DANDORA ECOVILLAGE
Integrated Waste to Energy Power plant and Water tower
Nairobi, Kenya
MASTERS DEGREE FINAL YEAR DESIGN THESIS Authors:
HEMBI, Innocent Hembi GANEVICH, Elizabeth
School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering Architecture - Building Architecture
Final Year Design Thesis
DANDORA ECOVILLAGE
Integrated Waste to Energy Power plant and Water tower
Nairobi, Kenya
Authors:
HEMBI, Innocent Hembi/ Mat. 894572 GANEVICH, Elizabeth/ Mat. 893072 Supervisor: Prof. Arch. FOLLI, Maria Grazia
1. Introduction
1.1. Location of the Project 1.2. Environmental Issues 1.4. Social Issues
2. Definition of strategies and design process 2.1. Context
2.2. Dandora Ecovillage 3. Related projects
4. Waste to Energy power plant 4.1. Process
4.2. Design of the Energy tower 5. Design of the water tower 6. Conclusion
7. Appendices 7.1 Structure 7.2 Building Service
7.3 Innovative Materials Strategies 7.4 Building Information Modelling 8. Bibliography
In this essay, we analyse the process of cleaning Dandora dumping site and changing the dumping site to an evovillage with two main towers. We disassemble the process by different steps, beginning with study about Dandora and Nairobi in general and after going deeply to the whole site with its types of suitable trees and plants and types of ground. . One of the problems and main environmental issues of Dandora is the pollution and no possibility to breathe not polluted air, so the trees and green ladncsape improvements should provide more oxygen and help to deal with the problem. As our site has different accesses as it is enclosed by slums of Korogocho, Baba Ndogo, Mathare and Dandora, the goal is to find the connection between the site and the surrounding settlements and social amenities. On an urban scale context, the layout follows the axis of development of Nairobi connected to the railway station. The strategy is to regenerate the site in phases and connecting it to overall waste management system of the City.
In the process of regeneration of the site, we aim at preserving the open space by creating a green area through landscape design and recycling part of the waste into construction materials.
The first our step is to move all the garbage out of Dandora by checking the Dumping network of Nairobi in Kenya and transporting it equally to the points on the map, so we can have the Dandora area changed and clean and begin changing it.
The main and the most important step is to build on the new green site our main two towers, waste-to-energy power plant and water tower and buildings for eco-village and its surroundings, completing the eco-village plan. We are focusing more on the energy tower, which is multifunctional and can be used not only for the waste-to-energy plant, but also for social spaces for people from the areas nearby. The functions of the social spaces can be changeable and be used as temporary workshops or exhibitions and observation areas. The technical part of the tower consist of offices and the main plant which is situated underground.
The water tower is situated on the other part of the Dandora area close to the river, so there is acess to the water and improved solutions for that in our design in case of overfloading. The main function of the tower is collecting the water from the rain and using the pipes to transfer the collected water to the storage in the top of the building and underground, where it can be cleaned in technical spaces. As a result, these two main towers help the area and the eco-village in its ecology value with changing the dumping site to a green eco-village suitable for life and work there on a green landscape of the unique site.
DANDORA ECOVILLAGE
Integrated Waste to Energy Powerplant and Water tower
Nairobi, Kenya
The essay describes methodologies of how we are transforming these elements into architecture language, which is supported by specific space and different circulations, respectively.
In addition, technical services, structure, BIM technology and material study, as appendices, support the Dandora Eco-Village project integrally and effectively.
This report is based on our design project of Dandora Eco Village, which is located in Nairobi, Kenya and consists of two main towers, the waste-to-energy power plant tower and water tower. The goal of our project is to clean the dumping site and to deal with all the garbage and the dumping part of the site for making the area greener and providing all the possibilities and opportunities to make it an eco-village with clean and green eco system of living.
Firstly, the idea of the project is deeply illustrated through the study in aspects of urban and concept perspective. Then, the article moves onto the architecture and ecology. As a result, we define and classify two main towers which help us to clean the dumping site and change it into an eco-village with green landscape of the unique site. Secondly, our strategy initiates from main strategies: 1. Landscape with cleaning the waste; 2. Architecture 3. Ecology. They are followed by the design process step-by-step.
Nairobi is the principal industrial centre of the country. The railways are the largest single industrial employer. Light-manufacturing industries produce beverages, cigarettes, and processed food. Tourism is also important. The city is located near eastern Africa’s agricultural heartland, and a number of primary products are routed through Nairobi before being exported via Mombasa. Nairobi also plays an important role in the community of eastern African states; it is the headquarters of important regional railways, harbours, and airways corporations.
The city is well served by roads and railways. The main routes are southeast and south to Mombasa and Tanzania and northwest via the highlands to Lake Victoria and Uganda. Jomo Kenyatta International Airport, 9 miles (15 km) to the southwest, is one of the chief international airports in Africa.
This is a place of great contrasts where race, tribe and origin all become facets of a unique Nairobi character. This is not a modern capital separated from the great wilderness that surrounds it. Just outside the city is Nairobi National Park, 113 sq kms of plains, cliffs and forest. The park is home to large herds of Zebra, Wildebeest, Buffalo, Giraffe and more. Rhino, Cheetah, and a large number of Lions are all found here, living wild within 20 minutes of the centre of town.
Nairobi, city, capital of Kenya. It is situated in the south-central part of the country, in the highlands at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,680 metres). The city lies 300 miles (480 km) northwest of Mombasa, Kenya’s major port on the Indian Ocean. The city originated in the late 1890s as a colonial railway settlement, taking its name from a water hole known to the Maasai people as Enkare Nairobi (“Cold Water”). When the railhead arrived there in 1899, the British colonial capital of Ukamba province was transferred from Machakos (now Masaku) to the site, and in 1905 Nairobi became the capital of the British East Africa Protectorate. From about 1900 onward, when a small Indian bazaar was established at Nairobi, the city was also a trading centre.
As a governmental centre, Nairobi subsequently attracted a stream of migrants from rural Kenya that made it one of the largest cities in tropical Africa. It was declared a municipality in 1919 and was granted city status in 1954. When Kenya gained independence in 1963, Nairobi remained the capital. The new country’s constitution expanded the city’s municipal area; the enlarged municipality is an independent unit administered by the Nairobi City Council.
Most of the upmarket suburbs are situated to the west and north-central of Nairobi, where most European settlers resided during the colonial times AKA ‘Ubabini’. These include Karen, Langata, Lavington, Gigiri, Muthaiga, Brookside, Spring Valley, Loresho, Kilimani, Kileleshwa, Hurlingham, Runda, Kitisuru, Nyari, Kyuna, Lower Kabete, Westlands, and Highridge, although Kangemi, Kawangware, and Dagoretti are lower income areas close to these affluent suburbs. The city’s colonial past is commemorated by many English place-names.
