8. Bibliografia
Abad F.X., Pinto R., Bosh A. (1994): Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 3174-10.
Abbaszadegan M., Stewart P., LeChevallier, M. (1999). A strategy for detection of viruses in groundwater by PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 65: 444–449.
Albinsson, B. and Kidd, A. H. (1999): Adenovirus type 41 lacks an RGD v- integrin binding motif on the penton base and undergoes delayed uptake in A549 cells.
Virus Res. 64: 125–136;
Allard A., Albinsson B., G. Wadell. (1992).: Detection of Adenoviruses in stool from healthy persons and patients with diarrhea by two-step polymerase chain reaction. J.
Med. Virol., 37: 149-157;
ANDREOTTOLA G., BERTOLA P., ZIGLIO G., 1996. Indagine sperimentale comparata sulla disinfezione di acque reflue urbane con ozono e acido peracetico.
Ingegneria ambientale, 25: 200-206.
Ansaldi F., Banfi P., Morelli P., Valle L., Durando., Sticchi L. et al. (2004):
SARS CoV, influenza A and syncitial respiratory virus resistance against common disinfectants and ultraviolet irradiation. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 45:
5-8
Arvanitidou M, Mamassi P, Vayona A. (2004): Epidemiological evidence for vaccinating wastewater treatment plant workers against hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus.
Eur J Epidemiol.;19(3):259-62
Bartone C.R., Arlosoroff S. (1987): Irrigation reuse of pond effluents in developing countries. Wat.Sc.Techn., 19 (12): 289-297.
Beltrami E. M., Williams I. T., Shapiro C. N., Chamberland M. E. (2000). Risk and management of bloo-borne infections in health care workers. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13:
385-407.
Bigliardi L, Cesari C, Zoni R, Sansebastiano GE. (2004): The concentration of viruses in water using the tangential flow ultrafiltration. Recovery effectiveness in experimental conditions. Ann Ig.; 16 (1-2): 281-9.
Bitton G. (1994): Pathogens and parasites in domestic wastewater. Wastewater Microbiology. Wiley-Liss New York, p. 77-100.
Block J.C., Schwartzbrod L. (1989): Viruses in water systems: Detection and identification Febbraio 1989, John Wiley and sons ed.
Bofill-Mas s., Albinia-Gimenez N., Clemente-Casares, Hundesa , Rodriguez- Manzano A.J., Allard A., Calvo M., and Girones R.(2006): Quantificationof human adenoviruses and polyomavirus JVPyV in wastewater matrices. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72(12): 7894-7896.
Bonadonna L., Briancesco R., Cataldo C., Dovizia M., Donia D., and Panà A.
(2002): Fate of bacterial indicators, viruses and protozoan parasities in a wastewater multi- component treatment system. Microbiologica 25: 413-420.
Bonanni P, Comodo N, Pasqui R, Vassalle U, Farina G, Lo Nostro A, Boddi V, Tiscione E. (2000) Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection in sewage plant workers of Central Italy: is indication for vaccination justified? Vaccine;19(7-8): 844-9.
Boom R., C. J. A. Sol, M. M. M. Salimans, C. J. Jansen, P. M. E. Wertheimvan Dillen, and J. van der Noordaa (1990): Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol. 28: 495-503
Carducci A., Cantiani L., Ruschi M. A. (1994): Contributo alla standardizzazione di metodiche per la concentrazione di Enterovirus da acque di mare. Ig. Mod., 101: 707- 721;
Carducci A. Muscillo M., Cantiani L., Vigetti M., Zucchini A., La Rosa G., Marianelli C. (1996). Monitoraggio virologico delle acque del Mar adriatico (provincia di Pesaro) in relazione agli indici batterici di balneazione. Atti seduta Scientifica S. It. Sez.
Toscana, Firenze, 15 novembre 1996, 39-44;
Carducci A., Cantiani L., Gemelli G., Saggini S. (1998): Valutazione sperimentale di metodi per il controllo virologico dei mitili. Biologi Italiani anno XXVIII n°4; 29-31;
Carducci A, Verani M, Battistini R, Pizzi F, Rovini E, Andreoli E, Casini B.
(2006): Epidemiological surveillance of human enteric viruses by monitoring of different environmental matrices. Water Sci Technol.; 54(3):239-44.
