SPRINGER SURGERY ATLAS SERIES Series Editors: J. S. P. Lumley · J. R. Siewert
P. Puri · M. E. Höllwarth (Eds.)
Pediatric Surgery
With 589 Color Figures, in 666 separate Illustrations
Prem Puri MS, FRCS, FRCS (Ed), FACS Newman Clinical Research Professor, University College, Dublin
Consultant Paediatric Surgeon and
Director of Research Children’s Research Centre Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children
Crumlin
Dublin 12, Ireland Michael E. Höllwarth MD Professor & Head
Department of Paediatric Surgery Medical University of Graz Auenbruggerplatz 8036 Graz Austria
ISBN-10 3-540-40738-3
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-40738-6
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2004104708
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Preface
During the past two decades major advances in prenatal diagnosis, imaging, resuscitation, intensive care, mini- mally invasive surgery and operative techniques have radically altered the management of infants and chil- dren with surgical conditions. There are now several ex- cellent paediatric surgery texts available which focus on the historical background, embryogenesis, pathophy- siology, diagnosis and management of childhood surgi- cal disorders. The main aim of this new textbook on paediatric surgery was to provide a comprehensive de- scription of operative techniques for various conditions in children. The book contains contributions by out- standing and well-known paediatric surgeons and paediatric urologists from five continents. Each contrib- utor was selected to provide an authoritative, compre- hensive and complete account of their respective topic.
The text is organised in a systematic manner, providing step-by-step, detailed practical advice on the operative approach in the management of congenital and ac-
quired conditions in infants and children. The book is intended for trainees in paediatric surgery, established paediatric surgeons, paediatric urologists and general surgeons with an interest in paediatric surgery. It is our sincere hope that the readers will find this volume a use- ful reference in the operative management of childhood surgical disorders.
We wish to thank all the contributors most sincerely for their outstanding work in producing this innovative textbook. We are indebted to Reinhold Henkel for his excellent artwork. We wish to express our gratitude to Karen Alfred, Louise McCrossan (Dublin) and Gudrun Raber (Graz) for their skilful secretarial help. Finally we wish to thank the editorial staff of Springer, particular- ly Gabriele Schroeder, who has been behind each step of this book, from its original concept to its delivery.
Prem Puri
Michael Höllwarth
PART I HEAD and NECK
Chapter 1 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst . . . . . 3 Michael E. Höllwarth
Chapter 2 Branchial Cysts and Sinus . . . . 7 Michael E. Höllwarth
Chapter 3 Cystic Hygroma . . . . 13 Baird M. Smith, Craig T. Albanese Chapter 4 Tracheostomy . . . . 19
Thom E. Lobe
PART II OESOPHAGUS
Chapter 5 Oesophageal Atresia . . . . 29 Michael E. Höllwarth, Paola Zaupa Chapter 6 Gastro-oesophageal Reflux
and Hiatus Hernia . . . . 49 Keith E. Georgeson
Chapter 7 Achalasia . . . . 61 Paul K. H. Tam
Chapter 8 Colonic Replacement
of the Oesophagus . . . . 67 Alaa Hamza
Chapter 9 Gastric Transposition
for Oesophageal Replacement . 77 Lewis Spitz
PART III CHEST
Chapter 10 Thoracoscopy . . . . 89 Klaas Bax
Chapter 11 Repair of Pectus Excavatum . . 97 Robert C. Shamberger
Chapter 12 Pulmonary Malformations . . . 107 Brian T. Sweeney, Keith T. Oldham Chapter 13 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
and Eventration . . . 115 Prem Puri
Contents
Chapter 14 Extracorporeal Membrane
Oxygenation . . . 125 Jason S. Frischer, Charles J.H. Stolar
PART IV ABDOMEN
Chapter 15 Hernias – Inguinal, Umbilical, Epigastric, Femoral
and Hydrocele . . . . 139 Juan A. Tovar
Chapter 16 Omphalocele . . . 153 Stig Somme, Jacob C. Langer
Chapter 17 Gastroschisis . . . 161 Marshall Z. Schwartz
Chapter 18 Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis . 171 Takao Fujimoto
Chapter 19 Gastrostomy . . . 181 Michael W. L. Gauderer