Most lower-middle and upper middle income neighbourhoods are located in the north-central areas such as Highridge, Parklands, Ngara, Pangani, and areas to the southwest and southeast of the metropolitan area near the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The most notable ones include Avenue Park, Fedha, Pipeline, Donholm, Greenfields, Nyayo, Taasia, Baraka, Nairobi West, Madaraka, Siwaka, South B, South C, Mugoya, Riverbank, Hazina, Buru Buru, Uhuru, Harambee Civil Servants’, Akiba, Kimathi, Pioneer, and Koma Rock to the centre-east and Kasarani to northeast area among others. The low and lower income estates are located mainly in far eastern Nairobi. These include, Umoja,
Under the Köppen climate classification, Nairobi has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb). At 1,795 metres (5,889 ft) above sea level, evenings may be cool, especially in the June/July season, when the temperature can drop to 9 °C (48 °F). The sunniest and warmest part of the year is from December to March, when temperatures average in the mid-twenties Celsius during the day. The mean maximum temperature for this period is 24 °C (75 °F)
There are two rainy seasons, but rainfall can be moderate. The cloudiest part of the year is just after the first rainy season, when, until September, conditions are usually overcast with drizzle. As Nairobi is situated close to the equator, the differences between the seasons are minimal. The seasons are referred to as the wet season and dry season. The timing of sunrise and sunset varies little throughout the year for the same reason. Nairobi is divided into a series of constituencies with each being represented by members of Parliament in the National Assembly. These constituencies are: Makadara, Kamukunji, Starehe, Langata, Dagoretti, Westlands, Kasarani, and Embakasi. The main administrative divisions of Nairobi are Central, Dagoretti, Embakasi, Kasarani, Kibera, Makadara, Pumwani, and Westlands.
The attack led to economic loss in employment and investment, and resulted in increased tensions between the country’s religious communities and reduction in tourism. The attacks highlighted a need for greater communication and coordination among first responders and security organizations. Kariokor, Dandora, Kariobangi, Kayole, Embakasi,
and Huruma Kitengela suburb, though located further southeast, Ongata Rongai and Kiserian further southwest, and Ngong/Embulbul suburbs also known as ‘Diaspora’ to the far west are considered part of the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan area. More than 90% of Nairobi residents work within the Nairobi Metropolitan area, in the formal and informal sectors. Many Somali immigrants have also settled in Eastleigh, nicknamed “Little Mogadishu”.
Nairobi is the political and commercial capital of Kenya, contributing an estimated 60% towards the country’s GDP. However, its aging infrastructure and growing population worsen public transportation, energy costs, and quality of life. Aging infrastructure has also led to flash floods which result in fatalities, destruction of property, and outbreaks of waterborne diseases.
With over 80 diplomatic missions, historic ties to major Western economic and security interests, and a growing influx of refugees from nearby war-torn countries such as Somalia and South Sudan, Nairobi also faces the growing challenge of terrorism. In 2013, Nairobi experienced a terrorist attack resulting in 67 fatalities and 175 injuries.
No official study or statistics have been undertaken, therefore the “lay” knowledge is as valid as the official one here and can be considered street science. Fortunately it is also true that Nairobi is a capital with much international regards and a seat at the EU Environmental Programme (UNEP); therefore it would be strange if the biggest environmental organization would neglect this environmental catastrophe happening just 8 km from its headquarters. UNEP has commissioned a couple of studies showing dangerously high levels of heavy metals in the surrounding environment and in the body of local residents.
Lead and cadmium levels were 13,500 ppm and 1,058 ppm respectively, compared to the action levels in the Netherlands of 150 ppm/5ppm for these heavy metals.
The Stockholm Convention on hazardous pollution, which Kenya has ratified, requires actions aimed at eliminating these pollutants. The promise to act was agreed by the government, interested stakeholders and the civil society. Many global NGOs have called upon Kenyan government representatives and stakeholders to honor the integrity of the Convention and keep the promise of reduction and elimination of those pollutants. Unfortunately, as of December 2014, nothing has been done. DANDORA
Dandora dump is a sprawling dumpsite, over 30 acres, in the heart of the Nairobi slums of Korogocho, Baba Ndogo, Mathare and Dandora. It opened in 1975 with World Bank funds and was deemed full by 2001. Yet it continues to operate, and people at the very bottom rungs of the socioeconomic ladder come here as their last hope to make a living from scavenging the waste, but in the same time exposing themselves to tremendous pollution. This case is a very accurate example of environmental injustice (environmental racism) whereby the poor societies of Nairobi are impacted by waste dumped from the whole greater Nairobi region, and are polluted with toxins. Yet, it is explained as the best solution for all because the poor people actually get food from there and scavenge for materials to sell to the recyclers. Dumping in Dandora is unrestricted and includes industrial, agricultural, domestic and medical waste. Studies have confirmed the presence of dangerous elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium and PCBs which are seriously hazardous for humans. Due to the underdevelopment of scientific bodies in Kenya but also to political clashes, popular epidemiology has been used to prove sickness and mortality in Dandora.
Due to high poverty in the area, some parents even encourage their children to go to “Mukuru” as they call the dumpsite. While some critics will defend the habit, it is disastrous short term solution to a larger, complex and longer social and economic problem.
Public participation must be at the core of the decommissioning of this environmental and social injustice. A coalition formed under the “Inter-Religious Committee Against Dandora Dumpsite” in conjunction with national human rights institutions was set up in 2005 to address the problem of exploited workers and social problems but then later in 2008 its demands were supported thanks to the studies commissioned by UNEP and other organizations showing the serious environment problem. So here we have an example of a local resistance being mobilized due to the social injustice later also adopted from an academic context.
The local communities understood they must be participants in the change process and that the “advocacy and the struggle for a people’s liberation must be spearheaded by the people themselves” as wrote the Committee leader Oluoch Japheth Ogola – a journalist working for the St. John Catholic Church in Korogocho.
On the contrary, more and more waste is addressed to the landfill and more and more is being permanently burned, more toxic substances leaching to the waters and air. The Nairobi River also passes besides the dumpsite according to UNEP aggravating the situation. The Dandora dumpsite is a sad picture of a multiple tragedy. The City Council of Nairobi was to decommission the dumpsite in 2012, after 8 years of planning. However, conflict between the council and the Kenya Airports Authority over the relocation of the dumpsite to Ruai has brought the process to a grinding halt. The community sees that there will be no easy end to this largest and most flagrant violations to human right and environmental health in the country. The dumpsite exists in contravention of several provisions to the Constitution of Kenya. There is a social dilemma. As I visited the dumpsite and the local communities I discovered that thousands of people rely their daily income on the dumpsite. Every day, scores of people scavenge through the contaminated garbage to look for food, plastic and metal scraps to sell to recyclers. They get paid very little but still enough for some to stick to this activity and not even try to change. It is even reported by the St John Informal School in Korogocho (the neighboring slum) that some kids escape school to come to the dumpsite to work.
Indiscriminate handling and disposal of waste from various industrial and domestic activities are major contributors of environmental pollutants that pose risks to human health. Although global, the problem of waste disposal is more pronounced in the developing nations and the social-economically underprivileged are most vulnerable.
