Dental Hard Tissues and Bonding
G. Eliades · D.C. Watts · T. Eliades (Eds.)
G. Eliades · D. C. Watts · T. Eliades (Eds.)
Dental Hard Tissues and Bonding
Interfacial Phenomena and Related Properties
With 78 Figures and 26 Tables
123
George Eliades,DDS, Dr. Dent.
Department of Biomaterials School of Dentistry
University of Athens
2 Thivon Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece David Watts,PhD, DSc, FADM
Biomaterials Research Group School of Dentistry
The University of Manchester
Higher Cambridge Street, Manchester M15 6FH, UK Theodore Eliades,DDS, MS, Dr. Med., PhD, FADM Department of Orthodontics
School of Dentistry
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
ISBN-10 3-540-23408-X Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-23408-1 Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005927147
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Part I – Bonding to Enamel
1 Etched Enamel Structure and Topography: Interface with Materials F.R. Tay, D.H. Pashley
Introduction . . . 3
The Enamel Smear Layer: A Potential Problem in Bonding to Cut Enamel . . . 6
Application of Total-Etch Adhesives to Enamel . . . 8
Bonding to Phosphoric Acid-Etched Cut Enamel . . . 9
Bonding to Phosphoric Acid-Etched Uncut Enamel . . . 10
Bonding to Primary Enamel . . . 13
Application of Self-Etch Adhesives/Resin Cement to Enamel. . . 14
Aggressiveness of Self-Etch Adhesives . . . 15
Bonding to Cut Enamel . . . 16
Bonding to Uncut Enamel . . . 21
Interaction of Glass Ionomer-Based Materials with Enamel. . . 23
Conclusion . . . 26
References . . . 27
2 Bonding of Resinous Materials on Primary Enamel A. Kakaboura, L. Papagiannoulis Introduction . . . 35
Primary Enamel . . . 35
Enamel Cleaning . . . 36
Enamel Conditioning. . . 37
Phosphoric Acid . . . 37
Self-Etching Agents . . . 44
Other Agents . . . 46
Clinical Results . . . 47
References . . . 48 V
Contents
3 Bond Strength to Enamel J.M. Powers, W.H. Tate
Introduction . . . 53
Measurement of Bond Strength . . . 53
Debonding Force . . . 53
Bond Strength . . . 53
Bond Failure . . . 54
Bond Strength Measurement by Tensile and Shear Testing . . . 54
Experimental Models for Evaluating Bond Strength . . . 56
Clinical Simulation Model . . . 56
Isolated Interface Model . . . 57
Clinical Studies . . . 57
Variables Affecting In Vitro Bond Strength . . . 57
Differences Among Teeth . . . 57
Phosphoric Acid . . . 58
Acidic Primers and Adhesives . . . 59
Fluoride . . . 60
Intact Enamel . . . 61
Caries-Like Lesions . . . 61
Air Abrasion . . . 62
Laser Etching . . . 63
Moisture and Contaminants . . . 63
Air Thinning . . . 64
Chlorhexidine . . . 64
Bleaching . . . 64
Bonding to Enamel: In Vivo Studies . . . 65
Veneers . . . 65
Pit-and-Fissure Sealants . . . 65
Orthodontic Bonding . . . 65
References . . . 67
4 Orthodontic Bonding to Wet Enamel with Water-Insensitive and Water-Activated Orthodontic Adhesive Resins T. Eliades, G. Eliades, N. Silikas, D.C. Watts Introduction . . . 71
Approaches in Assessing the Efficiency of Orthodontic Adhesives Systems. . . 72
The Reliability of Bond Strength Testing Protocols . . . 72
The Clinical Relevance of Bond Strength Testing . . . 74
How Much Strength is Required Clinically? . . . 75
Clinical Bracket Failure Rate . . . 76 VI Contents
Wet-Enamel Adhesives . . . 76
Structure and Reactivity with Water . . . 77
Ex vivo and Laboratory Performance . . . 80
Effect of Water and Contaminants on Orthodontic Adhesive Resins . . . 80
Effect of Hydration on Resin Matrix . . . 81
Effect of Hydration on Fillers and Filler–Matrix Interface . . . 81
Hydrolysis and Degradation of Composite Resins . . . 82
References . . . 83
Part II – Bonding to Dentine