Carter MJ (2005): Enterically infecting viruses: Pathogenicity, transmission and significance for food and waterborne infection. J Appl Microbiol 98:1354–1380;
Chattopadhyay S, Rao S, Das BC, Singh NP, Kar P. (2005): Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis from New Delhi, India. Hemodial Int. 9(4):362-6
Chironna M, Germinario C, De Medici D, Fiore A, Di Pasquale S, Quarto M, Barbuti S.(2002). Detection of hepatitis A virus in mussels from different sources marketed in Puglia region (South Italy). Int J Food Microbiol. 75(1-2):11-8.
Cho H.B., Lee S.H., Cho J.C., Kim S.J., (2000): Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in tap water and river water by reverse transcriptase multiplex PCR. Can. J.
Microbiol.; 46: 417–424.
Croci L., Ciccozzi M., De Medici D., Di Pasquale S., Fiore A., Mele A., and Toti L. (1999): Inactivation of hepatitis A virus in heat.treated mussels. J. Appl.
Microbiol.; 87: 884-888.
Croci L, De Medici D, Di Pasquale S, Toti L. (2005): Resistance of hepatitis A virus in mussels subjected to different domestic cookings. Int J Food Microbiol.
105(2):139-44.
Cuthbert J.(2001): Hepatitis A: old and new. Clin Microbiol Rev; 14: 38-58
Dahling D. R., Safferman R. S., Wright B. A. (1989). Isolation of enterovirus and reovirus from sewage and treated effluents in selected Puerto Rican communities. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol., 55(2):503-6;
DELIBERA DEL COMITATO INTERMINISTERIALE PER LA TUTELA DELLE ACQUE DALL’INQUINAMENTO (CITAI). “Norme tecniche per la regolamentazione dello smaltimento dei liquami su suolo e nel sottosuolo”, Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana n. 30, 4 febbraio 1977.
de Castro Amarante MF, Kashima S, Covas DT. (2007): TT virus (TTV) genotyping in blood donors and multiple transfused patients in Brazil. Virus Genes.(In stampa)
DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 11 MAGGIO 1999, N. 152 coordinato con il D. Lgs.
18 agosto 2000 n. 258 recante disposizioni correttive ed integrative del D. lgs. 152/99 in materia di tutela delle acque dall’inquinamento.
DECRETO MINISTERIALE 12 GIUGNO 2003 N°185, “Norme tecniche per il riutilizzo delle acque reflue”. Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, 2003.
Dentinger C.M., Bower W.A., Nainan O.V., Cotter S.M., Myers G., Dubusky L.M., Fowler S, Salesi E.D., and Bell B.P. (2001): An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions. J. Infect. Dis. 183:1273-1272.
Divizia M, Gabereli R, Macaluso A et al. (2005): Nucleotide correlation between HAV isolates from human patients and environmental samples. J Med Virol; 75: 8–12.
Donia D., Divizia M., Panà A. (1998): Analysis of concentration methods for bacteriophages. L’igiene Moderna., 109: 475-482;
Dounias.G., Rachiotis G. (2006): Prevalence of hepatitis virus infection among municipal solid-waste workers. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 60 (11): 1432-1436.
Elsaadanny S., Gully P., Giulivi A. (2002). Hepaptitis A, B and C in Canada.
Canadian Journal of Public Health., 93 (6): 435-438;
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA), (1992), Guidelines for water reuse, EPA/625/R-92/004, U.S.
Feachem, R.G., .Bradley, D.J., Garelick,H., Mara D.D. (1983) Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and wastewater managment . John Wiley and sons Inc.
New York, N.Y;
Fout G.S., Martinson B.C., Moyer M., Dahling D.R.(2003) : A multiplex RT- PCR method for detection of human enteric viruses in groundwater. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.; 69: 3158–3164.
Gehr R, Cochrane D, French M. (2002): Peracetic acid (PAA) as adisinfectant for municipal wastewaters: encouraging performance results from physicochemical as well as biological effluents. Proceedings of the Disinfection 2002 Conference, Water Environment Federation, St. Petersburg, FL, February 17–20,.
Gerba, C.P. (2000): Assessment of enteric pathogen shedding during recreational activities and its impact on water quality. Quant.Microbiol. 2; 55-68;
Gharbi-Khelifi H., K. Sdiri, V. Ferre, R. Harrath, M. Berthome, S. Billaude and M. Aouni (2007):A 1-year study of the epidemiology of hepatitis A virus in Tunisia.