The Dandora waste dumping site is a major disposal site of waste generated from various activities in Nairobi. There has been concern over the health implications of this dumping site from numerous quarters. Environmental samples (soil and water) were analysed to determine contents and concentrations of elements, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides. Biological samples (blood and urine) were analysed to determine several health indicators. High levels of toxic heavy metals were noted in the Dandora soil samples. Health wise, 50% of the children were found to be having blood lead levels above 10 micrograms per deciliter of blood indicating exposure to high levels of environmental lead. The haematological system of most of the children is suppressed with 12.5% having haemoglobin levels below the normal ranges. The results obtained indicate high potential risk both to the environment and human health that can be attributed to the Dandora municipal waste dumping site.
The Committee’s main slogans were: “The society equally needs to be endowed with adequate environmental etiquette. We should ensure that our own little neighborhoods are clean. Other stakeholders therefore need to come up with suggestions which can help us surmount this danger of the dumpsite”. I would mention that such attitude is very peaceful and proactive. They do not condemn those stakeholders who actually still contaminate the area. The Committee has put a number of proposals to solve the problem. It included closing the dumpsite, recultivation, relocation of waste management, proper recycling facilities. Unfortunately the developments of those ideas seems to be dead due to financial and political reasons.
Environmental factors are a major contribution to the global disease burden. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), a quarter of the diseases afflicting mankind are as a result of modifiable environmental risks. Most of the environmentally related diseases are not easily detected and may be acquired during childhood and be manifested later in adulthood. As a result, misdiagnosis and mismanagement of environmental related illness may have occurred in numerous cases.
Although environmentally related health problems affect people of all ages and from all sectors, children are more vulnerable than adults. This initiative has resulted to various conferences and workshops highlighting issues concerning children’s health and environment. In proceedings of a Workshop on Children’s Health and the Environment for African Paediatricians and Health Care Providers organized by the UNEP, WHO and International and the local Pediatricians Association (IPA, KPA) in Nairobi in 2005, it was recognized that in developing countries, the main environmental problems affecting children are exacerbated by poverty, illiteracy and malnutrition, and include indoor and outdoor air pollution, exposure to hazardous chemicals, accidents and injuries. Furthermore, as countries become industrialized, children become exposed to toxicants commonly associated with the developed world, creating an additional environmental burden of disease.
Acute intoxication may cause easily discernable signs and symptoms but which would be confused for other illnesses while chronic exposure to low doses of any particular toxin may not be suspected as most of the effects are subclinical (cannot be diagnosed easily by observation of clinical signs or symptoms). Thus, it was observed that emphasis and training of medical personnel on the recognition, diagnosis and management of environmentally related diseases is required. Key environmental factors mentioned to have great
contribution to public health include pollution of air, water and soil resulting to potential exposure to chemical or biological agents in the form of toxic heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, carcinogens or airborne particulates. These environmental pollutants contribute or worsen various ailments such as upper and lower respiratory tract abnormalities, cardiopulmonary diseases (diseases affecting the heart and lungs), various forms of cancers, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), to mental and developmental retardation.
Although environmentally related health problems affect people of all ages and from all sectors, children are more vulnerable than adults. Among children below five years, environmental related illnesses are responsible for more than 4.7 million deaths annually. The proportion of deaths related to the environment in children aged between 0-14 years is 36%. 25% of deaths in developing nations are related to environmental factors while in the developed regions; only 17% of deaths are attributed to the environment.
The recognition on the great risk to children’s health from the environment resulted to the WHO appeal for a global movement to create healthy environments at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg 2002.
1.2. Environmental Issues
Depending on the source, the waste may be of no risk, infectious, toxic or radioactive. Waste generated from different sources is disposed of in various ways and some may require special handling and disposal. Most of the waste disposal systems used includes landfills, dumping in a specified location (waste dumping sites), burying in pits, open air burning, incineration or discarding into rivers and large water bodies (ocean and seas). Waste management poses a great challenge due to potential pollution of water sources, food sources, land, air and vegetation. The indiscriminate disposal and handling of waste, leads to environmental degradation, destruction of the ecosystem and poses great risks to public health. Municipal waste dumping sites are designated places where waste from various sources is deposited onto an open hole or ground. (http://edugreen.teri.res.in)
In most cases, due to lack of regulations and proper disposal facilities in places generating waste, most of the waste is disposed off into dumping sites. As such, different types of waste find their way into a particular dumping site which exposes the surrounding community to various environmental hazards.
Solid Waste Management, Environmental Pollution and Impact to Public Health
Solid waste is any non-fluidic/non-flowing substance that has been identified to be of no use at a particular point or source either as a raw material, end product, expired products, containers or after use remnants. Solid waste is generated from various human activities such as domestic, hospital, industrial and agricultural activities.
- Domestic waste is that waste that originates from homes and may range from remnants of/ or expired foods to household chemicals, various forms of packaging materials, electrical instruments and utensils. (www.europarl.europa.eu)
- Industrial waste may consist of falloff or unused chemicals/raw materials used in manufacturing processes, expired products and substandard goods, o Agricultural waste may be chemicals used as pesticides (herbicides and fungicides) and unwanted agricultural products,
- Hospital waste includes among others packaging materials and containers, used syringes and sharps, biological waste, and pharmaceuticals.
Among the heavy metals, lead is one of the most widely distributed and largely found in municipal dumping sites where lead containing waste is deposited or burning of waste containing lead (e.g. plastics, rubber, painted/ lead paint treated wood e.t.c.) is done.
Heavy metals and their compounds have different physical and chemical characteristics and poses diverse toxicological characteristics. Human beings get poisoned through inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Acute exposures to high levels cause nausea, anorexia, vomiting, gastrointestinal abnormalities and dermatitis. Chronic exposures to heavy metals cause cumulative toxic effects which affect various systems in the body depending on the heavy metal involved.
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) These are long-lasting non-biodegradable organic compounds that bio-concentrate in the food chain especially fish and livestock and pose serious health risks to human populations. They do not dissolve in water but are readily stored in fatty tissue. These substances accumulate in human fatty tissue and may be passed to infants through breast milk.
Municipal waste dumping sites have been recognized as a major source of environmental toxicants (ETs) that are of great risk to human health. Major environmental pollutants from waste dumping sites may include heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (high production volume chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins and furans).
The indiscriminate disposal and handling of waste, leads to environmental degradation, destruction of the ecosystem and poses great risks to public health.
HEAVY METALS
Heavy metals are metallic elements that are present in both natural and contaminated environments. Heavy metals of public health concern include Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium, Zinc, Nickel and Copper. Heavy metals may be released into the Environment from metal smelting and refining industries, scrap metal dealers, plastic and rubber industries, several consumer products and burning of waste containing heavy metals. On release to the air, the elements travel for large distances and are deposited onto the soil, vegetation and water depending on their density. On deposition, the heavy metals are not degraded and persist in the environment for many years.
