viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iii
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x NOTES xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definitions 2 1.2 Conceptual framework 12 1.3 Literature review 19 1.4 Outline of chapters 30
CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL BACKGROUND: GUANO, SUGAR, ABOLITIONISM,
AND THE BIRTH OF A NEW WORLD LABOR MARKET 32
2.1 Global migrations, indenture and the abolition of slavery in the Western
hemisphere 32
2.2 The Chinese “migratory tradition” 45
2.3 A second push? The rise of the global guano market and the takeoff of the
Peruvian coolie trade 56
CHAPTER 3: THE COOLIE TRADE IN MACAO, C. 1851-1874 73 3.1 The historical context: Macao and the coolie trade between the Opium wars 73 3.2 The role of the Portuguese authorities in Macao, from regulation to abolition
(1853-1874) 96
CHAPTER 4: THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COOLIE TRAFFIC, C. 1860-1874 112
4.1 The recruitment network 112
4.2 The “middle passage” 130
4.3 Agency and resistance 150
4.4 After arrival: life and labor in the destination societies 157 CHAPTER 5: FROM THE APPENNINES TO THE ANDES: THE LIGURIAN
COMMUNITY IN PERU AND THE PERUVIAN COOLIE TRADE 172 5.1 The Genoese commercial diaspora in the Pacific: genesis and activities 172 5.2 The Italian participation in the coolie traffic: three criterions for a census 180 5.3 The Italian coolie traffickers: individual profiles 202
ix
CHAPTER 6: ITALIAN DIPLOMATS IN CHINA AND THE SUPPRESSION OF THE
COOLIE TRADE 213
6.1 The early Italo-Chinese relations 214
6.2 The Italian Government and the management of the traffic under the Italian flag,
1865-1872 219
6.3 The Italian position in the debate on the traffic’s abolition, 1872-1874 228 CHAPTER 7: COOLIES, SAILORS, AND PIRATES: A CASE STUDY OF THE
“TERESA AFFAIR” 233
7.1 The 1868 Teresa revolt 234
7.2 Captain Bollo’s petitions and the response of the Italian Government 239
7.3 Chinese piracy and the coolie trade 253
7.4 The views of the traffickers 275
CONCLUSION: 280
BIBLIOGRAPHY 286
APPENDICES 319
Appendix I: Italian coolie ships, by flag, ownership, captain and consignee. 320
Appendix II: Garibaldi and the coolie trade 324
Appendix III: Sample of a coolie contract 327
Appendix IV: Wages in mid-nineteenth-century China and the Americas 329 Appendix V: List of barracoons in Macao, 1868: 330 Appendix VI: Selected newspaper articles on coolie revolts: 332
INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES: 339
