Introduction The changes The cases of the changes The system of public spaces in Taipei city Study Project: The Taitung Civic Center

THE PLAIN

A new public space system for Taipei City

Wen Hsien Huang September, 2015

Contents

Introduction The changes The cases of the changes The system of public spaces in Taipei city Study Project: The Taitung Civic Center

The convenience stores in Taipei city The new system of public space: The Plain System Why Taipei city need more public space?

Where is the new system happened?

the Plain system works?

Sketch Bibliography P o l i t e c n i c o d i M i l a n o

School of Architecture and Society Master of Architecture

Academic year 2014/15

Author / Wen Hsien Huang

Supervisor / Prof. Luca Maria Francesco Fabris

Introduction

house in England, was changed by new media was invented. Moreover, the whole system of public spaces was adapted according to the urban condition has been changed. That is to said, those changes could be happened from a small scale, a room, to a large scale, a system of public spaces. In this way, those spaces had been adapted could elaborate their services better, and users can feel more comfortable and convenience, when they are using the spaces.

In Public spaces, the changes are more important, because those spaces involve more different people. From the basic definition of public spaces, the spaces service all the people and can not exclude, so there are a lot of different people in one spaces. Also because of the spaces allow various people use one area at the same time, those different people can have chances to meet each other. Thus, public spaces can provide a city’s potential in the future which more and more technologies would change the way we connect each other. That is to say, re-estimating the system of public spaces should be important in the future. And it is important not only for developing country but also shrinking cities, because those public spaces can present the city’s potential, in order to attract more and more people get in the cities.

The changes from new technologies starts to change the way we use the spaces. If we keep using the same thinking to create a space in different background, people would not use the spaces gradually, and the spaces would be abandoned easily. This thesis is talking about how a space, especially in public spaces, is changed to adept new condition.

MY THESIS mainly discusses about the spaces always are changed through different back- grounds, so we should generate different systems to fit the moment. Especially, the cities are changed rapidly nowadays, thus we have to seek proper ways to adapt new conditions.

People activities are usually generated new spaces, on the other hand, some spaces can also change the ways people act. That is to say the spaces are always linked to the activities, so when we create new spaces, we have to consider about the related activities on that moment. In this way, the spaces can be used properly and the users can enjoy the services from the spaces.

People activates are always affected by new technologies. Technologies usually play an important role that offer convenience to people and improve people’s life. Our life is getting more and more comfortable, when there are more and more new technologies. On the other hand, new technologies start to change the way we live. That is to say, the spaces would be changed by the new technologies, because the way we use the space are changed by new technologies. Through those new technologies makes our life more and more convenience, the new technologies would not replace some existing spaces and only change the way we use the spaces. Especially, we are in the middle of innovation period, and new technologies are invented rapidly and continuously. Thus, we should rethink about how to adept new situ- ations when we want to place new spaces.

Some existing situations show that situation of the technologies changed the way we use the

spaces is not only happened recent years, and it happened all the time. The use of a coffee

Le Corbusier

Far from having been closed, poetry’s horizons have been broadened by technique: the space has not been killed, nor have poets been caged. In every moment, dream and poetry arise from the advent of technique.

The Changes

We are in the middle of innovation period which the new technologies are invented rapidly, so our life way would be changed continually and dramatically. Thus, the way we use the spaces would be also different from before, in order to adapt new conditions. For example, New technologies, essentially the Internet, dramatically change our life. Nowadays we can connect the internet from our smart phones everywhere, so we can communicate with our friends or know their situations through social networks without meeting them face to face. Because of those convenience technologies, we don’t have to make ap- pointments in public spaces to meet with friends. Those new technologies have already changed our life styles. Thus, some people would start to say that “New technologies start to” replace” some public spaces, and we don’t need those spaces anymore.”

Actually, it is not sure, and those public spaces would not be replaced by new technologies. With new technologies, we just changed the ways we use the spaces but abandon those spaces. Le Corbusier munitions that: “Far from having been closed, poetry’s horizons have been broadened by technique: the space has not been killed, nor have poets been caged. In every moment, dream and poetry arise from the advent of technique.” That is to say, public spaces would not be replaced by tech- nologies, but out activities would change with more and more technologies are released, even through in the same spaces.

And, this sentence also shows that the situation would not only happen recently, it has already existed in early time.

small scale large scale

The four cases

There are a lot of cases that present the changing use of the spaces during the time. The changes are happened every- where. Those cases can be small as a store and a retail, or the changes can be large as a street and a system of public space. Here, I take four examples to present the existing changes in the would. The cases are a coffeehouse in England, a retail store, boulevards in Paris, and a system of public space.

The following would present the cases and start form the smallest scale, a coffeehouse in England, and the usage of cof- feehouse in England had been changed because of the invention, newspaper. The second case is the retail store. Because of the new technologies, the organisation of a retail does not have to directly connect together, and some spaces can be

replaced by the new media. Thus, the system of a retail store is different from before. Boulevards in Paris is the third cases which started to present urban scale. After war would two, the urban situation in Paris changed, because the usage of vehicle was rise. The last cases is a system of public space. those system of public spaces was different from before, because the city’s scale is getting bigger and bigger.

