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CAP 9 P=MC=Acmin (lungo periodo,

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CAP 6 W>W* (ES, disoccupazione)

CAP 7 P=Pmax (profitto, rendita, no S) CAP 8 P=MC (breve periodo, Pareto- efficienza, esaurimento guadagni

dello scambio, D e S)

CAP 9 P=MC=Acmin (lungo periodo,

∏=0; MES, efficienza tecnica)

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0. SPOSTAMENTI LUNGO LE CURVE DI DOMANDA E OFFERTA (ieri)

ED: P ↑ (bene relativamente scarso) ES: P ↓ (bene relativamente

abbondante)

*point: prezzi come indici di scarsità

(Hayek → estrazione info)

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1. STATICA COMPARATA

Spostamenti DELLE curve di D e S

≠ da spostamenti LUNGO D e S (aggiustamento verso eq)

∆ delle determinanti esogene di D

(preferenze) e S (tecnologia)

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∆ nelle preferenze

↑ D (spostamento vs dx) Per ogni P, ↑ Q domandata

S nn si sposta

Nel nuovo eq ↑ P e Q

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∆ tecnologico (↓ MC)

↑ S (spostamento vs dx) Per ogni P, ↑ Q offerta

D nn si sposta

Nel nuovo eq ↑ Q e ↓ P

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Naturalmente, se ↓ D

(spostamento verso sx), ↓ P e Q se ↓ S (spostamento verso sx),

↑ P e ↓ Q

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2. LIBERTA’ d’ENTRATA e ZERO PROFIT CONDITION

Se i profitti ECONOMICI (≠ da quelli NORMALI) sono positivi, nuove

imprese entrano nel mercato Quindi ↑ S , ↓ P e → 0

*AOTL

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3. MERCATI FINANZIARI

Es. di mkt perfettamente competitivi I prezzi cambiano costantemente e

dipendono da PROFITTABILITA’

FUTURA e DA QUELLO CHE SI PENSA FARANNO GLI ALTRI (*Keynes,

concorso di bellezza)

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Good news: ↑D e ↓S

P ↑ e Q dipende da quale si sposta di + (qui ↑)

Continous double auction: ask

price (vendita) e bid price (acquisti)

Constantly changing equilibrium

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*BOLLE SPECULATIVE e CRASHES:

↑ ‘IRRAZIONALE DEI PREZZI’ e

SUCCESSIVO CROLLO IMPROVVISO (herd behavior e speculazione)

**EFFICIENT MARKETS HYPOTHESIS : nn bolle; i mkt incorporano sempre e

istantaneamente tutta l’informazione disponibile → prezzi impossibili da

prevedere

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*VALORE ATTUALE: 100 €, t.i. 3% → a t+1 ho 103 €

quanto valgono oggi 100 € a t+1?

100/1.03= 97.09

**SHORT SELLING (prevedo una discesa dei prezzi): prendo a prestito titoli, li vendo subito e li ricompro per restituirli

quando il prezzo è sceso → faccio soldi senza averne e senza avere mai

realmente i titoli

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4. PREZZI CONTROLLATI

(affitti, salario minimo)

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↑ D ma P è fisso (controllato) ED, P ≠ da P* (mkt clearing)

RENDITE (subaffitti) SOLUZIONE: ↑S (equità/dotazioni)

salario minimo: w>w* → ES (disoccupazione)

potere di contrattazione, xò (mkt nn

perfettamente competitivi)

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Photo : Abhijit Kar Gupta

UNIT 8. SUPPLY AND DEMAND : PRICE TAKING AND COMPETITIVE MARKETS

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T8.1 Price-taking firms

Select one answer

a. The demand curve faced by the firm is downward-sloping.

b. The firm chooses the price that equals its marginal cost.

c. The firm chooses its output where the marginal cost equals the price.

d. A price-taking firm cannot be profit-maximising.

You are given that the market demand curve of the good in concern is downward-sloping.

Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct regarding a price-taking firm?

Section 8.3

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T9.1 Friedrich Hayek

Select one answer

a. Prices convey the scarcity of a good under a centrally planned economy.

b. Perfect competition can be

attained without activities such as advertising, undercutting and improving ("differentiating") the goods or services produced.

c. The advantage of capitalism is that it provides the right

information to the right people.

d. A single central authority can collate and make use of the information available in the

economy better than the market.

Which of the following statements is correct? According to Friedrich

Hayek:

Section 9.0

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T9.2 Reaching a new equilibrium

Select one answer

a. After the demand fall, the market initially moves from A to E, before settling to the new equilibrium at F.

b. At E, the sellers are on the short side of the market.

c. At E, lowering the price to $7 results in a Nash equilibrium for the buyers and sellers.

d. In the adjustment process from E to the new market equilibrium F, the sellers behave as price-makers while the buyers remain price-takers.

The following diagram depicts the competitive hats market before and after a demand shift.

Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct?

Section 9.1

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T9.3 A price floor (minimum wage)

Select one answer

a. A minimum wage is a form of price ceiling.

b. The introduction of a minimum wage would always lead to a fall in the demand for labour by firms.

c. A minimum wage would not lead to increased unemployment if it is set low enough.

d. Instead of a minimum wage, the government can promote

increased labour participation to encourage higher wages.

The UK introduced a national minimum wage in 1998. Which of the following statements is correct regarding

minimum wages?

Section 9.6

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