ferucarbotran, car-boxy-dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles) 27, 241

Respiratory gating 251 – motion 251 – motion 252 – – artefact 288

– physiolgical motion 251 Response 220

– to treatment 49

RES-speciﬁ c contrast agents 249

Reticuloendothelial system (RES) 27, 239, 241 RF power 74

– – miscalibration 74 – proﬁ le 74

Rhabdomyosarcoma 226, 229

Right hepatic artery resistance index 253 Risk factors for breast cancer 145 S

Sample size 270 Sampling rates 218 Saturation recovery 72

– – turbo fast low-angle shot (SRTF) 180, 197 Scaled ﬁ tting error (SFE) 122, 124

Scaling factor 57, 273

Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) grading method 44, 46 Scars in breast tissue 203

Schwannomas 127 Screening 158 – studies 266

SE-based DSC-MRI 97, 98 Segmental enhancement 160 – EPI method 100

Semi-automated region selection 75 Seminal vesicle atrophy 192, 194, 204, 209, 205 – vesicles 203

Semi-quantitative anaysis 220 – kinetic parameters 197

SENSE (Sensitivity encoding) 104, 105, 111 Sensitivity 202, 216, 269

Sequence type 63

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CMYK

Shape of the contrast curve 269

Short-tau inversion recover (STIR) 24, 216 Sickle-cell disease 54

Signal artifacts 110 – enhancement curves 14 – intensity time course 152 – intensity time course 54, 153 – to noise ratio 12

Simple descriptive metrics 128

Simultaneous acquisition of T2*-weighted and T1 weighted imaging 135

Sinerem (USPIO) 27,241, 244 Single slice EPI 12

Single-manufacturer studies 272 Singular value decomposition 56 Size variation 120

Slew rate 277 Slice imperfections 73 – localisation 7 – proﬁ le 102

Slope of the time-intensity curve 31, 181 Slow water exchange 76

Small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 249 – lesions (Breast) 150

– molecular contrast media 39

SMASH (simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics) 104, 105, 111

Soft tissue cysts 216 – – edema 216

Soft-tissue sarcomas 217, 227, 229, 230, 231 Solitary cerebral metastasis 125

Solomon-Bloembergen equations 70 Sources of error 89

Spatial resolution 100, 270

Speciﬁ c consensus recommendations 111 Speciﬁ city 202, 216, 269

Spectroscopy 292 Spinal cord injury 50 Spin-echo 123 Spin-lattice 24 Spin-spin relaxation 24 – – rates 24

Spleen 255

Spoiled GE techniques 102 – gradient-echo 197 – GRASS 11

Stable disease (SD) 18

Staging (musculoskeletal tumours) 215 – (prostate) 204

Statistical power 288, 296

Statistical treatment of reproducibility 288 Steady-state free precession (SSFP) 99 Stroke 95

Subtraction DCE-MR images 152, 202, 204 Summary parameters 60, 62

Superparamagnetic 25, 70 – iron oxide particles (SPIO) 241 Surrogate biological markers 119 – endpoint 296

– markers 139

– measure of drug delivery 225 Susceptibility 56, 63, 120, 121, – effect 96

– to noise 129

– weighted DCE-MRI 194 Susceptibility-based techniques 9 Synovial sarcoma 229, 230 Synovial sarcoma 230 T

T, relaxation 53 T₁ and T₂ values 24 T1 FFE 11

T1 mapping 7, 23, 72, 102 T1 relaxation times 267 T1 weighted acquisitions 9 T1-rCBV 134

T1-related signal enhancement 58 T2* 53

T2* 24

T2* sensitivity 25 T2*-based sequences 9

T2*-effect due to extravasation 135 T2-FFE 11

T2-rCBV 134 Targeted biopsy 191 TE 24

Temporal resolution 94, 96, 98 110, 111, 200, 218, 220, 228, 270, 271

Tesla Scan 26, 241 Test-retest CoV 140, 296 – reproducibility 139 Thallium-201 SPECT 125