The First Example: England Coffee House

A scale of a single room

16 Century #

1652 # 1629 # The first coffee house started in the middle East

mainly functioned as the place where listening music, reading and playing chess

The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford

The first coffeehouses appeared in Venice Avvisi, the first newspaper was published the monthly Notizie scritte

by the government of Venice which cost one gazetta, a small coin.

# 1556

The first English-language newspaper was published in Amsterdam Because in the early 17century the right of print was strictly

controlled in England.

# 1620

the English started printing their own papers in London.

# 1632

The coffee houses had by this time become central to social, commercial, and political life in England.

The new Media also was introduced into England

Coffee houses # # Newspaper

England Coffee House was changed because the new media rised

The first case is coffee house in england which people changed the way they used the place. The first coffee house started in the middle east, damascus, between 1512 to 1530. The ottoman chronicler ibrahim peçevi wrote and disrupted the situation:

until the year 962 [1555], in the high, god-guarded city of constantinople, as well as in ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffee-houses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called hakam from aleppo and a wag called shams from damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee. (quoted in ber- nard lewis, istanbul and the civilization of the ottoman empire, university of oklahoma press (reprint, 1989)

In that period, the coffeehouse was mainly a place for relaxing, enjoying, and drinking. Coffee house appeared in europe in the 17th century, and the first one is in venice in 1629. And the place was getting more and more popular. Jacob at the angel in the parish of st peter in the east opened the first england coffeehouse in oxford in 1652. In the same year, london also opened the first coffeehouse in st michael’s alley. However, the coffeehouse’s atmosphere was changed because the new media, newspaper and magazine, was getting popular in england.

We are in the middle of innovation period which the new technologies are invented rapidly, so our life way would be changed continually and dramatically. Thus, the way we use the spaces would be also different from before, in order to adapt new conditions. For example, New technologies, essentially the Internet, dramatically change our life. Nowadays we can connect the internet from our smart phones everywhere, so we can communicate with our friends or know their situations through social networks without meeting them face to face. Because of those convenience technologies, we don’t have to make ap- pointments in public spaces to meet with friends. Those new technologies have already changed our life styles. Thus, some people would start to say that “New technologies start to” replace” some public spaces, and we don’t need those spaces anymore.”

Coffee houses in Turkish in 16 century

Coffee houses in England in 17 century

England Coffee House was changed from public sphere to social institution

Avvisi can be seen as the monthly newspaper was published in 1556 by the government of venice. Avvisi wrote by hand and convey politic, military, and economic news. After that, the dutch courante uyt italien, duytslandt, &c. Appeared in amsterdam in 1618. Amsterdam became a center of european newspaper which published a lot of newspaper in many language and the first newspaper in english were also printed in amsterdam. In the early 17th century, it was illegal for citizen to print newspa- per, and until 1632, england started to print their own newspaper in london.

At the very beginning, the coffeehouse was the place for people to relax. On that time, people was used to drink coffee and play music in a coffeehouse. A coffeehouse is a place for people to meet and chat with friends. So, when you look at the pic- tures of the coffeehouse in 16th century, the atmosphere is relaxing.

After this kind of store was introduced into european, the coffeehouse became more and more popular. In the middle 17th century, the coffeehouse was introduced into england, and the atmosphere was totally different. Because the newspaper on that period can not be printed in england, citizens can not get and read the newspaper in the public. A coffeehouse became an important place for citizens to get new information from the newspaper or other media offered by the coffeehouse. Thus, britisher started to go coffeehouse in order to read the newspaper. And people there were not only read the newspaper but also discuss those news in the coffeehouse. A coffeehouse was been seen as the place where people read and discuss the news of the day. Thus, the atmosphere of the coffeehouse in england had been changed from the relaxing place to the place for people reading and discussing newspaper.

Thomas Jordan, News from the Coffee-House, 1667

You that delight in Wit and Mirth, and long to hear such News, as comes from all parts of the Earth, Dutch, Danes, and Turksand Jews, I'le send you a Rendezvous, where it is smoaking new: Go hear it at a Coffee-house— it cannot but be true . . . There's nothing done in all the World, From Monarch to the Mouse, But every Day or Night 'tis hurl'd into the Coffee-house.

England Coffee House experience in 1667

The coffeehouse in England is not only a place for enjoy drinks but also a communication centre, because the coffeehouse in that period offer newspaper which had seen seen as important values for citizen to know new informtiiaotn. When a customer got into a coffeehouse and ordered a cap of coffee, the fee is include the right to read newspaper offered by the store, and this situation getting more and amore popular. Thus, there were a lot of people went to a coffeehouse mainly for reading the news. Moreover, people inside the house started to public their though about the news or even discuss with others. Thus, cit- izens knew that if you want to know something new, you can go to a coffeehouse. Because you can get new information not only from the new media offered by the coffeehouse but also by listening to the discussion from others inside a coffeehouse . Thus you can find a lot of article which describe the situation of a coffeehouse in England. The England poet the writer Thomas Jordan described the atmosphere in his book “ News from the Coffee-House” :

You that delight in Wit and Mirth, and long to hear such News,

As comes from all parts of the Earth, Dutch, Danes, and Turks and Jews, I’le send you a Rendezvous, where it is smoaking new:

Go hear it at a Coffee-house, — it cannot but be true — * * *

You shall know, there, what Fashions are; How Perrywiggs are curl’d;

And for a Penny you shall heare all Novells in the world;

Both Old and Young, and Great and Small, and Rich and Poore you’ll see:

Therefore let’s to the Coffee all, Come all away with me.

