Index
Abstract... 6 Acknowledgements ... 8 Index ... 10 List of tables ... 13 List of figures... 14 1 Introduction ... 161.1 The aims of the work ... 18
1.2 Methodology... 18
1.3 Terminology ... 19
2 Sustainable Development and Sustainability Indicators ... 21
2.1 Definition of sustainability ... 21
2.1.1 The origin of sustainability... 21
2.1.2 The concept... 22
2.2 Analysis of sustainability and sustainable water management definitions ... 23
2.2.1 Qualitative aspects: the concepts ... 24
2.2.2 Statistical aspects ... 25
2.2.3 Suggestions ... 26
2.2.4 Definitions of sustainable of water management systems... 28
2.3 Choice of general criteria ... 29
2.4 Sustainability indicators ... 32
2.5 Frameworks for sustainability indicators selection ... 33
2.5.1 Models with roots in economics ... 34
2.5.2 Models with roots in environmental sciences ... 35
2.5.3 Models that link societal activities and the environment ... 38
2.6 Lists from literature and analysis ... 39
2.7 Selection ... 91
2.7.1 Health and Hygiene criteria ... 92
2.7.1.1 Risk infection ... 92
2.7.2 Environment and Use of Resources... 94
2.7.2.1 Water bodies ... 95
2.7.2.2 Impact on environment ... 96
2.7.2.3 Use of Natural Resources ... 100
2.7.3 Economics... 102
2.7.3.1 Population ... 103
2.7.3.2 Utility ... 103
2.7.4 Institution, Society and Culture ... 104
2.7.4.1 Legislation... 104
2.7.5 Technology ... 109
2.7.5.1 Risk of failure ... 109
2.8 A first list of sustainability indicators ... 110
3 The Stockholm Water Company ... 113
3.1 Raw water ... 114 3.2 Drinking water ... 117 3.2.1 Waterworks... 118 3.2.2 The process ... 119 3.3 Wastewater ... 121 3.3.1 Henriksdal ... 122 3.3.2 Bromma ... 123 3.3.3 Loudden ... 124 3.3.4 The process ... 125
4 The case study ... 129
4.1 Selection of indicators ... 129
4.2 Indicator results ... 130
4.2.1 Drinking water quality tests within regulation ... 130
4.2.2 Intensity of use of water resources ... 132
4.2.3 Oxygen Consumption Potential... 132
4.2.4 Sludge quality ... 134
4.2.5 Percentage of sludge re-used ... 136
4.2.6 Energy use for wastewater treatment... 137
4.2.7 Energy use for water supply ... 138
4.2.8 Use of electricity and fossil fuel ... 139
4.2.9 Energy recovered ... 140
4.2.10 Costs per person... 141
4.2.11 Consumption of water... 142
4.2.12 Service complaints... 143
4.2.13 Number of employees... 144
4.2.14 Drinking water system interruptions ... 146
4.2.15 Wastewater activity interruptions ... 147
4.3 A model for assessing sustainable development ... 148
4.3.1 Application to the Stockholm Water Company case study ... 149
4.3.2 The first example ... 155
4.3.3 The second example ... 156
4.3.4 Interpretation of results... 160
5 Conclusions ... 166
6 References ... 169
APPENDIX A: List of Concepts in Sustainability Definitions ... 177
APPENDIX B: Collection of Data and Evaluation of Indicators ... 181
List of tables
Table 2-1: Suggested criteria and sub-criteria...31
Table 2-2: The list of indicators proposed by WHO...41
Table 2-3: The list of water-related indicators proposed by UNCSD. ...45
Table 2-4: The list of water-related indicators proposed by OECD. ...47
Table 2-5: The list of water-related indicators proposed by ESEPI...48
Table 2-6: The list of water-related indicators proposed by Plan Bleu. ...50
Table 2-7: The list of indicators proposed by the Sustainable Water Utilities project. ...52
Table 2-8: The list of indicators proposed by the WSM project. ...54
Table 2-9: A list of indicators suggested for the GOUVERNe project. ...55
Table 2-10: A list of water-related indicators suggested for the SIMO project. ...58
Table 2-11: The list of environmental water-related indicators proposed by Water UK...59
Table 2-12: The list of indicators proposed for the SWARD project...61
Table 2-13: The list of water-related indicators proposed by the Swedish EPA...66
Table 2-14: The list of criteria proposed by Kärrman et al. (1998)...67
Table 2-15: The list of indicators proposed by Hellström et al. (1998)...68
Table 2-16: The list of indicators proposed by Weigert and Steinberg. ...70