The Dandora Municipal waste dumping site is a major dumping site located at the East of Nairobi in Kenya. The dumping site is about 8 kilometers away from the city centre and occupies about 30 acres of land. Surrounding the dumping site, are the Kariobangi North and Korogocho slums and low income earners residential estates of Dandora and Babadogo. Over 2000 tonnes of waste generated and collected from various locations in Nairobi and its environs are deposited on a daily basis and what initially was to be refilling of an old quarry has given rise to a big mountain of garbage.
While the relocation has been hampered by lack of a suitable place for relocation on the one hand and individuals who earn a living from the dumping site on the other, the dumping of waste goes on unregulated. Even if the dumping is halted forthwith and relocation effected, its longterm effects will continue to be felt by the communities living around as most of the toxic substances persist for long in the environment.
Under the POPs treaty (the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants), chemicals such as aldrin, dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), endrin, heptachlor, toxaphene, chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, mirex (high production volume chemicals and Pesticides:- Organochlorines, Organophosphates, carbamates) and polychlorinated biphenyl’s (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are to be phased out and eliminated.
Polychlorinated biphenyl’s (PCBs) are synthetic organic compounds that are either solids or liquids and are colorless or light yellow. During production of PCBs, highly toxic substances known as Dioxins and Furans are produced. Polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) commonly referred to as dioxins may also result from low combustion of materials containing PCBs such as plastics, rubber and paper products. Human beings absorb PCBs, Dioxins and Furans by inhalation, ingestion and absorption through the skin. PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs has been associated with endocrine disruption (interfere with the body’s hormonal signaling system), developmental toxicity, low IQ scores and risks of development of cancers.
At the same time, in absence of appropriate knowledge on effects of dumping, lack of policies regulating waste disposal and failure to enhance any existing policies, relocation could result to a transfer of the problem to others who would encroach on the dumping site and failure to input preventive measures against adverse effects both to the environment and public health. This calls for urgent measures towards appropriate management of the dumping site.
Before the garbage is dumped in the dumpsite, they should separate the garbage into recyclable products, biodegradable products and non-biodegradable products. The recyclable products should be separated and be taken to recycling plants, the biodegradable should be kept together to form a massive compost heap and the non-recyclable or biodegradable products should be burnt in an incinerator and this way the dumpsite will be cleared and the amount of air pollution will be much more less. The government should also be able to provide workshops for the illiterate and teach them how to look after the environment and their own personal health. The government should also sensitize the inhabitants about the mental, physical, and health effects of the dumpsite. By doing this more jobs will be provided which leads to an economic growth.
Apart from the community around the dumping site being exposed to dangerous environmental pollutants in the environment and consumption of contaminated foodstuff, people far off are also at risk of exposure by consumption of meat or poultry products as well as vegetables cultivated using compost from the site.
Residents of Dandora, Korogocho and Kariobangi estates, religious and non religious organizations, the Health Ministry and other arms of the Government have had concern over the possible risk to human health that could be attributed to the dumping site. Despite this, waste dumping continues unabated and appropriate preventive measures that would reduce the impact to the environment and human health are yet to be undertaken.
According to records obtained from the Catholic Church dispensary at Kariobangi, for the period between 2003 and May 2006, an average 9121 people per annum had been treated for respiratory tract related problems at the center. To many of the residents and local health care providers, these abnormalities are exacerbated by the environment around the dumping site. The people are also at risk of contracting blood borne diseases such as HIV.
By 2001 it was deemed full and yet it continues to operate, and people at the very bottom rungs of the socioeconomic ladder come here as their last hope to make a living from scavenging the waste, but in the same time exposing themselves to tremendous pollution. This case is a very accurate example of the environmental injustice which I refer to as environmental racism whereby the poor societies of Nairobi are impacted by waste dumped from the whole greater Nairobi region, and are polluted with toxins. Yet, it is explained as the best solution for all because the poor get food from there and scavenge for materials to sell to the recyclers. Dumping in Dandora is unrestricted and includes industrial, agricultural, domestic and medical waste. (https://ejatlas.org)
Movement into and out of the dumping site is unrestricted and scores of people are on site scavenging for food products and other valuables that they later sell to others as a source of income. Other people sort out the waste for recycling and compost generation. The compost is sold to potential customers for use in farming. Several people reside inside the dumping site which also harbors criminal elements. Domestic animals such as pigs, cows and goats forage through the waste for feeds.
So here we have an example of a local resistance being mobilized due to the social injustice later also adopted from an academic context.
The local communities understood they must be participants in the change process and that the advocacy and the struggle for a people’s liberation must be spearheaded by the people themselves. The Committee’s main slogans were: “The society equally needs to be endowed with adequate environmental etiquette. We should ensure that our own little neighbourhoods are clean. Other stakeholders therefore need to come up with suggestions which can help us surmount this danger of the dumpsite”. The Committee has put forward a number of proposals to solve the problem. It included closing the dumpsite, re-cultivation, relocation of waste management, proper recycling facilities. Unfortunately, the developments of those ideas seems to be dead due to financial and political reasons.
People far off are also at risk of exposure by consumption of meat or poultry products as well as vegetables cultivated using compost from the site.
The local community and thousands of people rely their daily income on the dumpsite. Every day, scores of people scavenge through the contaminated garbage to look for food, plastic and metal scraps to sell to recyclers. They get paid very little but still enough to stay around the dumpsite. Some kids even escape school to come to the dumpsite to work. Due to high poverty in the area, some parents even encourage their children to go to “Mukuru” as they call the dumpsite. While some critics will defend the habit, it is a disastrous short term solution to a larger, complex and longer social and economic problem.
Public participation must be at the core of the decommissioning of this environmental and social injustice. A coalition formed under the “Inter-Religious Committee Against Dandora Dumpsite” in conjunction with national human rights institutions was set up in 2005 to address the problem of exploited workers and social problems but then later in 2008 its demands were supported thanks to the studies commissioned by UNEP and other organizations showing the serious environment problem.
Strategies and design steps:
Phase 1: Understanding the land surface shape and
features. This helps us to establish conservation areas such as watersheds. The topography of the land can have an impact on weather patterns. Design Strategy: We aim at following the extisting topography in the layout of the site. The design of the flood basin is positioned at the lower level of the site. The topography has the impact on the building height and the visual connection within the site.
Phase 2: Connecting the area through the site following the existing road network system. The goal is to emphasise the connection between the site and the surrounding settlements and social amenities. The road network greatly affect the movement through the site.
Design Strategy: The road network follows the topographic features of the site and contributes to the definition of the landscape. We aim at providing pedestrian and bicycle access within the site in order to keep the character of the Ecovillage. Truck roads are necessary in the design of the waste to energy power plant. The access of the trucks should not the interconnection established. The goal of our project is to clean the dumping site
and to deal with all the garbage and the dumping part of the site for making the area greener and providing all the possibilities and opportunities to make it an eco-village with clean and green eco system of living.
