Subject Index 345
Accuracy probability that a test will yield the correct diagnosis ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
AD Alzheimer’s dementia
ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Anion electro negative ion, element or molecule
Antisense in molecular genetics: strand of DNA having set of nucleotides complement- ary to the sense strand
Apoptosis programmed cell death, suicidal pathway of cell stored in the genes Aptamer novel nucleic acid-binding species
BGO bismuth germanate
Cation electro positive ion, element or molecule
Chelate chemical compound that sequesters and firmly binds a metallic ion into a ring, thus shielding the chemical effects of the metal
Chemotaxis orientation of a cell along a chemical gradient, or movement in the direction of the gradient
Compartmental analysis method of analyzing the data, in which the organ or system under study is represented as a set of compartments, e.g. intra-vascular, extra-cellular fluid (ECF), intra-cellular, and excretion compartments.
DAS dynamic antral scintigraphy
DAT Dopamine transporter
Deconvolution analysis mathematical technique to reconstruct a function at time T from measure- ments at a later time.
DLBD diffuse Lewy body disease
Dose, absorbed radiation energy absorbed in the body, expressed in mSv (milli Sievert);
1 Sievert = 1 Gray · Q (Q is quality factor, which equals 1 for gamma and beta radiation); 1 Gray = 1 Joule/kilogram
Dose, administered amount of radioactivity, e.g. mCi – (milli Curie), or Bq (Becquerel; 1 Bq is 1 disintegration per second); the prefix indicates the power of 10, e.g. M is mega for 10
6and T is for tera or 10
12; 1 mCi = 3.7 · 10
7Bq
Dose, exposed amount of radiation emitted to the organ or system or body under study, expressed in Coulombs/kilogram in the current SI system, or mR (milli Roentgen) in the old system: 1 Roentgen = 2.58 · 10
-4Coulombs/kilogram Eluate product of elution, i.e. separation by washing, such as freeing an enzyme
from its absorbent
EOB end of bombardment, i.e. of the target in a cyclotron
Epitope antigenic determinant
ER estrogen receptor (in breast cancer)
Glossar
346 Glossary
ETT esophageal transit time, (in gastro-enterology); or exercise treadmill test (in cardiology)
FBP filtered back-projection; reconstruction algorithm for tomography
FNA fine- needle aspiration
FWHM full width at half maximum
FWTM full width at one tenth of the maximum GB gallbladder
GBEF gallbladder ejection fraction Genome the full set of genes of an individual GEP tumor gastro-entero-pancreatic tumor
GFR glomerular filtration rate
Glucose clamp method to keep serum glucose within a specific range by infusing insulin and glucose simultaneously: originally developed for arterial glucose levels (inva- sive), but in most PET centers applied to keep venous glucose levels constant in myocardial metabolism studies
GLUT glucose transporter: subtypes are indicated with an Arabic numeral
Glycolysis breaking down of sugars into simpler compounds; specifically, the metabolic degradation path of glucose
Glycoprotein conjugated protein, having protein(s) with a carbohydrate group
HAMA human anti-mouse antibody
HPLC high- pressure liquid chromatography
hSSTR human somatostatin receptor
HSV1-tk herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (gene) HSV1-TK herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (enzyme) HU Hounsfield unit, used for CT density
hVIPR human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor Hydrophilic having affinity for water
Hygroscopic material that attract water or water vapors
IBD inflammatory bowel disease
ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule IRES internal ribosomal entry site
K
aassociation constant of a chemical reaction, e.g. binding of an agonist or anti- body to its receptor on the cell membrane
K
ddissociation constant of a chemical reaction