Thomas Jordan, News from the Coffee-House,1667

The Second Example: Retail Store

A scale of an architecture

can be replaced by a online catalog can be replaced by electronic equivalent

can be freely distributed Facade

Floor Space Stock

Before Now

A retail store was changed because of the telecommunication

The second scale comes to a retail system. In the past, a retail store in the past had a rigid organization of the spaces, which those spaces have to reconnected one by one. A retail store mainly has three spaces, facade, Floor space, and stock. And each of the spaces played different roles and can not be replaced, and the order can not be changed.

The first area is a facade. A facade in a retail store is the place for the store owner to present their goods. In the past, a facade of a retail store is the only space for owner to advertise their goods, so owners were usually put as more as products inside their windows, in order to let customers to better understand what they have. After a facade, the floor space is main space for a retail store offers service. And the space has to contain most of products for customers to choose. Thus, a floor space usually is the biggest space in a retail space. Moreover, the presentation of their products was also limited by how big

the space is. The last space is a stock where owner store products for more customers to purchase. This space is a support space which can only allow service men get in, so it does not exist for customers, because they can not use the space. Thus, the more space used for a stock, the less space can be used for customers.

In the past, a retail store had to place all of each space and in the correct order, so the organization is rigid. But, there are a lot of changes new with more and more new technologies had been used in a retail store. Some spaces can be changed and some spaces can be replaced. Thus, the organization of a retail store now can be more flexible.

Louis Vuitton V.S Yayoi Kusama

can be replaced by a online catalog

can be replaced by electronic equivalent can be freely distributed

Facade

Floor Space Stock

Facade

ThefirsTsecTionofareTailsToreisfacadewhichpresenTsTheproducTsofThereTail. inThepasT, Theownersshowedasmoreas informaTiononTheirfacade, inorderToadverTisewhaTTheyhave.

nowadays, ThenewTechnologiesbringmoreopporTuniTiesforcompaniesToadverTiseTheirfirmsandproducTs. forexample, The

inTerneTcouldbeThemosTimporTanTmediaforpromoTioninThe 21 cenTury. companiescanseTupTheirownofficialwebsiTeTofully presenTallTheproducTsTheyhaveandgiveasmoredeTailaspossible. moreover, TheycanshowTheinformaTionofTheircompanies’

spiriT , ThemainconcepT, whichcanmakescusTomersundersTandThemmore.

inThisway, facadeisnoTTheonlywayforownersToadverTise, soTheycanpresenTTheaTmosphereabouTThesToreanddon’Thave TobeasmoreproducTsaspossible. Take louis vuiTTon, The fashionbouTiquecompany , asanexample. in 2012, louis vuiTToninviTed The Japan arTisT, yayoi kusama, TodesignTheirnewproducTs. duringTheperiodofTheproducTcameinToThesTores, Theirfacade changedTopromoTeThenewproducTs. buTiTdidn’TshowTheproducTsdoneby yayoi kusama, TheyshowedThemainfeaTureofThe designandexaggeraTedThaTTocaTchpasserby’seye. becauseTheyshowedallThenewproducTsonTheirofficialwebsiTe, Theycanuse morespaceofTheirfacadeToaTTracTpeople, noTonlygiveinformaTion.

Argos (A British catalogue retailer)

can be replaced by a online catalog can be replaced by electronic equivalent

can be freely distributed Facade

Floor Space Stock

Floor stock

The second section is Floor place which is main place for companies to offer their service. In the past, the service had been limited by the size of the space. For example, an appliance shop has to put all the machines in this area, so those kinds of store need related bigger store then others.

Nowadays, the way of present those products can be different form before, because of the new technologies. The British cat- alogue retailer , Argos, can be a example shows how a company takes advantages from those new technologies used in their retail store. In Argos, an appliance shop in British, you would see any physical products. Instead of those physical machines, they service a lot of tablets which convey all the products they have. Customers search all the products they need and order directly on the tablets, and they can go to the counters for paying and getting physical products. Thus, they don’t need a big

service place for their productions.

According to the company’s finical report that their achievements is batter them those traditional appliance shops. Because they are not limited by the service space, they can offer more options for customers to choose. Moreover, because they don’t need a big service spaces, they can open their store in popular locations which can offer more convenient service then those traditional stores which needs dig spaces, so those traditional stores usually open in suburb.

Shoe Store

can be replaced by a online catalog can be replaced by electronic equivalent

can be freely distributed Facade

Floor Space Stock

Stock

The third space is stock where stores all the products the store has in different sizes and colours. The space is usually used only by staffs, so customers would not feel the space. Thus, the bigger the stock is, the lass the service place is in a retail store.

The Internet and vehicles play an important role for changing the organisation of a retail store. Nowadays, the new technol- ogies changed a stock’s apace and size. A retail stores doesn’t need a big stock now, because they can place their stock in other area. They can search information through the Internet and deliver the products customers need by vehicles. Thus, those retail stores can plan more floor place, in order to offer more service. Especially a retail store in the popular area can place their stock in suburb area.

The technologies started to change the organisation of a retail store. The portion of those main spaces is changed, and some spaces can be bigger and some spaces can event be took out the system, like stock.

