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C AMPTOTHECINS IN C ANCER T HERAPY

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C ANCER D RUG D ISCOVERY AND D EVELOPMENT

B EVERLY A. T EICHER , S ERIES E DITOR

Camptothecins in Cancer Therapy, edited by Val R. Adams and Thomas G. Burke, 2005 Combination Cancer Therapy: Modulators and

Potentiators, edited by Gary K. Schwartz, 2005 Death Receptors in Cancer Therapy, edited by

Wafik S. El-Deiry, 2005

Cancer Chemoprevention, Volume 2: Strategies for Cancer Chemoprevention, edited by Gary J. Kelloff, Ernest T. Hawk, and Caroline C.

Sigman, 2005

Proteasome Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy, edited by Julian Adams, 2004

Nucleic Acid Therapeutics in Cancer, edited by Alan M. Gewirtz, 2004

Cancer Chemoprevention, Volume 1: Promising Cancer Chemopreventive Agents, edited by Gary J. Kelloff, Ernest T. Hawk, and Caroline C. Sigman, 2004

DNA Repair in Cancer Therapy, edited by Lawrence C. Panasci and Moulay A.

Alaoui-Jamali, 2004 Hematopoietic Growth Factors in

Oncology: Basic Science and

Clinical Therapeutics, edited by George Morstyn, MaryAnn Foote, and Graham J.

Lieschke, 2004

Handbook of Anticancer Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, edited by William D.

Figg and Howard L. McLeod, 2004 Anticancer Drug Development Guide: Preclinical

Screening, Clinical Trials, and Approval, Second Edition, edited by Beverly A. Teicher and Paul A. Andrews, 2004

Handbook of Cancer Vaccines, edited by Michael A. Morse, Timothy M. Clay, and Kim H. Lyerly, 2004

Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy, edited by Dennis M. Brown, 2003 Oncogene-Directed Therapies, edited by

Janusz Rak, 2003

Cell Cycle Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: Current Strategies, edited by Antonio Giordano and Kenneth J. Soprano, 2003

Fluoropyrimidines in Cancer Therapy, edited by Youcef M. Rustum, 2003

Chemoradiation in Cancer Therapy, edited by Hak Choy, 2003

Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy:

Transcription Factors and Other Nuclear Proteins, edited by Nicholas B. La Thangue and Lan R. Bandara, 2002

Tumor Targeting in Cancer Therapy, edited by Michel Pagé, 2002

Hormone Therapy in Breast and Prostate Cancer, edited by V. Craig Jordan and Barrington J. A. Furr, 2002

Tumor Models in Cancer Research, edited by Beverly A. Teicher, 2002

Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancer, edited by David E. Fisher, 2001 Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Cancer

Therapy, edited by Neil J. Clendeninn and Krzysztof Appelt, 2001

Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors in Cancer, edited by Saïd M. Sebti and Andrew D. Hamilton, 2001 Platinum-Based Drugs in Cancer Therapy,

edited by Lloyd R. Kelland and Nicholas P.

Farrell, 2000

Signaling Networks and Cell Cycle Control:

The Molecular Basis of Cancer and Other Diseases, edited by J. Silvio Gutkind, 1999 Apoptosis and Cancer Chemotherapy, edited by

John A. Hickman and Caroline Dive, 1999 Antifolate Drugs in Cancer Therapy, edited by

Ann L. Jackman, 1999

Antiangiogenic Agents in Cancer Therapy, edited by Beverly A. Teicher, 1999 Anticancer Drug Development Guide: Preclinical

Screening, Clinical Trials, and Approval, edited by Beverly A. Teicher, 1997

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C AMPTOTHECINS

IN C ANCER T HERAPY

Edited by

V AL R. A DAMS , P harm D

College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

and

T HOMAS G. B URKE , P h D

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky;

Tigen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, KY

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© 2005 Humana Press Inc.

999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 www.humanapress.com

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.

All articles, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.

Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.

This publication is printed on acid-free paper. '

ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American National Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.

Production Editor: Wendy S. Kopf Cover Design: Patricia F. Cleary

Cover Illustration: Figure 5 from Chapter 2, “Crystallographic Insight Into the Mechanism of Drug-Induced Topoisomerase I DNA Damage,” by Alex B. Burgin, Jr., Michael D. Reese, Bart L. Staker, and Lance Stewart.

For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: 973-256-1699; Fax: 973-256-8341;

E-mail: humana@humanapr.com or visit our Website at www.humanapress.com.

Photocopy Authorization Policy:

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $25.00 per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [1-58829- 027-1/05 $25.00] .

Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 eISBN 1-59259-866-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Camptothecins in cancer therapy / edited by Thomas G. Burke and Val R.

Adams.

p. ; cm. -- (Cancer drug discovery and development) Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-58829-027-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Camptothecin. 2. Cancer--Chemotherapy.

