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ABSTRACT

Key words: ovine viral encephalitides, Louping-ill, Borna, Maedi Visna, brain lesions, pathogenesis.

Viral encephalitides are of great importance among the nervous disorders because they are extremely difficult to control, as there is no treatment available for almost all of them, and very few can be prevented by vaccination. In this thesis a comparative study of three of them was carried out: Louping-ill, a flaviviral encephalitis that affects mainly sheep, causing locomotion disorders, Borna disease, caused by a virus belonging to the Bornaviridae family, which occurs primarily in horses but it can also affect sheep, and Maedi Visna, caused by a lentivirus that only affects ruminants and determines weakness of the hind limbs that eventually leads to complete paralysis. A comparative and descriptive study in natural cases of these diseases (16 of Louping-ill, 2 of Borna and 2 of Visna) was carried out in this work. Seven standard sections of the brain, from the frontal cortex to the medulla, were studied in all the animals and the lesions observed were classified according to the inflammatory changes into 3 categories: mild, moderate and severe. Differences in the distribution of the inflammatory changes were noted: while Louping-ill and Borna cases showed a generalized encephalitis, in the Visna cases lesions were mostly localized in the caudal part of the brain. The three diseases showed a similar inflammatory response, characterized by non-purulent perivascular cuffs and glial foci. However the damage to neurons was less frequent in Visna. These variances in the distribution and neuronal damage could reflect different cellular tropism of the virus and pathogenesis of the lesions. The study of these divergences could help to better understand the pathogenesis of these diseases and improve their control.

Parole chiave: encefaliti virali ovine, Louping-ill, Borna, Maedi Visna, lesioni encefaliche,

patogenesi.

Le encefaliti virali sono di grande importanza tra le patologie nervose poiché sono molto difficili da controllare, in quanto non esiste un trattamento efficace per nessuna di loro, e solo poche possono essere prevenute tramite la vaccinazione. Per questa tesi sono state studiate: Louping-ill, un'encefalite flavivirale che colpisce principalmente le pecore causando disturbi locomotori, Borna, causata da un virus appartenente alla famiglia dei Bornaviridae che infetta primariamente i cavalli ma che può anche colpire le pecore, e Maedi Visna, causata da un lentivirus che contagia esclusivamente i ruminanti determinando debolezza degli arti posteriori che esita in paralisi completa. In questo lavoro è stato svolto uno studio comparativo e descrittivo tra 16 casi naturali di Louping-ill, 2 di Borna e 2 di Visna. Per tutti gli animali sono state studiate sette sezioni standard di cervello, dalla corteccia frontale al midollo allungato, e le lesioni osservate sono state classificate in tre categorie sulla base dell'entità delle lesioni infiammatorie: lievi, moderate e marcate. Dall'analisi dei risultati è emerso che nei casi di Louping-ill e di Borna si osserva un'encefalite generalizzata, mentre nei casi di Visna le lesioni erano principalmente localizzate nella parte caudale del cervello. Nelle tre malattie la risposta infiammatoria è risultata simile, caratterizzata da manicotti perivascolari non purulenti e focolai gliali. Tuttavia il danno neuronale è stato riscontrato con minore frequenza nei casi di Visna. Queste differenze potrebbero riflettere un differente tropismo cellulare e una diversa patogenesi delle lesioni. Lo studio di queste divergenze potrebbe essere di aiuto per comprendere meglio la patogenesi di queste malattie e migliorarne il controllo.

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