The Third Example: The Boulevard

The Scale of a Street

Haussmann's renovation of Paris started from 1853 due to three main reasons:

1. Control the urban masses that has developed as a result of industrialization.

2. Improve the Urban quality by adding more green spaces.

3. better the urban circulation due to more and more new vehicle.

During 1859 to 1867, Haussmann constructed 9.467 kilometers of new boulevards.

The Boulevard

In 1852, Napoleon III want to re-organize Paris, he asked George- Eugene Haussmann to place new type of road system, Boulevard. Boulevard means a wide street in a town or city, typically one lined with trees and is very different from the scale in the past. Before that, Paris is full of narrow and maze-like road system. In order to setup the Boulevards inside the city, ap- proximately one-fifth of all the street in Paris had to be demolished and 350,000 citizens were forced to search new housing, because this plan also destroyed their original homes. On the other hand, this project also brings new working opportunities for twenty percentages of working population.

There are three main reasons for Napoleon III to setup the Boulevard in Paris. The first reason is controlling the urban mass who appeared after industrialization. Those big scale streets can let Napoleon III to setup barricades to control different

groups easier. The second reason is improving urban quality. Because the boulevard system conveys green spaces, and those small green areas can play n important role to generate better quality in Paris. The last reason of placing the Boulevard in Paris is improve the traffic circulation in Paris. After industrialization, the use of vehicle was increase and more and more inside Pairs city, so the road system had to be changed. The boulevard conveys large scale lane system, so vehicles can move easier. Moreover, Haussmann considered the whole Paris circulation when he we design the Boulevard, thus those new roads can be more effective. The whole system was completed around 1870 by George-Eugene Haussmann.

Before After

Before

After

The Boulevard New Functions

Because urban system in Paris was changed, Napoleon III created a new type of city space, Boulevard. Boulevard aims to improve the quality of Paris city by enlarging the road system and adding more green spaces.

At the same time, the Boulevard created a new kind of urban life in Paris which generated new activities for different people to interact each other. In the past, most of road system offered related small sidewalks for pedestrian, so those sidewalks can only be functional using. Because boulevard in Paris conveys a large scale of sidewalks with green space, the new activities stated to happened on the sidewalks.

The street furniture and pavement coffee plays an important role that generate a kind of urban space. Those space started to mix different social groups. On the sidewalks, there are a lot of different people walk through the Boulevard and they could have opportunities to interact with others on those stop points. On the other hand, those people have coffee on the sidewalks can also be gave chances to see a variety of people walk through them.

Thus, the sidewalk on the Boulevard in Paris had been changed from a connecting place to a kind of social space in the urban life. The way people use the space is changed, because there are more and more new technologies used in urban spaces.

The Boulevard

The Fourth Example: Public Spaces System

A scale of an urban system

PUBLIC

TOLERANCE

COLONIZE

Is a collection of people who (coincidentally) share a common experience or a

common interest. ... Other meaning, that of ‘making public’: something that is ‘public’

is disclosed to others.

Danah Boyd, Taken Out Of Context, 2008

As the place where we encounter the stranger, a space of friction that breeds toler- ance through encountering differences in opinion, social standing, ethnicity, economic background, etc.

Danah Boyd, Taken Out Of Context, 2008

Is a place function as a stage for the city intended to be colonized by the city’s inhabi- tants.

Danah Boyd, Taken Out Of Context, 2008

What is a Public Space: The Features of Public Spaces

The fourth example of the changes is about an urban scale, the change of the system in public spaces. What are public spaces? The Basic definition of Public spaces can be separated into three main topics: Public, Tolerance, Colonization. So, those basic definitions can become guide line of new public space.

The First feature is Public, that means the public spaces are the space for people to public their own thought. Danah Boyd wrote in this book “Taken Out of Context “: Public space is a collection of people who (coincidentally) share a common expe- rience or a common interest. ... Other meaning, that of ‘making public’: something that is ‘public’ is disclosed to others.

The second Idea of public space is Tolerance which means that public spaces have to convey different kinds of people and can not be exceptive. Danah Boyd also mentions in this book “Taken Out of Context “: As the place where we encounter the stranger, a space of friction that breeds tolerance through encountering differences in opinion, social standing, ethnicity, economic background, etc.

The third definition is colonizing, which shows the importance of public spaces that the space should be used by the citizens and let users colonize the spaces. “Taken Out of Context “munitions that is a place function as a stage for the city intended to be colonized by the city’s inhabitants.

1800s

1900s

1960s 1955 1891

London had been sprawling out of its medieval confines within the City, when the city experienced its’ first great urban surge. Areas to the west of Westminster were increasingly built up for the wealthy, to live in the suburbs of the city.

London’s Population Increased dramatically.

A dramatic increase in the city's urban sprawl began in the 19th century, when laborers flocked from the countryside to work in the new factories that were then springing up.

The term “urban sprawl” was first used in an article in The Times as a negative comment on the state of London’s outskirts

A major catalyst in the growth in urban sprawl came from the opening of the Metropol- itan Railway in the 1860s. The line joined the capital’s financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex.

3

0 6 9 12 15 18MILES

GREATER LONDON 1965 <

1936 1886 1836 1760 1556 ^Roman_London

5,572,012

London POPULATION (inhab.)