[DNLM: 1. Camptothecin--therapeutic use. 2. Neoplasms--drug therapy. 3.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic--therapeutic use. 4.

Camptothecin--analogs & derivatives. 5. Camptothecin--pharmacology. QV 269 C1989 2005] I. Burke, Thomas G., PhD. II. Adams, Val R. III. Series.

RC271.C35C345 2005 616.99'4061--dc22

2004013542

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v

D EDICATION

I do not feel obliged to believe that the same God who has endowed us with sense, reason, and intellect has intended us to forgo their use.

Galileo Galilei

This book is lovingly dedicated to Dr. Thomas G. Burke, whose commitment to cancer research was exceeded only by his devotion to our marriage and our two young sons, Dylan and Aidan. In honor of his creative spirit and genuine enthu- siasm for scientific inquiry, may this collection of articles serve both as a re- source and as inspiration to researchers and clinicians alike.

Lori Latus

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P REFACE

Clinical interest in the camptothecins continues to expand despite the fact that this class of agents has been studied for almost 50 years and two early generation members of the family have gained FDA approval. To date, the intensive re- search efforts carried have clearly validated the utility of this class of topoisomerase I inhibitor in the management of human cancer. The studies have also provided considerable insight into the shortcomings of the approved camptothecins and potential ways of improving upon the clinical performance of the family as a whole.

In the first part of Camptothecins in Cancer Therapy an up-to-date summary of what is known about the biochemistry, pharmacology, and chemistry of the camptothecins is presented. This section includes a discussion of the mechanism of topoisomerase I as well as a review of the means by which camptothecins poison this enzyme. The use of animal models in defining the anticancer poten- tial of camptothecins and a discussion of camptothecin resistance is included.

Chapters are also devoted to a review of new analog development, as well as drug delivery issues that are aimed at optimizing the anticancer activities of the camptothecins. In the third part of Camptothecins in Cancer Therapy, summaries are provided on each of the members of the camptothecin families that have been studied in the clinic. In addition, discussion of the potential use of camptothecins in a variety of different cancers has been included.

Camptothecins in Cancer Therapy aims to provide a thorough and up-to-date summary as well as define the central issues that will be the key focus areas in camptothecin research during the next 10 years.

Val R. Adams,

PharmD

Thomas G. Burke,

PhD

vii

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C ONTENTS

Dedication ... v Preface ... vii Contributors ... xi PART I: BIOCHEMISTRY, PHARMACOLOGY, AND CHEMISTRY

1 Mechanism of Action of Topoisomerase 1 Poisons ... 3 Leroy F. Liu and Shyamal D. Desai

2 Crystallographic Insight Into the Mechanism of Drug-Induced

Topoisomerase I DNA Damage ... 23 Alex B. Burgin, Jr., Michael D. Feese, Bart L. Staker,

and Lance Stewart

3 Inhibitors of Topoisomerase I Function ... 39 Sidney M. Hecht

4 Cytotoxic Mechanisms of the Topoisomerase 1 Inhibitors ... 61 Yves G. Pommier, Juana Barceló, Takahisa Furuta,

Haruyuki Takemura, Olivier Sordet, and ZhiYong Liao 5 Biochemical and Genetic Analyses of DNA

Topoisomerase 1-Mediated DNA Damage ... 109 Robert C. A. M. van Waardenburg and Mary-Ann Bjornsti

6 Preclinical Models for Evaluating

Topoisomerase I-Targeted Drugs ... 127 Aarti S. Juvekar, Joyce Thompson, Clinton F. Stewart,

and Peter J. Houghton

7 Mechanisms of Resistance to Camptothecins ... 153 Zeshaan A. Rasheed and Eric H. Rubin

8 Recent Advances in Camptothecin Drug Design

and Delivery Strategies ... 171 Thomas G. Burke, Tian-Xiang Xiang, Bradley D. Anderson,

and Lori J. Latus

PART II: CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES

9 Clinical Experience With 9-Aminocamptothecin:

Lessons for New Drug Development ... 193 Chris H. Takimoto

ix

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x Contents

10 Clinical Studies of Rubitecan (9-Nitro 20(S) Camptothecin) ... 207 Hilary Hewes, Judith A. Smith, and Claire Verschraegen

11 Irinotecan: Current Clinical Status and Pharmacological

Aspects ... 229 Laurent P. Rivory

12 Clinical Experience With Topotecan ... 263 Aimee K. Bence and Val R. Adams

13 The Clinical Development of Lurtotecan: Experience

With Water-Soluble and Liposomal Forms ... 301 Keith T. Flaherty, James P. Stevenson,

Christopher J. Twelves, and Peter J. O’Dwyer

14 Preclinical and Clinical Development of Exatecan (DX-8951f):

A Hexacyclic Camptothecin Analog ... 317 Eric K. Rowinsky

15 Camptothecins in the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors ... 343 Clinton F. Stewart, Markos Leggas, and Henry S. Friedman