The first our step is to move all the garbage out of Dandora by checking the Dumping network of Nairobi in Kenya and transporting it equally to the points on the map, so we can have the Dandora area changed and clean and begin changing it. The site has different accesses as it is enclosed by slums of Korogocho, Baba Ndogo, Mathare and Dandora. The goal is to find the connection between the site and the surrounding settlements and social amenities. On an urban scale context, the layout follows the axis of development of Nairobi connected to the railway station. The strategy is to regenerate the site in phases and connecting it to overall waste management system of the City. In the process of regeneration of the site, we aim at preserving the open space by creating a green area through landscape design and recycling part of the waste into construction materials.
2. Definition of strategies and design process
Phase 4: Dandora Ecovillage.
The project to redesign Dandora Dumping site takes into account the fact that the site is enclosed by slums. It opened in 1975 with World Bank funds and was deemed full by 2001.
Design Strategy: The design should not block the connection established in the area through building typology. The towers will stand tall as a marker of urbanization, technological modernization, and an attempt at social reconciliation with its community facilities.
Phase 3: The dumping site has an area of 460,000
m2 . The landfill continues to operate, and people
at the very bottom rungs of the socioeconomic ladder come there as their last hope to make a living from scavenging the waste, but in the same time exposing themselves to tremendous pollution. Dumping in Dandora is unrestricted and includes industrial, agricultural, domestic and medical waste. As Nairobi is rapidly expanding and its population increasing, the topic of waste and energy is becoming urgent in terms of defining new innovative and sustainable solutions to manage and reduce the amount of waste.
Design Strategy: The open dumps are places which do not have any liner systems installed and the area is temporarily or permanently used as waste disposal sites. The design of the waste to Energy Power Plant will change the aim of land filling from the storage of waste to the treatment of waste.
An eco village aims to create a similar environment, while considering the essential elements that a village and its inhabitants need to thrive:
•Environmental and ecological sustainability – taking care of and tending our land and its wildlife so that it can also continue to take care of us •Economic sustainability – creating a vibrant village economy that circulates money through as many hands in the community as possible, and so creating a robust and thriving commercial system •Social sustainability – the vulnerable are often the first to be forgotten in the mainstream system. Eco villages are communities that provide a deep sense of belonging to a group, and where people can feel supported by and responsible to others around them.
•Cultural sustainability – each person has his or her own unique cultural background, associated beliefs and way of looking at the world. Sharing these unique experiences and ways of being in a respectful, inclusive way creates a rich village culture. (http://brunsecovillage.com.au)
An ecovillage is a traditional or intentional community with the goal of becoming more socially, culturally, economically, and ecologically sustainable. It is consciously designed through locally owned, participatory processes to regenerate and restore its social and natural environments.
An ecovillage is an intentional, traditional or urban community that is consciously designed through locally owned participatory processes in all four dimensions of sustainability(social, culture, ecology and economy) to regenerate social and natural environments.
The holistic creativity and innovation which ecovillages bring, when combining the wise use of modern technology and resources with traditional heritage and wisdom, can massively contribute to addressing our global issues of poverty and environmental destruction. (https://ecovillage.org) An eco village is a tried and tested model that provides a road map to guide those wishing to live in community. Traditional villages developed organically over decades or centuries and were places where all of life happened in close quarters. You could walk from your home to your work, your school or to the shops.
-fountain tree (aka spathodea companulata)
Can be used as food, timber, and medicine.
-moringa (aka moringa oleifera)
Can be cultivated for its leaves, pods, and/or its kernels for oil extraction and water purification.
-fever tree (aka acacai xanthopholea)
Known for their hardiness in dry land Africa, Acacia species are actually very diverse and are native to most regions around the world. Many of the popular agroforestry species are not thorny, though many Acacia species, especially those in Africa, have evolved thorns as a method of protecting themselves from browsing, and thereby conserving water.
-african olive (aka olea africana)
The wood is much-prized and durable, with a strong smell similar to bay rum, and is used for fine furniture and turnery.
-kassod tree (aka senna siamea)
This plant has medicinal value and it contains a compound named Barakol.
Here are some main types of trees and plants which grow in Kenya and Nairobi and are baised off of request from local population and our group analysis and can be suitable for our eco-village. (https://www.tentree.com)
-casuarina equisetifolia
The wood of this tree can be used for shingles, fencing, and branches (harvested sustainably) are said to make excellent, hot burning firewood.
-yellowwood (aka podocarpus falcatus)
The wood, often called podo or yellowwood, is good for construction, particularly boat and ship building.
-croton megalocarpus
A dominant upper canopy forest tree reaching heights of 40m or more. It is great for restoring soil and reduces heat in areas (shade cover).
-waterpear (aka syzygium guineense)
The waterpear tree produces fruits and leaves, both of which are edible; the pulp and the fruit skin are sucked and the seed discarded.
-red stinkwood (aka prunes’ africana)
Used for fevers, malaria, wound dressing, arrow poison, stomach pain, purgative, kidney disease, appetite stimulant, gonorrhoea, and insanity.
The translucent panels admit light during the day and reverse the process at night, as the Plant admits a soft, yellow glow to the surroundings. Intended to act as a recycling plant for 25 years, the building will either become a service building or dismantled with the parts recycled or re-used. Hopefully at that time the building will successfully change uses, because even though it is essentially an industrial container, it has been designed and built with such care that it would enhance its region, even if it exists as something else.
RECYCLING PLANT ÁBALOS & HERREROS, MADRID SPAIN
Situated in the Valdemingómez area of Madrid, Spain, this Recycling Plant for urban waste is part of a larger plan to improve both the social and environmental aspects of the Southeast Region. The project unifies the typically separate components (including selection, processing and treatment facilities, offices, workshops and storage space) under a single, sloping, green roof.
The Plant is only part of a group of projects to create a system for waste treatment and recycling, while also transforming the area to achieve the regional plan’s goals.
A unique aspect of the recycling plant is the incorporation of a museum and a route for visitors to watch the recycling process. In addition to the actual working conditions of the plant, it also tries to educate the public by putting itself on display. Aside from the roof, the other major exterior feature is the polycarbonate panels - appropriately recycled.
At the express wish of Emir Jaber Al Ahmed Shikh special attention was paid to the three towers located on a promontory of the Bay of Kuwait. These three towers, different in design to the rest of completing the project, are known as “Kuwait Tower”, although the set is made up of three buildings, two towers of water and an upright concrete construction is completed.
The basic structure of the towers with heights ranging from 35-40m, concrete is being used two different structural systems, reinforced concrete and prestressed. In the construction of towers each group a modular scaffolding standard was used for mounting sliding formwork and prestressed concrete was poured in situ to accelerate construction, mixed with sand and gravel collected in the desert.
The shuttering of the mushroom-shaped tank was designed with prefabricated elements mounted at ground level and then hoisted to its final place for dumping. After pouring and prestressed shell, pulled the formwork and prepared for reuse. With this standardized 31 were built towers, quickly and accurately, easily allowing the difference in height and the number of towers each group.