Source : World Population Review (2015)

2,363,000

1,655,000

959,300 6,506,954 7,160,525 7,386,848 8,110,480 8,615,245 8,196,978 7,992,616 7 452 520 6 805 000 6 829 300 7 322 400 7 657 300 8 174 100 8 615 246

1891

1851

1831

1801 1931192119111901 1971196119511939 20152011200620011981 1991

Why a system of public space was changed: Urban sprawl in London

The last case of changes is the system of public spaces. Why the system of public spaces was changed? Urban sprawl plays an important role. Therefore, we should understand “urban sprawl “, in order to better realize why the system of public space in those cities were changed.

The terms “urban sprawl “comes from England and describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, mono-functional and usually car-dependent communities. London had been sprawling out of its me- dieval confines within the City, when the city experienced its’ first great urban surge. Areas to the west of Westminster were increasingly built up for the wealthy, to live in the suburbs of the city. Once the railway system which connected to the nearby cities with London had been complete, there were more and more people went into London. In 1891, the population of In-

creased dramatically, from 2,363,000 to 5,572,012. In the early 20th century, London’s Population Increased dramatically, the whole population is approximately five times then the last century.

The first time “urban sprawl “was used in an article was in The Times as a negative comment on the state of London’s out- skirts in 1955. After that, in The Times as a negative comment on the state of London’s outskirts. And the situation doesn’t only happen in London, and that is situation for the most of cities all over the world.

Tokyo / Japan 1970

Tokyo / Japan 2010

Las Vegas / U.S.A.

1984

2011

Las Vegas / U.S.A.

Urban sprawl : Around The World

These false-color images of Tokyo show a very dense city becoming even more so. The green areas represent open or veg- etated space, while the pinks and purples represent urbanized areas. Tokyo prefecture grew from a population of about 11.4 million in 1970 to more than 13 million in 2010. The metropolitan area grew by about 7 million people over that time, and now stands at nearly 37 million.

Tokyo / Japan

There are two very stark things happening in this animation: the rapid development of Las Vegas into the desert and the dra- matic reduction of water in the nearby Lake Powell reservoir. The connection between the two should be obvious.

Las Vegas / U.S.A.

source : urbanplannerholic, a saTelliTe viewof ciTy growTh, in gifs, 2012

Ontario / U.S.A.

1970

2010

Dubai / United Arab Emirates 1984

2011

Dubai / United Arab Emirates Ontario / U.S.A.

Urban sprawl : Around The World

This southern California city has seen massive growth in recent decades. As can be seen in the lower left corner of these images, warehouse space has spread widely around the city’s airport over the past quarter- century.

One of the best examples of the instant megacity, Dubai has changed dramatically since oil was discovered there in the 1960s. The change over just the past decade has been incredible.

Dubai / United Arab Emirates Ontario / U.S.A.

source : urbanplannerholic, a saTelliTe viewof ciTy growTh, in gifs, 2012

HUB SYSTEM NODE SYSTEM

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From a HUB to NODES

As the scale of a city becomes bigger and bigger, the system of the public space would also be changed, in order to fit the new urban context.

In the past, the public spaces usually were put in the center of the city. When we see aa whole city as a computer, the public spaces in this system can be seen as the hub which play an important role to support the whole city. Moreover, the hub usu- ally in the center of a city, so the system cam be more effective to offer service to everyone in the city.

Nevertheless, when the population of the world was increasing, most of cities ware growth continuously. The hub system was no longer fit for those big cities, because the distance between the center to the border was getting logger and longer. Thus,

the new system appeared gradually. Urban planners started to divided a big city into a lot of small areas and each of small areas has their own public centers. The system of urban system becomes a network and is composed of those area centers.

According to the definition from Kevin Lynch in The Image of The City:

NODES ARE POINTS, THE STRATEGIC SPOTS IN A CITY INTO WHICH AN OBSERVER CAN ENTER, AND WHICH ARE THE INTENSIVE FOCI TO AND FROM WHICH HE IS TRAVELING. THUS, WE CAN CALL THIS NEW SYSTEM “ NODE SYSTEM”

London

United Kingdom Switzerland

Berne

France Paris

Italy Rome

Hong Kong Hong Kong

Denmark Copenhagen

Singapore Singapore Tokyo

Japan Brasília

Brazil Bangkok

Thailand

Ottawa Canada

Berlin Germany

Moscow

Russia Sweden

Stockholm

Taiwan Taipei Mexico

Mexico City India

Mumbai Spain

Madrid

Finland Helsinki

South Korea Seoul

Austria Vienna Colombia

Bogotá China

Beijing

United States Washington, D.C.