5 Bonding to Dentin: Smear Layer and the Process of Hybridization K. Van Landuyt, J. De Munck, E. Coutinho, M. Peumans, P. Lambrecht, B. Van Meerbeek Introduction . . . 89Dentin Substrate: Smear Layer. . . 90
Smear Layer . . . 91
Sono-Abrasion . . . 95
Air Abrasion . . . 97
Laser Ablation . . . 98
Conclusion . . . 99
Interfaces and Hybridization. . . 100
Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives . . . 103
Self-Etch Adhesives . . . 109
Glass-Ionomer Approach . . . 114
Conclusion . . . 115
References . . . 116
6 In Situ Photo-Polymerisation and Polymerisation-Shrinkage Phenomena D. Watts, N. Silikas Introduction . . . 123
Potential Clinical Consequences of Shrinkage Phenomena . . . 123
Marginal Staining . . . 124
Fractures . . . 124
Debonding . . . 124
Microleakage . . . 124
Secondary Caries . . . 124
Postoperative Pain . . . 124
Contents VII
Clinical Management of Shrinkage Phenomena. . . 125
Light Sources for Photo-Polymerisation of Dental Biomaterials. . . 125
Quartz–Tungsten–Halogen Sources . . . 126
Plasma Arc Curing Sources . . . 126
Laser Sources . . . 126
Light-Emitting-Diode Sources . . . 127
Further Variables with Light Sources . . . 128
Radiometry: Irradiance (Radiant Incidence and Radiant Exitance) and Total Energy Concept . . . 128
Light Penetration into and Through Oral Biomaterials . . . 129
Depth of Cure, and Top/Bottom Surface Hardness . . . 129
Surface Reflection, Absorption and Scattering Processes in Composites . . . 129
Application of Beer-Lambert Law . . . 131
Photo-Initiators for Free-Radical and Cationic Polymerisation . . . 131
Camphorquinone . . . 132
1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione . . . 133
Photon Numbers and Photo-Initiation . . . 134
Extent of Polymerisation . . . 135
Thermal and Spectroscopic Probes . . . 135
Photo-DSC . . . 135
FTIR Spectroscopy . . . 136
NIR Spectroscopy . . . 136
FT-Raman . . . 136
Solid-State NMR . . . 136
EPR Spectroscopy . . . 136
DMTA and DETA . . . 137
Development of Mechanical Properties . . . 137
Surface Hardness . . . 137
Bulk Elastic and Visco-Elastic Compliance . . . 137
General Polymerisation Mechanism for Light-Activated Monomers. . . 137
Steady-State Hypotheses. . . 138
Polymerisation Kinetics of Light-Activated Resin Composites. . . 138
Rate of Polymerisation . . . 139
Normal Termination Model. . . 139
Auto-Acceleration . . . 140
Definitions of Polymerisation Shrinkage Phenomena . . . 141
Polymerisation Shrinkage Strain: . . . 141
How Much? How Fast? What Direction? . . . 141
Shrinkage Stress . . . 142 VIII Contents
Generation of Stresses in Different Cavity Configurations (C-Factor) . . . 142
Measurement of Shrinkage Strain. . . 143
Kinetics of Shrinkage Strain . . . 144
Relationship Between DC and Shrinkage Strain. . . 145
Theoretical Relationship Between Conversion and Shrinkage Strain . . . 145
Experimental Correlations between DC and Shrinkage-Strain Magnitudes. . 146
Network Variables Beyond Degree of Conversion . . . 147
Measurement of Shrinkage-Stress Kinetics . . . 147
Scientific Management of Shrinkage Phenomena . . . 148
Conclusion . . . 149
References . . . 149
7 Bonding in Prosthodontics with Cements A. El Zohairy, A.J. Feilzer Introduction . . . 155
Luting Cements . . . 156
Strength and Solubility . . . 158
Stability and Stiffness . . . 159
Bonding to Tooth Structure . . . 159
Bonding to Ceramic . . . 161
Surface Preparation . . . 161
Chemical Bonding . . . 163
Bonding to Pre-Processed Composite Restorations. . . 165
Biological Considerations. . . 166
Mechanical Considerations. . . 166
Curing Strategies . . . 168
Esthetic Considerations. . . 168
Color . . . 168
Color Stability . . . 169
Value of the Bond Strength Test . . . 169
References . . . 170
Contents IX
Part III – Bonding to Cementum
8 Composition and Structure of Cementum: Strategies for Bonding D. Tziafas
Introduction . . . 177