The delayed contrast accumulation rate (DCAR) 223 The rate equation 83

Therapeutic monitoring 132 – response 125

– trials 266 Threshold 290 Thyroid carcinoma 250

Time of contrast agent arrival 82, 122

Time to 90% maximum enhancement (T90) 128 – to maximum enhancement 82

– to peak (TTP) 60, 31, 105, 122 Time-to-progression 18 Tissue blood ﬂ ow 103 – compartmentalisation 82 – homogeneity model 88 – leakage space (v_e) 200 – perfusion 31, 95, 199 – relaxation times 23 – VEGF expression 199 TP53 gene 273 TR 24

Tracer kinetic analyses 31, 69, 81 – models 179

Transcytolemmal water exchange 76 Transendothelial exchange 41

Transfer constant (K_trans) 15, 88, 131, 154, 196, 200, 202 Transition zone 192

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 31 Transmit ampliﬁ er/attenuator settings 272 Transrectal ultrasound 191

Transurethral resection 191 – thermal ablation 205

Transvascular concentration gradient 218

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CMYK

Transverse relaxation 24 – – rate 96

Trasfer constant 205 – – imaging 195 Trials 265 True FISP 11 TrueFISP 99

Tumefactive demyelinating lesions 127 Tumor cell necrosis 219

– necrosis 219

Tumour apoptosis (annexin V) 292 – blood supply 183

– control 181 – detection 17

– DNA Synthesis (124IUDR) 292 – enhancement patterns 200 – grade 125, 139

– grading 200 – growth 119 – – restraint 288

– heterogeneity 110, 286, 291 – histological grade 31 – hypoxia 193 – – (Cervix) 176 – labeling index 31 – metabolism (18FDG) 292 – multifocality 162 – necrosis 217 – necrosis 224 – neovascularity 95 – oxygenation 175, 186 – oxygenation 186 – perfusion 281, 283 – pharmacokinetics 290 – recurrence 132, 208, 209 – regeneration rate 181 – regression rate 182 – response 164 – size 49, 182 – staging 161, 192, 209 – type 125

– vessel tortuosity 63 – volume 204, 205 Tumoural Induration 166 Turbo FLASH 180, 202, 206

Two-compartment pharmacokinetic model 179 Type I imaging 176

Type II imaging 179

Type III perfusion studies 179 Type one glycogen storage disease 248 Tyrosine kinase 49, 290

– – inhibitor 49, 50 Tyrosine kinase inhibitor 50

UK study of contrat-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a method of screening women at genetic risk of breast cancer (MARIBS) 268

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (USPIOs) 27, 33, 241

Ultrasound contrast agents 191 USAN 241

USPIO 40, 49

Uterine leiomyoma 229 V

Validated Computer Systems 296 Validation 287

– against histopathology 287 – – outcome 287

Variability 129

Variable saturation techniques 73 Vascular density 176

– distribution volume (V_(b)) 130 – endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 119

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 31, 48, 129, 138146, 176, 184, 193, 282, 290

– factor 224 – fraction 16

– input function (VIF) 7, 110, 251, 255 – invasion 175

– morphology 6

– permeability 225, 267, 290 – – factor (VPF) 48 – plasma space 82 – – volume v_p 88

– space 55, 96125, 126, 267, 284 Vascularity 125

Vasogenic oedema 126 VEGF in the prostate 193 – inhibitors 290

VEGF-RTKI AGO13025 49 Verumontanum 192

Vesiculo-vacuolar organelles (VVOs) 6, 33 Vessel shape 15

– size 120

Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) 130, 131, 133, 137

Viable tumor 217

Volume transfer constant 84

VPV (vascular permeability factor) 31

VSOP (very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles 44

W

Wash-in 227 Wash-out 227 Washout curve 267 – gradient 153, 197 – patterns 200, 202

Water exchange 75, 76, 77, 97 X

Xcytrin 26

X-ray mammography 273 Z

ZD4190 50 Zonal anatomy 194

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List of Contributors

Mei-Lin W. Ah-See, MD Paul Strickland Scanner Centre Mount Vernon Hospital

Rickmansworth Road, Northwood Middlesex HA6 2RN

UK

Robert C. Brasch, MD

Professor of Radiology and Pediatrics

Center for Pharmaceutical and Molecular Imaging Department of Radiology

University of California San Francisco 513 Parnassus Avenue

San Francisco, CA 94143-0628 USA

David L. Buckley, PhD Lecturer in Imaging Science

Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering University of Manchester