21,000 inhab. / km² 5,354 inhab. / km² 2,500 inhab. / km²

5,300 inhab. / km² 316.6 inhab. / km²

1,300 inhab. / km² 4,065 inhab. / km²

5 390 inhab. / km² 6,000 inhab. / km²

5,000 inhab. / km² 4,000 inhab. / km²

22,000 inhab. / km² 2,232 inhab. / km²

480 inhab. / km²

6,544 inhab. / km²

6,000 inhab. / km²

2,909 inhab. / km²

4,581 inhab. / km² 4,900 inhab. / km² 17,000 inhab. / km²

6,844 inhab. / km²

7,615 inhab. / km²

4,326 inhab. / km²

9 884 inhab. / km²

Greater London Area 1,572 km² Area 51 km² Urban Area 2,844 km² Area 1,285 km² Area 1,104 km² City Area 86 km²

Area 718 km² Metropolis Area 2,187 km²

Area 5,802 km² City Area 1,568 km² City (single tier) Area 2,778 km² City Area 891 km²

Urban Area 1,368.32 km² Federal district 177 km² Capital District 1,587 km²

City Area 605 km² Metropolis Area 603 km² Federal District Area 1,485 km² Area 2,511 km² City Area 188 km²

City Area 715 km² Special City Area 605 km² City Area 414 km²

Area 271 km²

The capital cities’ density

“Urban Sprawl“ is the situation that happened everywhere all over the world, Because the world’s population were keeping growth, and the situation of urbanization brought more and more people into big cities.

The research studied by “World Population Review” shows that urban sprawl didn’t happened in the particular continents. A lot of big cities, especially capital cities, are keeping growth. The population of those capital cities were keeping growth and the size were increasing. Thus, the node system has been used in most of those metropolitans.

I would like to take Taipei, the capital city of Taiwan, as an example to explain the situation that the system of public spaces was changed from “The Hub system” to “The Node system.” Because Taipei experienced the original period, the colonization

period, and republic period, the city was keeping growth and change. The system of public space would also be changed.

Thus, Taipei city can show how the changes of the system was affected by the city development.

² 1500 km Milan / Italy Area 181 km 1,483,882 inhab.

8 164 inhab./ km²

Taipei / Taiwan Area 271 km

²

2,701,315 inhab.

9 884 inhab. / km²

1500 km

The density of Milan and Taipei

Taipei city is the capital city of Taiwan which in the Asia area. The area of special municipality is 271.7997 km, and that is bigger then Milan. But the population is 2,702,315 inhabitants, the density is 9 884 inhab. / km² which is denser then Milan, 8 164 inhab. / km².

Taipei city is both the economical and political city of Taiwan, so not only the center of Taiwan’s government, but also the most international company’s hindquarters are in Taipei City.

Basically Taipei city is located in the Taipei Basin, so the sprawl would partially be limited. But because of the special territo- ry, Taipei city has a variety of urban landscape. Moreover, there is the Xindian River goes through. But the water yield of the

Xindian River is not stable, there are river dikes divided the river from Taipei.

Taipei city experienced different periods, the Monga period, Dadaocheng Period, Japan colonization period, Taiwan resto- ration period, and republic period, the whole city contain is complexity. Also, that changed the system of public spaces in Taipei.

Italy Milan has 9 Zones

Taiwan Taipei has12 Districts Start From 1997 Start From 1990 1

5 6

7

8

9

2

3

4

1

5

6 7 8

9 2

3

11

12

10 4

22,661 inhab./ km²

20,491 inhab./ km² 27,610 inhab./ km² 16,847 inhab./ km² 21,478 inhab./ km² 23,053 inhab./ km²

8,693 inhab./ km² 21,996 inhab./ km²

5,551 inhab./ km² 9,049 inhab./ km² 4,532 inhab./ km²4,657 inhab./ km²

11,074 inhab./ km² 13,031 inhab./ km² 10,785 inhab./ km² 8,069 inhab./ km² 4,487 inhab./ km² 8,998 inhab./ km² 6,093 inhab./ km² 8,326 inhab./ km² 9,204 inhab./ km² 21 enoZ Shilin 士林區

1 enoZ 2 enoZ 3 enoZ 4 enoZ 5 enoZ 6 enoZ 7 enoZ 8 enoZ Zone 9 1 enoZ Xinyi 信義區 2 enoZ Beitou 北投區 3 enoZ Neihu 內湖區 Zone 8 Wenshan 文山區 9 enoZ Nangang 南港區

4 enoZ Songshan 松山區 Zone 5 Wanhua 萬華區 Zone 6 Zhongzheng 中正區 Zone 7 Datong 大同區 11 enoZ Zhongshan 中山區

Zone 10 Da’an 大安區

The zones of Milan and Taipei (name / density)

In the Taipei City, here are 12 administrative districts and was formed in 1990. Those zones have their own name including Songshan, Xinyi, Daan, Zhongshan, Zhongzheng, Datong, Wanhua, Wenshan, Nangang, Neihu, Shilin, and Beitou. Due to the varied topography, economic development and time of development, the population is unevenly distributed. Daan, Songshan and Datong districts are the most populated.

From the population viewpoint, the density of Taipei City is higher than the density of Milan. Thus, the cities are facing differ- ent issues and problems.

When a city is getting bigger, the manager would start to dived the city into several zones and keep each zone in proper size.

So, the whole areas in the city can be functioned equally.

Both Milan and Taiwan have developed zone system to manage the whole urban area. The current Milan has nine zones, changed form the prior system, 20 administrative zones and the change was happened in 1997. Each of zone have its own president, thus each zone can develop through its own local features. Moreover, the zones are organized in a sunburst pat- tern and numbered from the north-east zone clockwise. For example, zone one is the historical center of the city.