keV kilo electron Volt: energy an electron accumulates after acceleration over 1000 Volts
Ligand molecule or compound active in biological processes, usually a small molecu- le that binds specifically to a larger one, e.g. antibody binding to an antigen, hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, substrate binding to an enzyme
Lipophilic having affinity for fat
LSO luthetium oxy-orthosilicate
LSO(Ce) cerium- activated lutetium oxy-orthosilicate; high energy scintillator LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
MDR multidrug resistance
Glossary 347
Micturition voiding of bladder
MIRD medical internal radiation dossimetry
MLEM maximum-likelihood expectation -maximization
MoAB, MAB monoclonal antibody
MSA multi-system atrophy
NET norepinephrine transporter
NIS sodium iodide symporter
Normoxic having normal oxygen tension
NPV negative predictive value, likelihood that a negative test result indicates ab- sence of disease
NSCLC non-small- cell lung cancer
OCD obsessive compulsive disorder
Oncogene gene with properties for inducing cancer Oncogenesis the formation of cancer cells
OSEM ordered subsets maximum-likelihood expectation -maximization; iterative reconstruction algorithm
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PET positron emission tomography: the term ET for emission tomography, com- bining both SPECT and PET, has not been generally accepted
Pgp P-glycoprotein
PIOPED Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (study) Plasmid an autonomously replicating DNA molecule
PMT photomultiplier tube
PNA polypeptide nucleic acid
PPV positive predictive value; likelihood that a positive test result indicates pres- ence of disease
PR progesterone receptor (of tumors)
PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Radiolysis decomposition of a radio-labeled compound by the radiation emitted by its own radioactive nuclide
Radionuclide radio-active element:, formerly isotope
Radiopharmaceutical biological compound or pharmaceutical labeled with a radioactive element to trace its pathway; used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
RASON radiolabeled antisense oligodeoxynucleotide
RBF renal blood flow
rCBF regional cerebral blood flow
rCMR-Xx regional cerebral metabolic rate of substance Xx
Rebinning regrouping of data, for faster processing by computer algorithms
ROI region of interest
Scintillator substance that emits light after interaction with high- energy photons Sensitivity probability that a test will detect presence of disease
Specificity probability that a test will determine absence of disease SPECT (or SPET in Europe) single photon emission computed tomography
SPM statistical parametric mapping
348 Glossary
SPN solitary pulmonary nodule
SSTR somatostatin receptor
SUV standardized uptake value: ratio of measured activity in a certain area to the expected activity if the radioactivity were homogeneously distributed through the body
TCA cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle
TER tubular extraction rate
Transduction transfer of DNA via a bacteriophage to another cell, thereby changing the constitution of the second organism, also called genetic recombination Transfection artificial infection of cells by nucleic acid isolated from virus or bacteriopha-
ge, resulting in production of mature virus or phage particles
Transgenic animal animal in which every cell carries a specific new or altered gene of interest TTNA trans-thoracic needle aspiration
USP United States Pharmacopoeia
YSO yttrium oxy-orthosilicate; high- energy scintillator
Subject Index 349
Subject Index
Cerebral metabolism 9, 15
– Regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRGluc) 7, 20
– Regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2) 20, 235
Cerebral palsy 236
Cerebro-vascular accident (CVA) 20 Cerebro-vascular reserve 236 Cholecystitis, acute (ACC) 140 Cholecscintigraphy