WATER TOWERS IN KUWAIT
These water tanks with mushroom, known as the Kuwait Water Towers, store water at a certain height from the ground and provide suburban residences in the area.
The city had, in 1953, of two distillation plants seawater. In 1965 the Ministry of Electricity and Water commissioned the Swedish engineering firm VBB design a modern distribution system, connected to the two existing distillation plants. The new system should be able to ensure a constant supply of fresh water.
The 33 towers, with a combined storage capacity of 102.000m3 are the most visible aspect of the storage system and water distribution in Kuwait City.
The towers were designed both as architectural sculptures as functional needs. They are the most visible aspect of the supply and distribution of the water supply of the place.
The new distribution and service areas require the storage of large amounts of water at various locations. This includes the need to locate 9,000 m3 in the northern part of the city center, near the Persian Gulf coast.
Shape
The conical shape of the deposits was a design economic structurally and functionally appropriate and aesthetically pleasing. The slope of the walls of the sheath was estimated to direct the downward forces from the reservoir towards the axis, in a continuous and uniform. This constant and uniform force generates low voltages, allowing a minimum of concrete and reinforcements. The relatively small size of the deposits, each 3000m3, is economical, as it facilitates rapid discharge, especially important in hot weather Kuwait. The inverted conical shape ensures the supply at a constant pressure, even lower levels of water.
In the Pavilion this is achieved by the wall system, which is comprised of prefabricated wooden blocks assembled into triangular modules with slight gaps, or apertures, between them. This gives a lightness and transparency to the building enclosure. The composition of the curved walls is split into four elements, creating four different access points to the Pavilion. Detached from the roof canopy, these elements allow air to circulate freely throughout.
At the centre of the Pavilion is a large opening in the canopy, creating an immediate connection to nature. In times of rain, the roof becomes a funnel channelling water into the heart of the structure. This rain collection acts symbolically, highlighting water as a fundamental resource for human survival and prosperity. In the evening, the canopy becomes a source of illumination. Wall perforations will give glimpses of movement and activity inside the pavilion to those outside. In my home village of Gando (Burkina Faso), it is always easy to locate a celebration at night by climbing to higher ground and searching for the source of light in the surrounding darkness. This small light becomes larger as more and more people arrive to join the event. In this way the Pavilion will become a beacon of light, a symbol of storytelling and togetherness.
SERPENTINE PAVILION 2017
The proposed design for the 2017 Serpentine Pavilion is conceived as a micro cosmos – a community structure within Kensington Gardens that fuses cultural references of my home country Burkina Faso with experimental construction techniques. My experience of growing up in a remote desert village has instilled a strong awareness of the social, sustainable, and cultural implications of design. I believe that architecture has the power to, surprise, unite, and inspire all while mediating important aspects such as community, ecology and economy.
In Burkina Faso, the tree is a place where people gather together, where everyday activities play out under the shade of its branches. My design for the Serpentine Pavilion has a great over-hanging roof canopy made of steel and a transparent skin covering the structure, which allows sunlight to enter the space while also protecting it from the rain. Wooden shading elements line the underside of the roof to create a dynamic shadow effect on the interior spaces. This combination of features promotes a sense of freedom and community; like the shade of the tree branches, the Pavilion becomes a place where people can gather and share their daily experiences. (https://www.area-arch.it)
Regarding the second project, the Waste Treatment Plant (WTP) is located on the outskirts of the city of Valencia, close to the airport. It is set against fields and orchards carpeting the landscape in shades of ochre and green, offering the typical image of fertile farming land with the benign Mediterranean climate.
The project was conceived as creating a public facility rather than as merely a socially necessary utility. It includes a visitor’s center and an education area, to make the energy and environmental possibilities of the plant visible to citizens, so they can become more aware of their own involvement in managing our waste matter. (https://onnoffmagazine.com)
INCINERADORA DE BASURA DE VALDEMINGOMEZ IN MADRID
The project for the recovery and transformation of the Valdemingomez landfill in Madrid required the application of complex environmental engineering processes, as well as new architectural strategies. Today, it is a place which can be incorporated, with full guarantees, into the city structure, as long as it is viewed as a monumental public space. It is recovered ground which is capable of becoming a new, free metropolitan space that can respond to the current and future needs of society, especially if it remains as such over time. The architectural project which was undertaken involved the proposal of new strategies for creating an area which will be open, flexible and dynamic throughout time, in a search for equilibrium between city and nature. The Valdemingomez landfill constitutes an example of a proposed model of continuity between the forest and the surrounding area; a pseudo botanical garden with indigenous species seeking integration into the Parque Regional del Sureste (Southeast Regional Park). It was transformed into a free, public area with pedestrian paths and bicycle lanes, along with woods and wetlands which have helped to create small, localized ecosystems. Within it, one can observe the life of both nature and the city.
INCINERATOR IN TAIPEI:
The plant’s management expanded its operations to include several recycling and community service initiatives :
Public facilities, tennis courts, heated swimming pool, playground, skating rink, all free for the public to use at their leisure.
Bottom ash, remnants from the incineration process, are recycled into construction materials. Public tours of the plant— Elementary school students are among their most-visited patrons. Dealing with trash is inevitable, and given Taiwan’s small landmass, where only 20% of the island is inhabitable and the Taipei City’s density of people per kilometer is 9,956; the incinerator is ultimately placed in someone’s neighborhood. The Rs strategy includes: reduction, recovery, reuse, recycling, repair and redesign.
The incinerator burns all the non-recyclable waste. This diverts all garbage from landfill whilst adding a few benefits for the city. This heat generated can be then turned into electricity to power the plant. Any additional electricity is sold back to the city to help pay for the running costs. The remaining fly ash is sold to cement and road manufacturers to be used as filler. All the toxins are filtered out and removed. Food waste is also processed at the incinerator. It is turned into compost which is available for free to residents.
Burning municipal waste does produce significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions to the atmosphere as compared to the smaller amounts produced by burning coal or natural gas. Dioxins and furans are considered by many to be serious health hazards. However, advances in emission control designs and very stringent new governmental regulations, as well as public opposition to municipal waste incinerators, have caused large reductions in the amount of dioxins and furans produced by waste-to-energy plants. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste
(EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into a fuel source. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes generate electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.
A waste-to-energy plant is a waste management facility that combusts wastes to produce electricity. This type of power plant is sometimes called a trash-to-energy, municipal waste incineration, energy recovery, or resource recovery plant.
Waste-to-energy generation is being increasingly looked at as a potential energy diversification strategy, especially by Sweden, which has been a leader in waste-to-energy production over the past 20 years. The typical range of net electrical energy that can be produced is about 500 to 600 kWh of electricity per ton of waste incinerated. Thus, the incineration of about 2,200 tons per day of waste will produce about 1200 MWh of electrical energy. A modern, properly run waste-to-energy plant sorts material before burning it and can co-exist with recycling. The only items that are burned are not recyclable, by design or economically, and are not hazardous.