16 Camptothecins in the Treatment of Lung Cancer ... 369 Pankaj Kumar, Missak Haigentz, Jr., Jorge Gomez,

and Roman Perez-Soler

17 Use of Camptothecins in the Treatment of Leukemia

and Related Disorders ... 421 Benjamin M. F. Mow and Scott H. Kaufmann

Index ... 451

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xi

C ONTRIBUTORS

V

AL

R. A

DAMS

,

PharmD

• Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

B

RADLEY

D. A

NDERSON

,

PhD

• Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

J

UANA

B

ARCELÓ

,

PhD

• Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Center Institute, Bethesda, MD

A

IMEE

K. B

ENCE

,

PhD

• Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

M

ARY

-A

NN

B

JORNSTI

,

PhD

• Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN

A

LEX

B. B

URGIN

, J

R

.,

PhD

• deCODE Biostructures, Bainbridge Island, WA T

HOMAS

G. B

URKE

,

PhD

(

DECEASED

) • Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

College of Pharmacy, and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lucille P.

Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky Medical Center, University of Kentucky, and Tigen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, KY

S

HYAMAL

D. D

ESAI

,

PhD

• Department of Pharmacology, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ

M

ICHAEL

D. F

EESE

,

PhD

• deCODE Biostructures, Bainbridge Island, WA K

EITH

T. F

LAHERTY

,

MD

• Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department

of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

H

ENRY

S. F

RIEDMAN

,

MD

• Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC

T

AKAHISA

F

URUTA

,

MD

,

PhD

• Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD J

ORGE

G

OMEZ

,

MD

• Department of Thoracic Medicine, Memorial Sloan-

Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY

M

ISSAK

H

AIGENTZ

, J

R

.,

MD

• Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY

S

IDNEY

M. H

ECHT

,

PhD

• Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA

H

ILARY

H

EWES

,

MD

• Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Research

and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM

(10)

xii Contributors

P

ETER

J. H

OUGHTON

,

PhD

• Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN

A

ARTI

S. J

UVEKAR

,

PhD

• Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN and Cancer Research Institute, Parel, Bombay, India

S

COTT

H. K

AUFMANN

,

MD

,

PhD

• Division of Hematology, Department

of Internal Medicine and Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN P

ANKAJ

K

UMAR

,

MD

• Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center,

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY

L

ORI

J. L

ATUS

,

MD

• Tigen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, KY M

ARKOS

L

EGGAS

,

PhD

• Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College

of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

Z

HI

Y

ONG

L

IAO

,

PhD

• Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

L

EROY

F. L

IU

,

PhD

• Department of Pharmacology, UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ

B

ENJAMIN

M. F. M

OW

,

MD

• Department of Hematology/Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore

P

ETER

J. O’D

WYER

,

MD

• Division of Hematology–Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

R

OMAN

P

EREZ

-S

OLER

,

MD

• Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY

Y

VES

G. P

OMMIER

,

MD

,

PhD

• Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD Z

ESHAAN

A. R

ASHEED

,

MD

,

PhD

• Department of Pharmacology, Cancer

Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ

L

AURENT

P. R

IVORY

,

PhD

• Preclinical Development Team, Johnson and Johnson Research Pty. Ltd., Eveleigh, NSW, Australia

E

RIC

K. R

OWINSKY

,

MD

• Director of Clinical Research, Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX

E

RIC

H. R

UBIN

,

MD

• Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ

J

UDITH

A. S

MITH

,

PharmD

• Section of Gynecologic Medical Therapeutics, Division

of Pharmacy and Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center,

University of Texas, Houston, TX

(11)

Contributors xiii

O

LIVIER

S

ORDET

,

PhD

• Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD B

ART

L. S

TAKER

,

PhD

• deCODE Biostructures, Bainbridge Island, WA J

AMES

P. S

TEVENSON

,

MD

• Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department

of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA

C

LINTON

F. S

TEWART

,

PharmD

• Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN

L

ANCE

S

TEWART

,

PhD

• deCODE Biostructures, Bainbridge Island, WA

H

ARUYUKI

T

AKEMURA

,

MD

,

PhD

• Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

C

HRIS

H. T

AKIMOTO

,

MD

,

PhD

• Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and Institute for Drug Development, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX

J

OYCE

T

HOMPSON

,

MD

• Department of Hematology/Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN

C

HRISTOPHER

J. T

WELVES

,

MD

• Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland

R

OBERT

C. A. M.

VAN

W

AARDENBURG

,

PhD

• Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN C

LAIRE

V

ERSCHRAEGEN

,

MD

• Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer Research

and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM T

IAN

-X

IANG

X

IANG

,

PhD

• Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College

of Pharmacy, and Experimental Therapeutics Program, Lucille P. Markey

Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

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