Clin Microbiol Infect; 13: 25–32
Grabow W.O.K. (2001): Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water. Water SA, 27(2): 251-268;
Hadfield T. L., Turell M., Dempsey M. P., David J., and Park E. J.. (2001):
Detection of West Nile virus in mosquitoes by RT-PCR. Mol. Cell. Probes. 15:147–150.
Halliday M. L., Kang L. Y., Zhou T. K., Hu M. D., Pan Q. C., Fu T. Y., Huang Y. S., Hu S. L. (1991). An epidemic of hepatitis A attributable to the ingestion of raw clams in Shanghai, China. J. Infect. Dis., 164(5): 852-9;
Harwood V.J., Levine A.D., Scott T. M., Chivukula V., Lukasik J., Farrah S.
R., and Rose J. B. (2005): Validity of the Indicator Organism Paradigm for Pathogen Reduction in Reclaimed Water and Public Health Protection. Appl. Envir. Micr. 71 (6):
3163-3170.
Haramoto, E.; Katayama, H.; Oguma, K.; Ohgaki, S. (2005) :Application of cation-coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 71: 2403- 2411 ;
Hashimoto S., Sakakibara N., Kumai H., Nakai M., Sakuma S., Chiba S., Fujinaka K. (1991): Fastidious human adenovirus type 40 can propagate efficiently and produce plaques on a human cell line, A549 J Virol 65: 2429-2435;
Henrickson S. E., Wong T., Allen P., Ford T., Epstein P. R. (2001). Marine swimming-related illness: implications for monitoring and environmental policy. Environ.
Health Perspect., 109(7): 645-50;
Hino S, Miyata H. (2007): Torque teno virus (TTV): current status. Rev Med Virol. 17(1):45-57
Hernroth BE, Conden-Hansson AC, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Girones R, Allard AK. (2002): Environmental factors influencing human viral pathogens and their potential indicator organisms in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis: the first Scandinavian report. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol 68(9):4523-33;
Huang, L. Y., J. T. Oystein, O. Hungnes, and B. Grinde. 2001. High prevalence of TT virus-related DNA (90%) and diverse viral genotypes in Norwegian blood donors. J.
Med. Virol. 64:381–386.
Jiang S., Noble R., and Chu W. (2001): Human Adenoviruses and Coliphages in Urban Runoff-Impacted Coastal Waters of Southern California. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67(1): 179–184.
Jiang, S. C., W. Chu. (2004): PCR detection of pathogenic viruses in southern California urban rivers. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 97: 17-28;
Kheradpezhouh M, Taremi M, Gachkar L, Aghabozorgi S, Khoshbaten M.
(2007): Presence and significance of transfusion-transmitted virus infection in Iranian patients on maintenance hemodialysis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 40(2):106-11.
Kingsley D. H., Meade G. K., Richards G. P. (2002). Detection of both hepatitis A virus and norwalk-like virus in imported clems associated with food-borne illness. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol., 68 (8): 3914-3918;
Katayama H., Shimasaki A., Ohgaki S. (2002): Development of a Virus Concentration Method and Its Application to Detection of Entero virus and Norwalk Virus from Coastal Seawater Appl Environ Microbiol.; 68(3):1033-9;
Koivunen J, Heinonen-Tanski H. (2005): Inactivation of enteric microorganisms with chemical disinfectants, UV irradiation and combined chemical/UV treatments. Water Res.;39(8):1519-26;
Koopmans M, Vinjé J, Duizer E, de Wit MA, van Duynhoven Y.(2001):
Molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in The Netherlands. In: Chadwick D, Goode JA, editors. Gastroenteritis viruses. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
197-218;
Koopmans M., Duizer E. (2004). Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem.
Intern. J. Food Microbiol., 90: 23-41;
Kopecka, H., S. Dubrou, J. Prevot, J. Marechal, and J. M. Lopez-Pila. (1993):
Detection of naturally occurring enteroviruses in waters by reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction, and hybridization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1213–1219.
Kramer M.H., Herwaldt B.L., Craun G.F., Calderon R.L. andJuranek D.D.
(1996): Surveillance for Waterborne-Disease Outbreaks—United States, 1993-1994.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 45:1-33;
Krikelis, V., N. Spyrou, P. Markoulatos, and C., Serie. (1985): Seasonal distribution of enteroviruses and adenoviruses in domestic sewage. Can. J. Microbiol.