Chapter 20 Malrotation . . . 197 Agostino Pierro, Evelyn GP Ong Chapter 21 Duodenal Obstruction . . . 203
Yechiel Sweed
Chapter 22 Jejuno-ileal Atresia . . . 213 Heinz Rode, Alastair J. W. Millar Chapter 23 Meconium Ileus . . . 229
Massimo Rivosecchi
Chapter 24 Gastrointestinal Duplications . 239 Mark D. Stringer
Chapter 25 Short Bowel Syndrome . . . 257 Michael E. Höllwarth
Chapter 26 Hirschsprung’s Disease . . . 275 Prem Puri
Chapter 27 Anorectal Anomalies . . . 289 Alberto Peña, Marc A. Levitt
Chapter 28 Intussusception . . . 313 Karl-Ludwig Waag
Chapter 29 Appendectomy . . . 321 Vincenzo Jasonni
Contents VIII
Chapter 30 Omphalomesenteric
Duct Remnants . . . 327 David Lloyd
Chapter 31 Ulcerative Colitis . . . 333 Risto J. Rintala
Chapter 32 Crohn’s Disease . . . 347 Risto J. Rintala
PART V LIVER, PANCREAS AND SPLEEN Chapter 33 Biliary Atresia . . . 357
Ryoji Ohi, Masaki Nio
Chapter 34 Choledochal Cyst . . . 371 Takeshi Miyano, Masahiko Urao, Atsuyuki Yamataka
Chapter 35 Cholecystectomy . . . 387 Thom E. Lobe
Chapter 36 Surgery for Persistent Hyperinsulinaemic
Hypoglycaemia of Infancy . . . 395 Lewis Spitz
Chapter 37 Splenectomy . . . 403 Peter Borzi
PART VI SPINA BIFIDA
AND HYDROCEPHALUS
Chapter 38 Spina Bifida . . . 413 Martin T. Corbally
Chapter 39 Hydrocephalus . . . 419 Kai Arnell, Leif Olsen,
Tomas Wester
Chapter 40 Dermal Sinus . . . 427 Andrew B. Pinter
PART VII TUMOURS
Chapter 41 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma . . . . 435 Kevin C. Pringle
Chapter 42 Neuroblastoma . . . 443 Edward Kiely
Chapter 43 Wilms Tumour . . . 451 Robert Carachi
Chapter 44 Liver Tumours . . . . 459 Wendy T. Su, Michael P. La Quaglia Chapter 45 Testicular Tumours . . . . 477
Jonathan Ross
PART VIII UROLOGY
Chapter 46 Pyeloplasty . . . . 485 Boris Chertin, Prem Puri
Chapter 47 Endoscopic Treatment
of Vesicoureteral Reflux . . . . 493 Prem Puri
Chapter 48 Vesicoureteral Reflux –
Surgical Treatment . . . . 499 Jack S. Elder
Chapter 49 Ureteric Duplication . . . . 515 Claude C. Schulman
Chapter 50 Posterior Urethral Valves . . . . 523 Chester J. Koh, David A. Diamond Chapter 51 Hypospadias . . . . 529
Pierre Mouriquand, Pierre-Yves Mure
Chapter 52 Phimosis and Buried Penis . . . 543 Peter Cuckow
Chapter 53 Orchidopexy . . . . 555 John M. Hutson
Chapter 54 Variocele . . . . 569 Michael E. Höllwarth
Chapter 55 Genitoplasty for Congenital
Adrenal Hyperplasia . . . . 577 Amicur Farkas
Chapter 56 Bladder Exstrophy and Epispadias 589 Dominic Frimberger,
John P. Gearhart
Chapter 57 Cloacal Exstrophy . . . . 607 Duncan Wilcox, Manoj Shenoy
Chapter 58 Augmentation Cystoplasty and Appendicovesicostomy
(Mitrofanoff Principle) . . . . . 613 Boris Chertin
Chapter 59 The ACE (Antegrade Continence Enema) Procedure . . . . 623
List of Contributors
Craig T Albanese MD Professor of Surgery
Chief, Division of Pediatric Surgery Stanford University Medical Center Palo Alto, Calfornia
USA
Kai Arnell MD
Department of Paediatric Surgery University Children’s Hospital SE-751 85 Uppsala
Sweden
Klass MA Bax MD, PhD, FRCS (Ed) Professor of Pediatric Surgery Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht PO Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht The Netherlands
Peter Borzi MB, BS, FRACS, FRCS Paediatric Surgery & Paediatric Urology Taylor Medical Centre
40 Annerley Road Woolloongabba 4102 Australia
Robert Carachi MD, FRCS Professor of Paediatric Surgery Head of Department
Department of Surgical Paediatrics Royal Hospital for Sick Children Yorkhill, Glasgow G2 8SJ UK
Boris Chertin MD
Consultant Pediatric Urologist Department of Urology Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel, 91031
Martin T Corbally MCh, FRCSI, FRCS Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children Crumlin
Dublin 12 Ireland
Peter M Cuckow FRCS
Consultant Paediatric Urologist
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children 30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 1EH UK
David A Diamond MD
Associate Professor of Surgery (Urology) Children’s Hospital Boston
and Harvard Medical School 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 3 Boston, MA 02115
USA
Jack S Elder MD Director