Stopford Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK

Fernando Calamante MD, PhD Radiology and Physics Unit Institute of Child Health University College London 30 Guilford Street London WC1N 1EH UK

Jeffrey L. Evelhoch, PhD Director, Structural Imaging World Wide Clinical Technology Pﬁ zer Global Research & Development 2800 Plymouth Road

Mail Stop: 50-M129 Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA

Laure S. Fournier, MD

Center for Pharmaceutical and Molecular Imaging Department of Radiology

University of California San Francisco 513 Parnassus Avenue

San Francisco, CA 94143-0628 USA

Ingrid S. Gribbestad, MD SINTEF Unimed

MR Center 7465 Trondheim Norway and

Cancer Clinic

St. Olavs University Hospital 7006 Trondheim

Norway

Kjell I. Gjesdal, MD Ullevaal University Hospital 0407 Oslo

Norway

Mari H.B. Hjelstuen, MD Central Hospital of Stavanger 4068 Stavanger

Norway

Alan Jackson, MBChB (Hons), PhD, FRCP, FRCR Professor, Imaging Science

and Biomedical Engineering The Medical School University of Manchester Stopford Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK

Gordon C. Jayson, FRCP, PhD Senior Lecturer in Medical Oncology Cancer Research UK

Department of Medical Oncology Christie Hospital NHS Trust Wilmslow Road, Withington Manchester M20 6 DB UK

Michael W. Knopp, MD, PhD Division of Imaging Research Department of Radiology Ohio State University 657 Means Hall 1654 Upham Dr.

Columbus, OH 43210-1250 USA

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Martin O. Leach, PhD, FInstP Joint Director, Cancer Research UK Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research Group

Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital Downs Road

Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT UK

Kah Loh Li, PhD Department of Radiology

University of California, San Francisco 4150 Clement Street

San Francisco, CA 94121 USA

Steinar Lundgren, MD Cancer Clinic

St. Olavs University Hospital 7006 Trondheim

Norway

Nina A. Mayr, MD

Professor, Director Radiation Oncology Center Department of Radiology

Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center University Hospital

1200 N. Everett Drive Rm. BNP 603

Oklahoma City, OK 73190 USA

D. Scott McMeekin, MD

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK 73190

USA

Joseph F. Montebello, MD Radiation Oncology Center

Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK 73190

USA

Chrit T. W. Moonen, PhD

Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle:

de la Physiologie à la Thérapie

ERT CNRS/ Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 146 rue Leo Saignat, Case 117

33076 Bordeaux Cedex France

David A. Nicholson, Bmed Sci, FRCR Consultant in Gastrointestinal Radiology Hope Hospital

Stott Lane Salford, M6 8HD UK

Gunnar Nilsen, MD Molde Hospital 6400 Molde Norway

Michael D. Noseworthy, PhD

Departments of Medical Imaging and Medical Biophysics University of Toronto

Hospital for Sick Children Research Scientist The Hospital for Sick Children

555 University Ave.

Toronto, Ontario M56 1X8 Canada

Anwar Padhani, MRCP, FRCR Consultant Radiologist and Lead in MRI Paul Strickland Scanner Centre Mount Vernon Hospital

Rickmansworth Road, Northwood Middlesex HA6 2RN

UK

Geoffrey J. M. Parker, PhD Research Fellow in Imaging Science Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering University of Manchester

Stopford Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK

Michael Pedersen, PhD

Imagerie Moléculaire et Fonctionnelle:

de la Physiologie à la Thérapie

ERT CNRS/ Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 146 rue Leo Saignat, Case 117

33076 Bordeaux Cedex France

and

MR Research Center, Institute of Experimental Clinical Research

Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby 8200 Aarhus N

Denmark

Wilburn E. Reddick, MD, PhD

Assistant Member, Department of Diagnostic Imaging St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

332 North Lauderdale Street Memphis, TN 38105-2794 USA

Timothy P. L. Roberts, PhD

Professor, Department of Medical Imaging University of Toronto

Canada Research Chair in Imaging Research Fitzgerald Building

150 College St., Rm 88 Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2 Canada

June S. Taylor, PhD Associate Professor Department of Radiology University of Utah

Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research 729 Arapeen Drive

Salt Lake City, UT 84108 USA

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Peter van Gelderen, PhD

Laboratory for Molecular and Functional Imaging NINDS, NIH

Bethesda, 20892 MD USA

John C. Waterton, PhD, FRSC Enabling Science & Technology AstraZeneca

Alderley Park

Macclesﬁ eld, Cheshire, SK10 4TG UK

Dee H. Wu, PhD Department of Radiology

USA

William T.C. Yuh, MD, MSEE Radiation Oncology Center

USA

Xiao Ping Zhu, MD, PhD

MR Unit and Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center University of California, San Francisco

4150 Clement Street San Francisco, CA 94121 USA

(13)

Di agno st ic I m agi ng

Innovations in Diagnostic Imaging Edited by J. H. Anderson

Radiology of the Upper Urinary Tract Edited by E. K. Lang

The Thymus - Diagnostic Imaging, Functions, and Pathologic Anatomy Edited by E. Walter, E. Willich, and W. R. Webb

Interventional Neuroradiology Edited by A. Valavanis

Radiology of the Pancreas Edited by A. L. Baert, co-edited by G. Delorme Radiology of the Lower Urinary Tract Edited by E. K. Lang

Magnetic Resonance Angiography Edited by I. P. Arlart,

G. M. Bongartz, and G. Marchal Contrast-Enhanced MRI of the Breast S. Heywang-Köbrunner and R. Beck Spiral CT of the Chest

Edited by M. Rémy-Jardin and J. Rémy

Radiological Diagnosis of Breast Diseases Edited by M. Friedrich

and E.A. Sickles Radiology of the Trauma

Edited by M. Heller and A. Fink Biliary Tract Radiology

Edited by P. Rossi, co-edited by M. Brezi

Radiological Imaging of Sports Injuries Edited by C. Masciocchi

Modern Imaging of the Alimentary Tube Edited by A. R. Margulis

Spiral CT of the Abdomen

Edited by F. Terrier, M. Grossholz, and C. D. Becker

Liver Malignancies Diagnostic and

Interventional Radiology Edited by C. Bartolozzi and R. Lencioni

Medical Imaging of the Spleen Edited by A. M. De Schepper and F. Vanhoenacker

Radiology of Peripheral Vascular Diseases Edited by E. Zeitler

Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Edited by C. Schiepers

Radiology of Blunt Trauma of the Chest P. Schnyder and M. Wintermark

Portal Hypertension

Diagnostic Imaging-Guided Therapy Edited by P. Rossi

Co-edited by P. Ricci and L. Broglia

Recent Advances in Diagnostic Neuroradiology Edited by Ph. Demaerel

Virtual Endoscopy and Related 3D Techniques

Edited by P. Rogalla, J. Terwisscha Van Scheltinga, and B. Hamm

Multislice CT

Edited by M. F. Reiser, M. Takahashi, M. Modic, and R. Bruening

Pediatric Uroradiology Edited by R. Fotter

Transfontanellar Doppler Imaging in Neonates

A. Couture and C. Veyrac

Radiology of AIDS A Practical Approach Edited by J.W.A.J. Reeders and P.C. Goodman

CT of the Peritoneum

Armando Rossi and Giorgio Rossi Diagnosis and Therapy of Spinal Tumors

Edited by P. R. Algra, J. Valk, and J. J. Heimans

Interventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Edited by J.F. Debatin and G. Adam

Abdominal and Pelvic MRI

Edited by A. Heuck and M. Reiser

Orthopedic Imaging

Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies and H. Pettersson

Radiology of the Female Pelvic Organs Edited by E. K.Lang

Magnetic Resonance of the Heart and Great Vessels

Clinical Applications

Edited by J. Bogaert, A.J. Duerinckx, and F. E. Rademakers

Modern Head and Neck Imaging Edited by S. K. Mukherji and J. A. Castelijns

Radiological Imaging of Endocrine Diseases Edited by J. N. Bruneton

in collaboration with B. Padovani and M.-Y. Mourou

Trends in Contrast Media Edited by H. S. Thomsen, R. N. Muller, and R. F. Mattrey