Table 2-17: The list of indicators proposed by Lundin et al. (1997; 1998)...71
Table 2-18: A further list of indicators selected by Lundin (1999). ...72
Table 2-19: The list of indicators proposed by Zinn...73
Table 2-20: The list of indicators proposed by Balkema (1998). ...74
Table 2-21: A further list of indicators proposed by Balkema (2003)...78
Table 2-22: Overview of indicators used in several publications (Balkema et al., 2003) ...79
Table 2-23: The list of indicators presented by Bracken. ...80
Table 2-24: The list of indicators proposed by Graf. ...82
Table 2-25: The list indicators proposed by Mayer-Spohn. ...83
Table 2-26: The list of indicators proposed by Nilsson and Bergström. ...87
Table 2-27: The list of indicators proposed by Holmberg et al. ...88
Table 2-28: The list of indicators proposed by Palme...89
Table 2-29: The list of indicators selected by Gumbo. ...90
Table 2-30: A further list of indicators proposed by Gumbo...91
Table 2-31: The first list of sustainability indicators...110
Table 4-1: Data used for the indicators’ assessment...129
Table 4-2: Classification of indicators on the basis of their impact...150
Table 4-3: Values of the normalized indicators in the considered period...152
Table 4-4: Comparison scale...154
Table 4-5: The evaluated sub-indices in the first example. ...155
Table 4-6: The composite sustainable development index in the first example...156
Table 4-7: Assessment of weightings for the health-related indicator in the second example. ...157
Table 4-8: Assessment of weightings for the environmental indicators in the second example...158
Table 4-9: Assessment of weightings for the economical indicator in the second example. ...159
Table 4-10: Assessment of weightings for the social indicators in the second example. ...159
Table 4-11: Assessment of weightings for the technological indicators in the second example. ....159
Table 4-12: The evaluated sub-indices in the second example...160
Table 4-13: The composite sustainable development index in the second example. ...160
Table 4-14: The sub-indices and the composite index trends in the first example. ...161
List of figures
Figure 2-1: Environment, Society and Economy links in the sustainable development
concept... 22
Figure 2-2: The PSR framework. ... 36
Figure 2-3: The DPSIR framework. ... 37
Figure 3-1: The Lake Mälaren region. ... 115
Figure 3-2: The Botkyrka region. ... 116
Figure 3-3: The Lake Bornsjön region. ... 116
Figure 3-4: The water consumption for the everyday life. ... 117
Figure 3-5: The Norsborg and Lovö waterworks coverage. ... 119
Figure 3-6: The purification process. ... 119
Figure 3-7: The wastewater treatment plants coverage. ... 121
Figure 3-8: The wastewater treatment process at the Henriksdal plant. ... 123
Figure 3-9: The general wastewater treatment process. ... 125
Figure 4-1: The “Drinking water quality tests within regulation” indicator. ... 131
Figure 4-2: The “Oxygen Consumption Potential” indicator... 133
Figure 4-3: The “Sludge quality” indicator (related to the content of mercury)... 134
Figure 4-4: The “Sludge quality” indicator (related to the content of cadmium). .. 135
Figure 4-5: The “Sludge quality” indicator (related to the content of lead). ... 136
Figure 4-6: The “Percentage of sludge re-used” indicator. ... 137
Figure 4-7: The “Energy use for wastewater treatment” indicator... 138
Figure 4-8: The “Energy use for water supply” indicator. ... 139
Figure 4-9: The “Use of electricity and fossil fuel” indicator. ... 140
Figure 4-10: The “Energy recovered” indicator... 141
Figure 4-11: The “Costs per person” indicator. ... 142
Figure 4-12: The “Consumption of water” indicator... 143
Figure 4-13: The “Service complaints” indicator... 144
Figure 4-14: The “Number of employees” indicator. ... 145
Figure 4-15: The “Drinking water system interruptions” indicator... 146
Figure 4-16: The “Wastewater activity interruptions” indicator. ... 147
Figure 4-17: Hierarchy scheme for the calculation of the combined sustainable development index. ... 149