Division of Pediatric Urology
Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital 11100 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
Amicur Farkus MD Professor and Head Department of Urology Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel 91031 Dominic Frimberger MD Johns Hopkins Hospital Urology, Marburg 149 600N Wolfe St Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
List of Contributors X
Takao Fujimoto MD, PhD Director of Pediatric Surgery Imperial Gift Foundation
The Aiiku Maternal & Children’s Medical Centre 5-6-8 Minami-Azabu, Minato-Ku
Tokyo 106-8580 Japan
Michael W L Gauderer MD, FACS, FAAP Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery Children’s Hospital
Memorial Medical Office Building, Suite 440 890 West Fans Road
Greenville, South Carolina 29605-4253 USA
John P Gearhart MD Professor & Director
Division of Pediatric Urology
James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore, Maryland USA
Keith E Georgeson MD Professor and Director Division of Pediatric Surgery Children’s Hospital and Alabama 1600 Seventh Avenue South Birmingham, Alabama 35233 USA
Alaa F Hamza MD, FRCS Consultant Paediatric Surgeon 45 Ramsis Street
11341 Heliopolis Cairo
Egypt
Michael E Höllwarth MD Professor & Head
Department of Paediatric Surgery Medical University of Graz Auenbruggerplatz
A-8036 Graz Austria
John M Hutson BS, MD(Monash), MD(Melb), FRACS Professor & Director
General Surgery
Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
Vincenzo Jasonni MD Professor and Director
Universita degli Studi di Genova Largo Gerolamo Gaslini 5 16147 Genova
Italy
Edward Kiely FRCSI, FRCS, FRCPCH Consultant Paediatric Surgeon 234 Great Portland Street London W1W 5QT UK
Chester J Koh MD
Fellow in Pediatric Urology Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 3 Boston, MA 02115
USA
Jacob C Langer MD
Professor, Chief of Paediatric General Surgery Hospital for Sick Children
Rm 1526, 555 University Ave Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
Michael P La Quaglia MD Department of Surgery
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Ave.
New York, NY 10021 USA
Marc A Levitt MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Schneider Children’s Hospital
North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System 269-01 76th Avenue
New Hyde Park, NY 11040 USA
David A Lloyd Mchir, FRCS, FCS(SA) Professor of Paediatric Surgery 15 Eshe Road North
Blundellsands Liverpool L23 8UE UK
Thom E Lobe MD
Chairman, Section of Pediatric Surgery Blank Childrens Hospital
Des Moines Iowa USA
List of Contributors XI
Padraig S J Malone MCh, FRCSI, FRCS Consultant Paediatric Urologist Department of Paediatric Urology
Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust Tremona Road
Southampton S016 6YD Hampshire, UK
Alastair J W Millar FRCS(Eng) (Edin), FRACS, DCH Consultant Paediatric Surgeon
Department of Paediatric Surgery Birmingham Childres Hospital Birmingham
UK
Takeshi Miyano MD, PhD, FAAP(Hon), FACS, FAPSA (Hon)
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatric Surgery Juntendo University School of Medicine 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
Pierre Mouriquand MD, FRCS(Eng), FEBU Professor, Service d’Urologie Pediatrique Hopital Debrousse
29, rue Soeur Bouvier 69322 Lyon Cedex 05 France
Pierre-Yves Mure
Service d’Urologie Pediatrique Hopital Debrousse
29, rue Soeur Bouvier 69322 Lyon Cedes 05 France
Masaki Nio MD
Department of Pediatric Surgery Tohoku University School of Medicine Sendai, 980
Japan Ryoji Ohi MD
Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery Tohoku University School of Medicine Sendai, 980
Japan
Keith Oldham MD
Division of Pediatric Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin Children’s Hospital Office Building 9000 West Wisconsin Av
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 USA
Leif Olsen MD, PhD
Department of Paediatric Surgery University Children’s Hospital SE-751 85 Uppsala
Sweden
Evelyn G P Ong MBBS, BSc, FRCS (Eng) Clinical Research Fellow
Paediatric Surgery Unit
Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
30 Guilford Street London WC1N 1EH UK
Alberto Pena MD