From a general point of view, a WTE power plant is schematically shown in and may include the following operations and sections:
• incoming waste reception;
• storage of waste and raw materials;
• pre-treatment of waste (where required, on-site or off-site);
• loading of waste into the process; • thermal treatment of the waste;
• energy recovery (e.g. boiler) and conversion; • flue-gas cleaning;
• flue-gas cleaning residue management (from flue-gas treatment);
• flue-gas discharge;
• emissions monitoring and control;
• waste water control and treatment (e.g. from site drainage, flue-gas treatment, storage);
• ash/bottom ash management and treatment (arising from the combustion stage);
• solid residue discharge/disposal. The plant is equipped with lines, which function
independently and have an air cooled mobile grate, where the combustion takes place, and a boiler which recovers the heat. The air from the primary combustion is preheated and sucked directly from the waste trenches and from the other plant sections, this to maintain a constant depression and avoid odours from escaping. The residual waste is transported to the plant and offloaded in the waste bunker, which has a capacity of 5.000 tons. The storage area is kept under depression in order to prevent the escape of dust and odours. From here the waste is treated by the preselection unit, composed by 3 rotating sieves, each having a capacity of 42 tons/hour. These separate the organic fraction from the dry one. The dry fraction is sent to a second bunker, of the same capacity, to be later burned, while the organic fraction is sent to other plants to undergo biological stabilization.
The walls of the combustion chamber contain water, which is heated by the high temperatures and turned into steam. The steam is then used to produce:
A electric energy, sent to the grid;
B heat for district heating and other areas
4.1. Process
Our design is inspired from the tree.
The largest ethnic group in Kenya, 17% of the population of Kenya is Kikuyu (Gikuyu). The term Kikuyu is derived from the Swahili form of the self designation Gikuyu meaning large Sycamore (mukuyu) tree and Agikuyu translates to children of the huge sycamore.
Water towers are basic water storage devices capable of holding hundreds of thousands to millions of gallons of water at a time. We can think of water towers as simply water tanks that are elevated off the ground. This is done to allow gravity to enhance water pressure in order to get the water where it needs to go. For each foot of the water tower, the tower increases its water pressure by roughly 0.43 pounds per square inch.
In conclusion we want to say, that our design project of Dandora Eco Village, which is located in Nairobi, Kenya and consist of two main towers, the waste-to-energy power plant and water tower, can change the area and the dumping site completely with improving it not only from architectural part, but from the ecology also.
The goal of our project can be achieved and it is possible to clean the dumping site and to deal with all the garbage and the dumping part of the site for making the area more green and providing all the possibilities and opportunities to make it an eco-village with clean and green eco system of living and growing there trees and making parks and new green zoning between towers, not ruining the natural landscape and using trees and plants suitable for our area and Nairobi.
The waste-to-energy power plant will help to deal with all the garbage and produce it to energy, which is so necessary for Dandora and people of Nairobi nowadays because of its environmental and social issues. And the water tower with it collecting water storage is perfect suitable for the size of our area and the place nearby. This green system perfectly shows how we can deal with Dandora and change it to a surprising context.
As a result, we define and classify two main towers which help us to clean the dumping site and change it an eco-village with green landscape of the unique site.
7.1. Structure
Building component Structural Component Material
Core Shear wall RC 25/30
Floors Primary beams Steel 275
Secondary beams Steel 275 Tertiary beams wood
Floor deck wood
Façade Twisted colums Steel 275
Beams Steel 275
Bracing members steel 275
Frames Steel 275
倀爀椀洀愀爀礀 戀攀愀洀
匀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 戀攀愀洀 刀䌀 挀漀爀攀
吀眀椀猀琀攀搀 挀漀氀甀洀渀
Units Quantity Factors Factored Load
Span m unknown (x)
Boards thickness m 0.05
Young Modulus wood N/mm2 6000
Density of wood kg/m3 600
Density of wood kN/m3 6
Dead weight of floor deck kN/m2 0.3 1.3 0.39
Live Load kN/m2 4 1.5 6
Insulation layer kN/m2 0.5 1.5 0.75
Finishing kN/m2 0.5 1.5 0.75
Total load kN/m2 5.3 7.89
Load transferred to tertiary beams kN/m 5.3 x 7.89 x
Units Quantity Factors Factored Load Spacing m x Span (L) m 2.5 Width mm 100 height mm 300 Density of wood kN/m3 6
Dead weight of beam kN/m 0.18 1.3 0.234
Total load carried by beam (q) kN/m 5.3 x + 0.18 7.89 x + 0.234
Bending strength N/mm2 20
Moment capacity of the section Nmm 30000000
kNm 30
Design moment of the section kNm qL2/8
Spacing of beams m qL2/8 < 30 x is less or equal m 4.837262357 Deflection checking m Spacing of beams m x is less or equal m 0.73 We adopt x equal m 0.7
Moment resistance of board kNm 1.666666667
Design moment of board kNm 0.28404 OK
Tertiary beams
5/384 (qL4/EI)<L/250 L/250
For the requirement of the floor to ceiling height and due to the fact that the ceiling will contain all the MEP installation, we adopted for the timber flooring system, a trapezoidal profile combined with a wooden panel screwed onto the top of the profile.
The additional plate brings the necessary rigidity and more stiffness, as well as loadbearing capacity to the complex forming non insulated dry floor system.