31:24-25;
ISO 10705-2:2001 Water quality - Detection and enumeration of bacteriophages - Part 2: Enumeration of somatic coliphages.
ISO 7899-1 Water quality - Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci in surface and waste water - Part 1: Miniaturized method (most probable number) by inoculation in liquid medium.
ISO 9308-3 Water quality - Detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria in surface and waste water - Part 3: Miniaturized method (most probable number) by inoculation in liquid medium.
Irshad M, Joshi YK, Sharma Y, Dhar I. (2006): Transfusion transmitted virus:
A review on its molecular characteristics and role in medicine. World J Gastroenterol.
12(32):5122-34.
Irving L.G., Smith F.A. (1981): One-year survey of enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and reoviruses isolated from effluent at an activated-sludge purification plant. Appl Environ Microbiol. Jan;41(1):51–59;
CAVADORE A., MASSA G., BIENTINESI P., 1993. La disinfezione delle acque di scarico dell’impianto di depurazione di Cesenatico. Inquinamento 3: 74-77.
Le Guyader F. S., Neill F. H., Dubois E., Bon F., Loisy F., Kohli E., Pommepuy M., Atmar R. L. (2002). A semiquantitative approach to estimate Norwalk-like virus contamination of oyster implicated in an outbreak. Int. J. Of Food Microbiology., 87 : 107- 112;
Legnani, P.P., Leoni, E., Baraldi, M., Pinelli, G. and Bisbini, P. (1996):
Evaluation of disinfection treatment systems for municipal wastewater reclamation and re- use. Zentralblatt fuÈ r Hygiene und Umweltmedizin198, 552±566.
Leclerc, H., D. A. Mossel, S. C. Edberg, and C. B. Struijk (2001): Advances in the bacteriology of the coliform group: their suitability as markers of microbial water safety. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55:201–234.
Lemon, S. M., and L. N. Binn. 1983. Antigenic relatedness of two strains of hepatitis A virus determined by cross-neutralization. Infect. Immun. 42:418–420.
LEFEVRE F., AUDIC J. M., FERRAND F., 1992. Peracetic acid disinfection of secondary effluents discharged off coastal seawater.Wat. Sci. Tech. 25: 155- 164.
Liberti L, Lopez A, Notarnicola M. (1999): Disinfection with peracetic acid for domestic sewage reuse in agriculture.CIWEM J;13:262–9.
Lucena F., Duran A., Moròn A., Calderon E., Campos C., Gantzer C., Skraber S.,(2004): Reduction of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting faecal bacteria in primari and secondary wastewater treatments. J.Appl. Micr.97: 1069-1076.
Manios T., Moraitaki G., Mantzavinos D. 2006 : Survival of Total Coliforms in lawn irrigated with secondary wastewater and chlorinated effluent in the Mediterranean Region. Water Environ. Res. 78(3): 330-335.
Macalauso A, Petrinca A, Lanni L, Saccares S, Amiti S, Gabrieli R, Divizia M.
(2006): Identification and sequence analysis of hepatitis A virus detected in market and environmental bivalve molluscs. J Food Prot. 69(2):449-52.
Metcalf, T.G.; Melnick, J.L. and Estes, M.K. (1995): Environmental Virology:
From Detection of Viruses in Sewage and Waters by Isolation to Identification by Molecular Biology - A Trip of Over 50 Years. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 49: 461-487;
Miossaec L., Vaillant V. (2001). Epidémiologie des gastro-enterites virales assiciés à la consommation des coquillages. Bull. Soc. Fr. Microbiol., 16 (2):103-114;
Myrmel M., Berg E. M. M., Rimstad E., and Grinde B., 2004. Detection of enteric viruses in shellfish from the Norwegian coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2678- 2684
Myrmel M., Berg E. M. M., Rimstad E., and Grinde B., 2006. Enteric viruses inlet and outlet samples from sewage treatment plants. Journal of water and health. 42:
197-209.
Moen. E. M., L. Huang, and B. Grinde. 2002. Molecular epidemiology of TTV- like mini virus in Norway. Arch. Virol. 147:181–185.
Moen E. M., Sagedal S., Bjoro K., Degre M.,. Opstad P. K, and Grinde B.2003.
Effect of immune modulation on TT virus (TTV) and TTV-like-minivirus (TLMV) viremia. J. Med. Virol. 70:177–182.