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati
USA
Agostino Pierro MD, FRCS (Eng), FRCS (Ed), FAAP Professor, Department of Paediatric Surgery Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
30 Guilford Street London WC1N 1EH UK
Andrew B Pinter
Professor of Paediatric Surgery
Department of Paediatrics/Surgical Unit Jozsef A. u. 7., 7623
Pecs Hungary
Kevin C Pringle MB, ChB, FRACS O&G Health of Department Capital Coast Health Private Bag 8902 Riddiford Street Wellington
South, New Zealand
List of Contributors XII
Prem Puri MS, FRCS, FRCS (Ed), FACS Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Professor & Director of Research Children’s Research Centre
Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children Crumlin
Dublin 12, Ireland Risto J Rintala MD
Professor, Department of Paediatric Surgery Hospital for Children and Adolescents University of Helskinki
PO Box 281 Fin-00029 Hus Finland
Massimo Rivosecchi MD
Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery Bambino Gesu’ Children’s Hospital
Palidoro Rome Italy
Heinz Rode Mmed(Chir), FC(SA), FRCSEd Professor of Paediatric Surgery
Red Cross Children’s Hospital Rondebosch 7700
South Africa Jonathan Ross MD
Head, Section of Pediatric Urology Glickman Urological Institute Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital 9500 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
Claude C Schulman MD, PhD Professor
Hospital Erasure Route de Lennik 808 1070 Bruxelles Belgium
Marshall Z Schwartz MD
St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children Department of Surgery
Erie Avenue at Front Street Philadelphia, PA 19134 USA
Robert C Shamberger MD Department of Surgery Children’s Hospital Boston 300 Longwood Avenue Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
Manoj Shenoy FRCS
Consultant Paediatric Urologist City Hospital
Nottingham UK
Baird M Smith MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery Division of Pediatric Surgery Stanford University
Palo Alto, California USA
Stig Somme MD Research Fellow Department of Surgery Hospital for Sick Children 555 University Avenue Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
Lewis Spitz MB, ChB, PhD, MD(Hon), FRCS(Edin), FRCS(Eng)
Nuffield Professor of Paediatric Surgery Institute of Child Health
30 Guilford Street London WC1N 1EH UK
Charles J H Stolar MD
Children’s Hospital of New York 3959 Broadway, 202N
New York, NY 10032 USA
Mark D Stringer BSc, MS, FRCS FRCS(Paed), FRCP, FRCPCH
Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Children’s Liver & GI Unit Gledhow Wing
St James’s University Hospital Leeds LS9 7TF
UK
List of Contributors XIII
Wendy T Su MD Department of Surgery
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Av.
New York, NY 10021 USA
Yechiel Sweed MD Head, Paediatric Surgery Western Galilee Hospital Nahariya
Israel 21/22100 Brian T Sweeney MD Pediatric Surgery Fellow Division of Pediatric Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin 9000 W. Wisconsin Ave.
Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA
Paul Tam MD FRCS
Professor, Division of Paediatric Surgery University of Hong Kong
Medical Centre
Queen Mary’s Hospital Pokfulam Road Hong Kong Juan A Tovar MD
Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery Hospital Universitario “La Paz”
Paseo de la Castellana 261 28046 Madrid
Spain
Masahiko Urao MD, PhD
Department of Pediatric Surgery Juntendo University, School of Medicine 2-1-1 Hongo, Gunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
Karl-Ludwig Waag MD
Professor, Department of Paediatric Surgery Mannheim/Heidelberg
Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
Tomas Wester MD, PhD
Department of Paediatric Surgery University Children’s Hospital SE-751 85 Uppsala
Sweden
Duncan Wilcox MD, FRCS (Paed) Associate Professor
Department of Urology University of Texas
South Western Medical Center Dallas, Texas
USA
Atsuyuki Yamataka MD
Department of Pediatric Surgery Juntendo University School of Medicine 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-8421 Japan
Paola Zaupa MD
Department of Paediatric Surgery Medical University Graz
Auenbruggerplatz 34 A-8036 Graz
Austria
Part I Head and Neck