40.0 335,397 500,000 1,604,000

66.0 727.0

1710 - 1860 1860 - 1891 1891 1891 - 1945 1945 - 1970 1970 - NOW

Monga Dadaocheng Capital city of Taiwan Japanese Colonizaion Taiwan Restoration Republic

1660 17601680 17201700 1740 1780 1800 1820 1840 1900 1910 1920 1930 19401860 1880 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

1640 19901880

TAIPEI POPULATION (inhab.)

TAIPEI AREA (km²)

source : a sTudyof renT gapand urban redevelopmenT - chen berTin (2003)

The History of Taipei City Development

After the period of organization, the urbanization changed the population distribution of whole Taiwan. The population of Taiwan increased 55 % compares to the quantity in the colonization period. Thus, the area growth double in order to solve the problem of over density in 1970.

Taipei approximately started from the river, Keelung River, and because of the convenience transportation system, Taipei city became a part of important city of Taiwan in early 19 centuries. Moreover, the colonization also boosted the organization of the whole system. Thus, in early 20 centuries, Taipei City became the first city which the population is over one hundred thousand. In 1891, Taipei had been chosen as the capital city of Taiwan.

There is a very important influence from The colonization by Japan in early 20 centuries. In 1920, the organization of Taiwan System had been changed by Japan Government, and the Urban development had been introduced. So, after that period, Taipei City started to develop in the more organizing ways.

HUB SYSTEM NODE SYSTEM

T

/ 1891 - 1945 a

/ 40.8 km² p

/ 330,000

.

d

/ 1

. p

/ hub

T

/

a

/ 272.0 km² p

/ 1,604,000

.

d

/ 12

.

p

/ node

From HUB to NODE in Taipei City.

The Idle Public Facilities in Taipei City.

During Taipei City sprawl, the government started to use the distinct system to organize the city. There are totally 12 zones in Taipei city, and there are different systems for each distinct. In order to balance each distinct, the Taipei government placed different public spaces in each zone. So, citizens could enjoy the public facilities easier and more convenience.

This system can sprawl all the public spaces into every corner in Taipei city to serve every citizen. But it also created some problems. The low use-rate of the public spaces is a biggest problem which generated by the distinct system. Those idle facilities are also one of main issues that the Taipei government has to solve, because the spaces not only occupy hung spaces in the city but also create a lot of police problems.

Because those idle public facilities have generated a lot of problems in Taipei city, we should think about new system to adapt the new situations. Martijn de Waal wrote in his book “The City as Interface” “We are in the middle of an era in which urban media are being shaped: smartphones, navigation system, location services... all products and services that are cur- rently being developed. implemented and slowly becoming part of everyday life. And it is important to explore possible future scenarios now, without losing sight of historical continuity.” Thus, how and what can be functioned as a new system of public space to improve the quality of Taipei city should be an important issue for a planner or an architect to think about.

source :phoToby yao Juichung (2010 - 2014)

I AM A PUBLIC FACILITY

?

PROMOTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Shyng Jyhharng FShyng Jyhharngormation Constructs And Vitalization Difficulties Of Unoccupied And Low Occupancy Public Facilities 2010

Xiao Jiahong A Study On Operating Implementation Of The Resue Of Public Deserted Space In Yilan County 2006

QUALITY OF PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT

PLANNING AND USE OF FACILITIES

Wu Gangli And Lai Liqiao The Study Of Reuse Of An Vacant Space Under Urban Development 2003

After Political Democratization in Taiwan in 1987, especially after 1990, during the elections, almost every candidate offered urban planning without deliberation thinking, in order to win the elections.

Most of public facilities in Taiwan would are public-owned and also operated by the government.

So, the most of them are managed without professional managements, and the managers sometimes would against the original purpose.

From the period of colonization by Japan to nowadays, the democracy nation, not only the political systems but also the culture systems changed a lot. Thus, some polices dealing with the situation on that particular period would not fit for the surrounding now.

The Formation Factors Of The IDLE PUBLIC FACILITIES In Taipei City.

The reasons of why those public facilities in Taipei City has been idled can be simply concluded in three main reasons, PROMOTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, QUALITY OF PROFESSIONAL MANAGEMENT, and PLANNING AND USE OF FACILITIES.

After Political Democratization in Taiwan in 1987, especially after 1990, during the elections, almost every candidate offered urban planning without deliberation thinking, in order to win the elections. Moreover, most of public facilities in Taiwan would are public-owned and also operated by the government. So, the most of them are managed without professional manage-

ments, and the managers sometimes would against the original purpose. Also, most of public facilities in Taiwan would are public-owned and also operated by the government. So, the most of them are managed without professional managements, and the managers sometimes would against the original purpose.

All of those reasons have one thing in common, “Does not fit the citizens’ need.” Thus, how and what to fit the needs of Tai- pei citizens would be the most important things to generate the next step.

source :phoToby yao Juichung (2010 - 2014)

What Are The Citizens’ Needs in Taipei City?

What Are The Citizens’ Needs

in Taipei City?