Morace G., Aulicino F. A., Angelozzi C., Costanzo L., Donadio F. and Rapicetta M. (2002): Microbial qualità of wastewater: detection of hepatitis A virus by riverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 92: 828- 836;
Muniain-Mujika I., M. Calvo, F. Lucena et al. (2000). Comparative analysis of viral pathogens and potential indicators in shellfish. Int. J. of Food Microbiology. 2002;
Muscillo M., Carducci A., La Rosa G., Cantiani L., Marianelli C. (1997)a : Enteric virus detection in Adriatic seawater by cell colture, polimerase chain reaction and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Wat. Res 8: 1980-1984;
Muscillo M., Carducci A., La Rosa G., Cantiani L., Marianelli C. (1997)b: La RT-PCR e la PAGE nell’identificazione di enterovirus e Reovirus: esperienza relativa ad uno studio condotto sulle acque del Mar Adriatico. Biologi Italiani 7: 31-37;
National Research Council (1993) Managing wastewater in coastal urban Areas.
Committee on Wastewater Management for Coastal Urban Areas National Academy Press, National Research Council , Washington, D.C.;
Nwachcuku N, Gerba CP (2004): Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? Curr Opin Biotechnol. Jun;15(3):175-80
Oppenheimer JA, La#ın!e J-M, Jacangelo JG, Bhamrah A, Hoagland JE.
(1993): Chlorine and UVdisinfection of tertiary effluent: a comparative study of bacterial and viral inactivation and effluent by-products. Proceedings of the 66th Annual Conference, Water Environment Federation, Anaheim, CA,. p. 557–68.
Okamoto, H., T. Nishizawa, N. Kato, M. Ukita, H. Ikeda, H. Iizuka, Y.
Miyakawa, and M. Mayumi. 1998. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Hepatol.
Res. 10: 1–16.
PARROTTA M.J., BEKDASH F., 1998. UV disinfection of small groundwater supplies. Journal A.W.W.A., 2: 71 - 81.
PASSINO R., 1983. La conduzione degli impianti di depurazione delle acque di scarico. Ed. Scientifiche A. Cremonese,Roma
Payment, P., Fortin, S. and Trudel, M. (1986): Elimination of human enteric viruses during conventional waste water treatment by activated sludge. Can J Microbiol 32: 922–925;
Payment P., (1998): Waterborne viruses and parasites: resistence to treatment and disinfection. OECD Workshop Molecular Methods for Safe Drinking Water. Interlaken 1998;
Payment P., Plante Robert and Cejka P. (2001): Removal of indicator bacteria, human enteric viruses, Giardia cyst, and Cryptosporidium oocysts at a large wastewater primary treatment facility. Can. J. Microbiol. 47: 188-193;
Pergetti, M., Davoli, D., Gaggioli, M., Sansebastiano, G. and Stecchi, R. (1999) Esperienza di disinfezione con acido per aceticodi un effluente di un depuratore biologico.
Biologia Ambientale 1:19-28.
Petterson S. A. & Ashbolt N. J.: WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture Microbial Risk Assessment Section.
Petterson SR, Ashbolt NJ. (2001): Viral risks associated with wastewater reuse:
modeling virus persistence on wastewater irrigated salad crops.Water Sci Technol.;
43(12):23-6
Pina S., Puig M., Lucena F., Jofre J., Girones R. (1998). Viral pollution in the environment and in shellfish: human adenovirus detection by PCR as an index of human viruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64 (9):3376-82;
Puig M, Jofre J, Lucena F, Allard A, Wadell G, Girones R.(1994): Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in polluted water by nested PCR amplification. Appl Environ Microbiol. 60:2963–2970;
Pusch D., Oh D.Y., Wolf S., Dumke R., Schroter-Bobsin U., Hohne M., I.
Roske and Schreier E. (2005): Detection of enteric viruses and bacterial indicators in German envoronmental waters. Arch. Virol. 150: 929-947.
PUZZARINI P, 1997. Esperienze di disinfezione presso l’impianto di Cervia. In Atti del Convegno Scientifico Depurazione e disinfezione delle acque - L’acido peracetico e la balneabilità, Ispra: 86-96
Rajala-Mustonen, R.L., Toivola, P.S. and Heinonen-Tanski, H. (1997): Effect of peracetic acid and UV irradiation on the inactivation of Coliphages in Wastewater.
Water Science and Technology 35 (11±12), 237±241.