– Cholecystokinin (CCK) augmented 137-139 – Morphine augmented 140
Coincidence events 278 Collimator 277 Compartments 11, 131 Compression ultrasound 73 Compton scattering 278, 302
Condensed image (GI-scintigraphy) 128 Connective tissue disorder 128 Constipation, idiopathic 132 Crohn’s disease (CD) 122, 232 CT (computed tomography), – Angiography 74
– Attenuation correction 284 – Contrast enhancement, – – Intra-venous 205, 216 – – Oral 217
– Multi-slice (MSCT) 205
– Pulmonary angiography (CTPA) 74
D
D-dimer test 72
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) 63, 73, 257 Diabetic gastroparesis 131
Diaschisis 21
Diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) 16 Diuresis renography 92
DNA 315
Duodenal ulcer 229 Dyspepsia 130
E
Effective dose equivalent (EDE) 103 Effective renal plasma fl ow (ERPF) 83 Epilepsy,
– Temporal lobe 23 – Partial complex 24 A
Achalasia 128
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) 87 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 16 Ambulatory renal monitor (ARM) 85 Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 86 Annihilation 278
Antibodies,
– Anti-granulocytes 116 – Approach 315 – Monoclonal 27 Anticoagulation 62
Attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 239 Attenuation,
– Correction 187, 206, 216, 284, 299 – Map 205, 285
Autism 240
B
Bayes’ theorem 79 Brain,
– AIDS 28 – Death 237 – Development 235 – Energy metabolism 9 – Lymphoma 28 Biliary atresia 146
Binding potential (BP) brain receptors 12 Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) 9
C
Cancer
– Breast 166, 192, 218 – Colorectal 160, 194, 220 – Esophageal 195, 220 – Head and Neck 190, 210 – Lung 165, 191, 206 – Ovarian 222 – Pancreatic 162, 221 – Prostate 172, 195
– Renal cell cancer (RCC) 196 – Testicular 197
– Thyroid 170, 190 Captopril test 89
Cerebral blood fl ow (CBF) 9, 15, 235
350 Subject Index
F
Factor analysis 102, 306
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) 115, 119 Filtered backprojection (FBP) 292 Flow / Metabolism mismatch 21, 49 Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) 138
G
Gallbladder dyskinesia 141 Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding 132 Gene,
– Delivery 321
– Multi-drug resistance (MDR) 249 – Signal amplifi cation 332 – Suicide 335
– Therapy 337
Glomerular fi ltration rate (GFR) 85 Grading of tumors 190
H
Head injury 239 Helicobacter pylori 228
Hepato-biliary scintigraphy (HBS) 136 Hexokinase enzyme 186
High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 248 Hydronephrosis 92, 95
I
Immunology 1
Immunoscintigraphy 116 Imaging,
– Biological 1, 314, 344
– Dual-modality 188, 205, 301, 334 – Gene expression 315
– Hybrid 3, 277, 343 – Metabolic 185, 314 – Molecular 185, 343 – Optical 331 – Positron 102 – Reporter gene 325 – Single photon 102 Infl ux rate 105
Infl ammatory bowel disease (IBD) 141, 232 Interleukin 122
Internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) 324
K
Kinetic model 11, 187
L
Lag phase 129
Landau-Kleffner syndrome 237
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease 108 Likelihood ratio 78
Luxury perfusion 21 Lymphoma,
– Hodgkin’s 197, 221 – Non-Hodgkin 197, 221
M
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) reconstruction 298 Mammography (MX) 194
Match and mismatch patterns, – Heart 48
– Lung 69
Meckel’s diverticulum 230 Medical decision making 63, 76 Melanoma 172, 199
MicroPET 314
Maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) 291
Molecular biology 313 Motion artifacts 304
Multidrug resistance (MDR) gene 249 Multi-modality imaging,
– PET/CT 188, 206, 215 – SPECT/CT 284 Myocardium, – Dysfunctional 40 – Hibernating 40 – Stunned 39
N
NaI(Tl) thallium activated sodium iodide crystal 276 Neuro-psychiatric disorders
– Adult 14 – Childhood 239 Neurotransmission 9 Neuroreceptor 9 Northern blotting 173
O
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 240 Obstructive uropathy 92
Ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) 295 Osteomyelitis 108, 119
Osteonecrosis 108 Osteoporosis 105
P
P-glycoprotein 249 Paget’s disease 98 Pancreatitis 195
Parkinson’s disease (PD) 17 Phenotype 314
Pick’s disease 15
PIOPED 63, 68
Subject Index 351
Platelet activation factor 121 Probability notation 76 Probes,
– Antibody 315 – Antisense 315, 332 – Aptamer 230 – Protein 315 Prosthesis,
– Infection 108, 118 – Loosening 108, 118
Q
Quality control, equipment 285
R
Radiation necrosis 188 Radiation safety, – Dosimetry 103, 135 – Pediatric 228 Radiation risks 234 Radiopharmaceuticals, – Acetate 46 – Aerosols 67 – Ammonia 48 – Annexin-V 258 – ATSM 255 – Bibabcitide 257 – BMIPP 46 – Carfentanil 26 – β-CIT 9, 13, 19 – DISIDA 135 – DMSA 95 – EC 84
– ECD 84, 234, 250 – FMAU 254 – Fluoride 104
– Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) 24, 117, 167, 186, 234, 252 – FDOPA 18, 190
– FESP 315 – FET 253 – FLT 254
– Flumazenil 15, 26, 260 – FMISO 255
– Gallium 108, 114, 197 – Hippuran (OIH) 84 – HMPAO 24, 234, 250 – HIPDM 24 – IBZM 20 – IDA 135
– Interleukin (IL) 121,122 – Iodobenzamide 13 – Iomazenil 15, 260 – IMT 253 – IPPA 46 – Krypton 67
– Labeled WBC 115, 268 – Labeled RBC 133, 267 – MAA 67
– MAG3 84
– MIBI 27, 167, 248 – Octreotide 28, 156, 255 – Oxine 115
– Polyphosphonates (MDP, HDP) 101-102 – QNB 9
– Raclopride 19
– Sulfur colloid 108, 118, 127 – Technegas 252
– Tetrofosmin 167, 248 – Thallium 27 – Tyrosine 27, 41, 190 – VIP 158
– Water 12, 47 – Xenon 67, 251
Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) 77 Receptors,
– Affi nity (K
D) 11 – Density (B
max) 11 – Types,
– – Benzodiazepine 11, 22, 260 – – Cholinergic 11
– – Dopaminergic 11, 15, 262 – – GABA-ergic 11, 15 – – Estrogen 167 – – Muscarinic 13 – – Nicotinic 13 – – Opioid 11, 15 – – Peptide 159 – – Progesteron 167 – – Serotonergic 11, 15, 261 – – Somatostatin 154, 255 Reconstruction,
– Filtered backprojection 292 – Iterative 291
Refl ex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) 109 Renal blood fl ow (RBF) 84
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) 89 Renovascular hypertension (RVH) 89 Reporter gene 329
Resolution, – Angular 283 – Detector 303 – Energy 275 – Extrinsic 282 – Intrinsic 282, 303 – Spatial 279
Respiratory gating 218 RETT’s syndrome 240 RNA 314
Region-of-Interest (ROI) analysis 10, 305
S
Sarcoidosis 119 Scintillator 275-276 Sedation, pediatric 227 Seizures 22, 237
Solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) 119, 206 Staging,
– Tumor (T) 207
– Initial 188, 210
– Metastasis (M) 209
352 Subject Index
Staging, (continued) – Nodal (N) 192, 207 – Axillary 194
Standardized uptake value (SUV) 187 Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) 11 Stress fracture 109
Sports injury 109 Stroke 21
System sensitivity 282
T
Thymidine kinase 326 Time-Activity-Curve (TAC) 306 Tourette syndrome 240
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) 21 Tracers,
– Amino acids 253 – Brain perfusion 250 – Glucose metabolism 252 – Hypoxia agents 255 – Lung ventilation 251 – Myocardial perfusion 167, 248 Transporters
– Dopamine (DAT) 13, 263 – Glucose (GLUT) 186
– Norepinephrine (NET) 264, 330 – Vesicular acetyl choline (VAChT) 12 Tuberculosis 119
Tumors, – See Cancer – Carcinoid 168 – Insulinoma 170
– Lymphoma 28, 172, 197, 221 – Melanoma 172, 199 – Neuroendocrine (NE) 168 – Teratoma 197
– VIPoma 173
U
Ulcerative colitis (UC) 233 Urea breath test 230
Urinary tract infection (UTI) 96
V
Vectors 322
Vesico-ureteral refl ux (VUR) 96 Viability,
– Brain 22 – Bone graft 105 – Myocardium 39 – Neuronal 22 W
WADA test 25
List of Contributors 353
List of Contributors
CMYK
Martin Allen-Auerbach, MD Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10833 Le Conte Avenue, AR-144 CHS Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942
USA
Raffaele Barone, MD Center of Nuclear Medicine University Louvain Medical School UCL 54.30