Supportsol® 56. Advantages: Load bearing capacity over 1 ton, permits slim construction, provides maximum of spans up to 0.80m to 2.50m, reduced self-weight of 7.8 to 13.0kg/m², cover with of 890mm, no concrete needed
Secondary beam
Sunscreen panel Diagrid structural element
Wooden louvers Diagrid structural element
Supportsol® 56 Thermoaccoustic insulation Double glazing envelope Envelope Frame Insulated ceiling for closed
rooms Insulated partition wall for
closed rooms Reinforced concrete core
Units Quantity Factors Factored Load
Span (L) m 8
Load Imposed by slab kN/m2 5.3 7.89
Tributary area of beam m2 25
Load transferred from slab to beam kN 132.5 197.25
kN/m 16.5625 24.65625
Number of tertiary beams 7
Total dead weight of tertiary beams kN/m 1.26 1.638
self weight of secondary beams kN/m 0.5 1.3 0.65
Total load carried by secondary beams kN/m 18.3225 26.94425
Young Modulus N/mm2 210000 Deflection checking m I mm4 116333333 IPE 330 mm4 117700000 Collapse checking Med Nmm 215554000 Mrd IPE 330 Nmm 210650000 Mrd IPE 360 Nmm 266880952.4 OK Shear force checking
Ved N 107777
Vrd IPE 360 N 531354.6977 OK
Secondary beams
Secondary beams Length m Load kN Factors Factored Load kN 1 5 91.6125 134.72125 2 8 146.58 215.554 3 10 183.225 269.4425
Units Quantity Factors Factored
Span (L) m 8
Load transferred from secondary beamsKN/m 18.3225 26.94425
Load transferred from secondary beamsKN 421.4175 619.71775
Load applied to primary beam KN/m 52.6771875 77.46471875
Self weight of primary beam KN/m 1 1.3 1.3
Load carried by primary beam KN/m 53.6771875 78.76471875
Deflection checking m
I mm4 340937326.4
IPE 500 mm4 482000000
Colapse checking Med < Mrd
Med Nmm 630080000
Mrd IPE 500 Nmm 574619047
Mrd HEA 400 Nmm 670950000 OK
Shear force checking Ved < Vrd
Ved N 315040
Vrd HEA 400 N 866860 OK
https://www.eurocodeapplied.com/design/en1993/ipe-hea-heb-hem-design-properties Primary Beam
Unit Quantity Factors Factored
Load from primary beams kN 175.3
Dead weight of column (0.5m x 0.5m) kN 31.25
Axial load on column kN 206.55
Total axial load (25 floors) Ned kN 5163.75
N 5163750
Height of the column m 5
mm 5000
Characteristic strength of concrete N/mm2 30 1.6 18.75
Characteristic strength of steel N/mm2 375 1.15 326.0869565
Designed cross section of the column Amm2 250000
Cross section area of steel As = 0.008Amm2 0.008 2000
Number of rebars
As mm2 2032
Ac mm2 247968
Resistance axial load of the section NrdN 5312008.696 Ned < Nrd
Reinforced concrete column in the core
midas Gen
POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT RESULTANT 1.33037e+002 1.20943e+002 1.08849e+002 9.67544e+001 8.46601e+001 7.25658e+001 6.04715e+001 4.83772e+001 3.62829e+001 2.41886e+001 1.20943e+001 0.00000e+000 SCALEFACTOR= 3.4953E-002 CBMAX: STL ENV_SER MAX : 331 MIN : 128FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: m DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 0.816 Y: 0.338 Z: 0.469 midas Gen POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT RESULTANT 1.33037e+002 1.20943e+002 1.08849e+002 9.67544e+001 8.46601e+001 7.25658e+001 6.04715e+001 4.83772e+001 3.62829e+001 2.41886e+001 1.20943e+001 0.00000e+000 SCALEFACTOR= 3.4953E-002 CBMAX: STL ENV_SER MAX : 331 MIN : 128
FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: m DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 0.816 Y: 0.338 Z: 0.469
midas Gen
POST-PROCESSOR BEAM FORCE SHEAR-z 5.67393e+002 5.08350e+002 4.49307e+002 3.90264e+002 3.31221e+002 2.72178e+002 2.13135e+002 1.54092e+002 9.50486e+001 3.60055e+001 0.00000e+000 -8.20806e+001 CBMAX: STL ENV_STR MAX : 652 MIN : 566FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: kN DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 0.867 Y:-0.114 Z: 0.485 midas Gen POST-PROCESSOR BEAM FORCE SHEAR-z 5.67393e+002 5.08350e+002 4.49307e+002 3.90264e+002 3.31221e+002 2.72178e+002 2.13135e+002 1.54092e+002 9.50486e+001 3.60055e+001 0.00000e+000 -8.20806e+001 CBMAX: STL ENV_STR MAX : 652 MIN : 566
FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: kN DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 0.867 Y:-0.114 Z: 0.485
midas Gen POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT X-ROTATION 5.28960e-004 4.46872e-004 3.64784e-004 2.82697e-004 2.00609e-004 1.18522e-004 0.00000e+000 -4.56538e-005 -1.27741e-004 -2.09829e-004 -2.91917e-004 -3.74004e-004 SCALEFACTOR= 8.7908E+003 ST: WLX MAX : 89 MIN : 211
FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: [rad] DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 0.000 Y: 0.000 Z: 1.000
midas Gen
POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT X-ROTATION 5.28960e-004 4.46872e-004 3.64784e-004 2.82697e-004 2.00609e-004 1.18522e-004 0.00000e+000 -4.56538e-005 -1.27741e-004 -2.09829e-004 -2.91917e-004 -3.74004e-004 SCALEFACTOR= 8.7908E+003 ST: WLX MAX : 89 MIN : 211FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: [rad] DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 1.000 Y: 0.000 Z: 0.000 midas Gen POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT X-ROTATION 5.28960e-004 4.46872e-004 3.64784e-004 2.82697e-004 2.00609e-004 1.18522e-004 0.00000e+000 -4.56538e-005 -1.27741e-004 -2.09829e-004 -2.91917e-004 -3.74004e-004 SCALEFACTOR= 8.7908E+003 ST: WLX MAX : 89 MIN : 211
FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: [rad] DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 1.000 Y: 0.000 Z: 0.000
midas Gen POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT X-ROTATION 2.93479e-004 2.43743e-004 1.94006e-004 1.44270e-004 9.45335e-005 4.47972e-005 0.00000e+000 -5.46756e-005 -1.04412e-004 -1.54148e-004 -2.03885e-004 -2.53621e-004 SCALEFACTOR= 1.5844E+004 ST: EQX MAX : 212 MIN : 215
FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: [rad] DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 0.000 Y: 0.000 Z: 1.000
midas Gen
POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT X-ROTATION 2.93479e-004 2.43743e-004 1.94006e-004 1.44270e-004 9.45335e-005 4.47972e-005 0.00000e+000 -5.46756e-005 -1.04412e-004 -1.54148e-004 -2.03885e-004 -2.53621e-004 SCALEFACTOR= 1.5844E+004 ST: EQX MAX : 212 MIN : 215FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: [rad] DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 1.000 Y: 0.000 Z: 0.000 midas Gen POST-PROCESSOR DISPLACEMENT X-ROTATION 2.93479e-004 2.43743e-004 1.94006e-004 1.44270e-004 9.45335e-005 4.47972e-005 0.00000e+000 -5.46756e-005 -1.04412e-004 -1.54148e-004 -2.03885e-004 -2.53621e-004 SCALEFACTOR= 1.5844E+004 ST: EQX MAX : 212 MIN : 215
FILE: FINAL ANALYSIS BEHAVIOUR UNIT: [rad] DATE: 11/28/2019 VIEW-DIRECTION X: 1.000 Y: 0.000 Z: 0.000
7.2.1. HVAC System
In this section we present the analysis of the ‘Energy tower’ for the requirement of HVAC system, considering a typical floor and the overall tower above the ground. The system is linked to the Power plant (designed underground), which is the main source of energy.
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system is designed to achieve indoor thermal comfort of the occupants. The tower is considered as one unit; each floor adjustable, for social gathering. It comprises two atria which divide the tower into two parts.
The atrium is designed to provide daylighting, mainly to the underground part. The main issue is to ensure that the heat exchange between the atrium and other indoor spaces does not create discomfort.
The system comprises Heat pump and Air Handling Unit placed in the technical area at the base of the tower and connected to each floor through a system which runs throughout the core of the building.
The tower comprises fan coil units, connected from the core of the tower to the flooring/ ceiling system of the given floor.