Robertson BH, Jansen RW, Khanna B et al. Genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from different geographical regions. J Gen Virol 1992; 73: 1365–
1377.
Schwab, K. J., R. De Leon, and M. D. Sobsey. (1995). Concentration and purification of beef extract mock eluates from water samples for detection of enteroviruses, hepatitis A viruses, and Norwalk viruses by reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 61:531–537.
Shieh, Y.-S. C., D. Wait, L. Tai, and M. D. Sobsey. (1995). Method to remove inhibitors in sewage and other fecal wastes for enterovirus detection by the PCR. J. Virol.
Methods 54:51–66.
Simonet J. and Gantzer C. (2006): Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) induced of type 1 Poliovirus genome. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 862-870.
Simonet J. and Gantzer C. (2006): Inactivation of Poliovirus 1 and F-Specific RNA phages and degradation of their genomes by UV irradiation at 254 nanometers.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, 7671-7677.
Stampi S., De Luca G., and Zanetti F. (2001): Evaluation of the efficiency of paracetic acid in the disinfection of sewage effluents. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91:
833-838.
Straub T.M., Pepper I.L., Gerba C.P. (1992) : Persistence of viruses in desert soils amended with anaerobically digested sludge. Appl. Environm. Microbiol., 58: 636- 641.
Taylor M.B., Cox N., Vrey M.A., Grabow W.O., (2001): The occurrence of hepatitis A and astrovirus in selected river and dam waters in South Africa. Water Res. 35:
2653–2660.
Tyrrell, S. A., S. R. Rippey, and W. D. Watkins. (1995): Inactivation of bacterialand viral indicators in secondary sewage effluents, using chlorine and ozone.
Water Res. 29:2483–2490.
Thompson S.S., Jackson J.L., Suva-Castillo M., Yanko W.A., et al. (2003):
Detection of infectious human Adenoviruses in tertiary-treated and ultraviolet disinfected Wastewater. Water Env. Res. 75 (2):163-170
Turner S. J., and Lewis G. D. (1995): Comparison of F-specific bacteriophage, enterococci, and faecal coliform densities through a wastewater treatment process employing oxidation ponds. Water Sci. Technol. 31:85–89.
Takahashi, K., H. Hoshino, Y. Ohta, N. Yoshida, and S. Mishiro. 1998. Very high prevalence of TT virus (TTV) infection in general population of Japan revealed by a new set of PCR primers. Hepatol Res. 12:233–239.
Tsai Y. L., Palmer C. J., and Sangermano R. L. (1993). Detection of Escherichia coli in sewage and sludge by polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
59:353–357.
Vaidya. S.R., Chitamar S.D., Arankalle V.A., 2002. Polymerase chain reaction- based prevalence of hepatitis A, hepatitis E and TT viruses in sewage from an endemic area. J. Hepatol. 37: 131-136
Vianello G., Zamboni N.: LA NORMATIVA SULL’UTILIZZO DELLE ACQUE REFLUE IN AGRICOLTURA. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali – Centro Sperimentale per lo Studio e l’Analisi del Suolo (CSSAS) – Facoltà di Agraria – Università di Bologna.
Wallace BJ, Guzewich JJ, Cambridge M, Altekruse S, Morse DL. (1999):
Seafood-associated disease outbreaks in New York, 1980-1994. Am J Prev Med 17:48-54;
Ward R. L., Akin E. K., (1984) : Minimum infectious dose of animal viruses.
CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Contr., 14: 2797-310;
Wheeler C, Vogt TM, Armstrong GL, Vaughan G, Weltman A, Nainan OV, Dato V, Xia G, Waller K, Amon J, Lee TM, Highbaugh-Battle A, Hembree C, Evenson S, Ruta MA, Williams IT, Fiore AE, Bell BP (2005): An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions. N Engl J Med.;353(9):890-7.
WHO SCIENTIFIC GROUP. Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agricolture and aquaculture. WHO Technical Report Series 778-Geneva, 1989.
World Water Council, 2003
Yates M.V. (1988) Microbial considerations in wastewater reclamation and reuse.
Wastewater reclamation and reuse. Takasshi Asano (Editor) Publishing Co.Inc. Lancaster- PA 17604 USA
Yazici M, Cömert MR, Mas R, Guney C, Cinar E, Kocar IH.(2002):
Transfusion-transmitted virus prevalence in subjects at high risk of sexually transmitted infection in Turkey. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 8 (6):363-7.