What Are The Citizens’ Needs in Taipei City?

t d in r e t

What Are The Citizens’ Needs in Tait n C ntr

t d in r e t

What Are The Citizens’ Needs

in Tait n C ntr

9,955 4,514 4,154 2,808 1,932 1,705 1,232 1,200 942 860 854 802 544 433 377 310 304 213 124 71 63

E^x isti^ng

Func^tion / SW^IMMING PO^O

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ew N n Fu ti c / S on R PO C T EN E T R

eN

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unF o cti

/ Dn I IG L L TA ARY IBR

T aipei City

T aitung County

Hualien County

Nantou County

Yilan County

Chiayi County

Pingtung County

Miaoli County

Hsinchu County

Lienchiang County

Yunlin County

Penghu County

Kinmen County

Tainan City

Kaohsiung City

Changhua County

Taichung City

Taipei City

Taitung County

The Project done with hap - ARCHITECTURE Taiwan

Case Study: T

c

c

The competition is held by Taitung country Government. Also, the main issue of the competition, New Taitung civic center, is to create a new complexity which included the existing library, the existing swimming pool, a new interior badminton stadium, and a new digital library. Moreover, those new functions have to link the existing functions with logic organization.

The competition site is in the center of Taitung Country which has variety contain, include the museum, the school, and the market, and there are two existing buildings, which are the traditional Library and the outdoor swimming pool, in the site. Both of the buildings of the existing library and the existing swimming pool cannot be destroyed, but has to be renewed. the new buildings of an interior badminton stadium and a digital library have to be placed in the rest open space and create a new system not only for citizens but also for tourists.

Comparing to Taipei City, Taitung Country has the lowest density in Taipei, thus their urban contain is very different form Tai- pei City. The task is how to create a complexity in this kind of low density country.

台東海堤 馬蘭舊站

關山環鎮 拜客路線 鹿野龍田

拜客路線

池上環圳 拜客路線 池上稻米

原鄉館

花東縱谷 花東縱谷

大武漁港

成功漁港

富岡漁港

琵琶湖

伽路蘭 遊憩區

小野柳

台灣史前 文化博物館 達魯瑪

克部落 鹿野高台

綠島拜客路線

蘭嶼拜客路線

知本溫泉 近黃溫泉

都飛魯溫泉 霧鹿溫泉

紅葉溫泉

比魯溫泉

金崙溫泉 大武油杉森林保護區

知本森林遊樂區 向陽國家森林遊樂區

紅葉少棒紀念館

初鹿牧場 初鹿牧場

台東新車站

台東海堤 台東糖廠

台東新車站

台東糖廠

馬蘭舊站

關山環鎮 拜客路線 鹿野龍田

拜客路線

池上環圳 拜客路線 池上稻米

原鄉館

花東縱谷 花東縱谷

大武漁港

成功漁港

富岡漁港

琵琶湖

伽路蘭 遊憩區

小野柳

台灣史前 文化博物館 達魯瑪

克部落 鹿野高台

綠島拜客路線

蘭嶼拜客路線

知本溫泉 近黃溫泉

都飛魯溫泉 霧鹿溫泉

紅葉溫泉

比魯溫泉

金崙溫泉 大武油杉森林保護區

知本森林遊樂區 向陽國家森林遊樂區

紅葉少棒紀念館

SITE

Interesting Point inside Taitung City Interesting Point outside Taitung City

u

l

: r

u

s

After we researched the city, we understand that the connection with the existing system is the most important key point in Taitung Country. Because the density of Taitung Country is low, it doesn’t make sense to pull all the different public spaces apart. Thus, we think the new system of public space in Taitung country is connection and this project can function as a node that complete the network of public spaces in Taitung country.

The main concept of this project is the urban living room. We were trying to generate new type of public spaces by designing a big open spaces.

What is the urban living room? A living room is a space that not only connect all the other spaces together but also interface between the visitors and dwellers. Thus, an urban living room aims to link the existing public spaces together and offer an open space for different people to use. The urban Living room in this project involves in different scale, Urban scale, Regional scale, and Architectural scale. In Urban scale, because one of features in Taitung Country is the city is full of beautiful places to visit, the new public facility can reconnect the all interesting points system and makes the all points become a completely network.

The Project done with hap - ARCHITECTURE Taiwan

URBAN LIVINGROOM

Existing Function SWIMMING POOL New Function

DIGITAL LIBRARY

New Function SPORT CENTER Existing Function

LIBRARY

sTraTegy

: u

l

The main concept of the competition is URBAN LIVINGROOM, which creates a new public space fit the situation of Taitung Country. After we observed Taitung Country, we found out that the is full of outdoor open spaces and low-used rate public facilities. So, we can not bring the trend concept in Taipei City which is open spaces as more as possible in the high density city. Thus, we try to create a high density public space, Urban Living room, not only for citizens but also for tourists. Because of the high density, the management will be easier and effective.

Moreover, the high density space creates new chances for different people to meet together. Thus, we named the space “Ur- ban Living room” which means the space can be seen as a living room in a house where people can do everything inside and serve the guests.

The urban living room creates two main level in the new civic center. One is an interior space on the ground floor. This lobby area is defined as the main living room for the whole city, which it contains wall the functions’ entrances and one tourist center. So various users can have chances to meet here. The other living room is an outdoor platform on the roof. This space is totally opened to the public, and also offer seconder entrances, so people uses the roof could not only see the activities inside the building but also enjoy the spaces in different levels.

Thus, the urban living in the Taitung civic center start to change the way we organized the public space and the relation- ship between different users can also have new definitions. Moreover, this concept is not only functioned in the architectural scale, that also start to connect the whole Taitung public system together.

The Project done with hap - ARCHITECTURE Taiwan