Functional MRI

Edited by C. T. W. Moonen and P. A. Bandettini

Radiology of the Pancreas 2nd Revised Edition Edited by A. L. Baert Co-edited by G. Delorme and L. Van Hoe

Emergency Pediatric Radiology Edited by H. Carty

M e d i c a l R ad i o l o g y Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology

Titles in the series already published

(14)

Magnetic Resonance Angiography 2nd Revised Edition Edited by I. P. Arlart,

G. M. Bongratz, and G. Marchal

Pediatric Chest Imaging Edited by Javier Lucaya and Janet L. Strife

Applications of Sonography in Head and Neck Pathology Edited by J. N. Bruneton in collaboration with C. Raffaelli and O. Dassonville

Imaging of the Larynx Edited by R. Hermans

3D Image Processing Techniques and Clinical Applications Edited by D. Caramella and C. Bartolozzi

Imaging of Orbital and Visual Pathway Pathology Edited by W. S. Müller-Forell

Pediatric ENT Radiology Edited by S. J. King and A. E. Boothroyd

Radiological Imaging of the Small Intestine

Edited by N. C. Gourtsoyiannis

Imaging of the Knee

Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies and V. N. Cassar-Pullicino

Perinatal Imaging From Ultrasound to MR Imaging Edited by Fred E. Avni

Radiological Imaging of the Neonatal Chest Edited by V. Donoghue

Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology in Liver Transplantation Edited by E. Bücheler, V. Nicolas, C. E. Broelsch, X. Rogiers, and G. Krupski

Radiology of Osteoporosis Edited by S. Grampp

Imaging Pelvic Floor Disorders Edited by C. I. Bartram and J. O. L. DeLancey

Associate Editors: S. Halligan, F. M. Kelvin, and J. Stoker

Imaging of the Pancreas Cystic and Rare Tumors Edited by C. Procacci and A. J. Megibow

High Resolution Sonography of the Peripheral Nervous System Edited by S. Peer and G. Bodner

Imaging of the Foot and Ankle Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies, R. W. Whitehouse, and J. P. R. Jenkins

Radiology Imaging of the Ureter Edited by F. Joffre, Ph. Otal, and M. Soulie

Imaging of the Shoulder Techniques and Applications Edited by A. M. Davies and J. Hodler

Radiology of the Petrous Bone Edited by M. Lemmerling and S. S. Kollias

Interventional Radiology in Cancer Edited by A. Adam, R. F. Dondelinger, and P. R. Mueller

Duplex and Color Doppler Imaging of the Venous System

Edited by G. H. Mostbeck

Multidetector-Row CT of the Thorax Edited by U. J. Schoepf

Functional Imaging of the Chest Edited by H.-U. Kauczor

Radiology of the Pharynx and the Esophagus Edited by O. Ekberg

Radiological Imaging in Hematological Malignancies Edited by A. Guermazi

Imaging and Intervention in Abdominal Trauma

Edited by R. F. Dondelinger

Multislice CT

2nd Revised Edition

Edited by M. F. Reiser, M. Takahashi, M. Modic, and C. R. Becker

Intracranial Vascular Malformations and Aneurysms

From Diagnostic Work-Up to Endovascular Therapy Edited by M. Forsting

Radiology and Imaing of the Colon Edited by A. H. Chapman

Coronary Radiology Edited by M. Oudkerk

Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Oncology

Edited by A. Jackson, D. L. Buckley, and G. J. M. Parker

Imaging in Treatment Planning for Sinonasal Diseases

Edited by R. Maroldi and P. Nicolai

Clinical Cardiac MRI

With Interactive CD-ROM Edited by J. Bogaert,

S. Dymarkowski, and A. M. Taylor

Focal Liver Lesions

Detection, Characterization, Ablation

Edited by R. Lencioni, D. Cioni, and C. Bartolozzi

Multidetector-Row CT Angiography Edited by C. Catalano and R. Passariello

M e d i c a l R ad i o l o g y Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology

Titles in the series already published

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