Developmental and Structural Aspects. . . 178
Cementum Varieties and Their Locations . . . 178
Cementum Formation . . . 179
Structural Characteristics of Acellular Extrinsic Fiber Cementum . . . 180
The Cemento-Enamel and Dentino-Cemental Junctions . . . 181
Biochemistry of Mature Cementum. . . 182
Extracellular Matrix . . . 182
Inorganic Component . . . 183
Cementum in Health and Disease . . . 183
Root Permeability . . . 183
Age Changes in Cementum . . . 184
Root Surface Caries and Cementum . . . 184
Changes of Cementum in Periodontally Involved Teeth . . . 185
Strategies for Bonding to Root Dental Structures. . . 186
The Problem . . . 186
Future Directions . . . 189
References . . . 190
Subject Index . . . 195 X Contents
XI
E. Coutinho
Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Leuven BIOMAT Research Centre Catholic University of Leuven Kapucijnenvoer 7
3000 Leuven, Belgium George Eliades
Department of Biomaterials School of Dentistry
University of Athens 2, Thivon Street, Goudi 11527 Athens, Greece Theodore Eliades,
Department of Orthodontics School of Dentistry
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Ahmed El-Zohairy
Department of Dental Materials Science, ACTA
Pv 31/Dental Materials Department Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam The Netherlands
Albert J. Feilzer
Department of Dental Materials Science, ACTA
Pv 31/Dental Materials Department Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam The Netherlands
Afrodite Kakaboura
Department of Operative Dentistry School of Dentistry
University of Athens 2, Thivon Street, Goudi 11527 Athens, Greece Paul Lambrechts
Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Leuven BIOMAT Research Centre Catholic University of Leuven Kapucijnenvoer 7
3000 Leuven, Belgium Jan De Munck
Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Leuven BIOMAT Research Centre Catholic University of Leuven Kapucijnenvoer 7
3000 Leuven, Belgium Lisa Papagiannoulis
Department of Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry
University of Athens 2, Thivon Street, Goudi 11527 Athens, Greece David H. Pashley Division of Physiology Department of Oral Biology MCG School of Dentistry 1129 15th Street
Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA
List of Contributors
XII List of Contributors Marleen Peumans
Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Leuven BIOMAT Research Centre Catholic University of Leuven Kapucijnenvoer 7
3000 Leuven, Belgium John M. Powers
Houston Biomaterials Research Center The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Dental Branch Suite 4.133, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd.
Houston, TX 77030-3402, USA Nick Silikas,
Biomaterials Research Group School of Dentistry
The University of Manchester Higher Cambridge Street Manchester, M15 6FH, UK William H. Tate
Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Leuven BIOMAT Research Centre Catholic University of Leuven Kapucijnenvoer 7
3000 Leuven, Belgium Franklin R. Tay,
Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics
Faculty of Dentistry University of Hong Kong Prince Philip Dental School
34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China
Dimitrios Tziafas
Department of Endodontology School of Dentistry
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Kirsten Van Landuyt Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Leuven BIOMAT Research Centre Catholic University of Leuven Kapucijnenvoer 7
3000 Leuven, Belgium Bart Van Meerbeek
Department of Oral Pathology and Maxillo-Facial Surgery Leuven BIOMAT Research Centre Catholic University of Leuven Kapucijnenvoer 7
3000 Leuven, Belgium David Watts
Biomaterials Research Group School of Dentistry
The University of Manchester Higher Cambridge Street Manchester M15 6FH, UK