54, Avenue Hippocrate, 54 1200 Brussels
Belgium
Dirk Bequé, PhD
Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Gasthuisberg Herestraat 49
3000 Leuven Belgium
Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, MD Department of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine University Medical Center Nijmegen PO Box 9101
6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands Guy Bormans, PhD UZ Gasthuisberg
Radiopharmacy Department Herestraat 49
300 Leuven Belgium
Roxana Campisi, MD Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10833 Le Conte Avenue, AR-144 CHS Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942
USA
Johannes Czernin, MD Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10833 Le Conte Avenue
AR-144 CHS
Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942 USA
Magnus Dahlbom, PhD Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10833 Le Conte Avenue, AR-144 CHS Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942
USA
James J. Frost, MD
Departments of Radiology and Radiological Services and Neuroscience
The John Hopkins University School of Medicine JHOC 3225
601 North Carolina Stret Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
Sanjiv Sam Gambhir, M D, PhD Director, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS)
Professor, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program
Head, Division of Nuclear Medicine The James H. Clark Center
318 Campus Drive
East Wing, First Floor, E150A Stanford, CA 94305-5427 USA
Gerhard Goerres, MD Nuclear Medicine
Department of Medical Radiology University Hospital of Zurich 8091 Zurich
Switzerland
354 List of Contributors
CMYK
David A. Hillier, MD, PhD Division of Nuclear Medicine Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd
Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA USA
Carl Hoh, MD
Department of Radiology UCSD Medical Center 200 W Arbor Drive San Diego, CA 92103 USA
François Jamar, MD, PhD Center of Nuclear Medicine University Louvain Medical School UCL 54.30
54, Avenue Hippocrate, 54 1200 Brussels
Belgium
Felix Y. J. Keng , PhD
Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10833 Le Conte Avenue, AR-144 CHS Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942
USA
Giovanni Lucignani, MD Unit of Molecular Imaging Division of Radiation Oncology European Institute of Oncology and Institute of Radiological Sciences University of Milan
Via Ripamonti 435 20141 Milan Italy
Helen R. Nadel, MD, FRCPC
Associate Professor, Department of Radiology University of British Columbia
Children’s and Women’s Health Center of British Columbia
4480 Oak Street
Vancouver, B.C. V6H 3V4 Canada
Johan Nuyts, PhD
Department of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Gasthuisberg Herestraat 49
3000 Leuven Belgium
Wim J. G. Oyen, PhD
Professor, University Medical Center Nijmegen Department of Nuclear Medicine (565) PO Box 9101
6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands
Huub J. J. M. Rennen, PhD Department of Nuclear Medicine University Medical Center Nijmegen PO Box 9101
6500 HB Nijmegen The Netherlands Henry D. Royal, MD Division of Nuclear Medicine Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology 510 S. Kingshighway Blvd.
Saint Louis, MO 63110 USA
Heinrich R. Schelbert, MD, PhD Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 23-148 CHS Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942 USA
Christiaan Schiepers, MD, PhD Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA 10833 Le Conte Avenue, AR-144 CHS Los Angeles, CA 90095-6942
USA
Meike L. Schipper , MD
Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS) Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program Division of Nuclear Medicine
The James H. Clark Center
318 Campus Drive, East Wing, First Floor, E150A Stanford, CA 94305-5427
USA
Hans C. Steinert, MD Professor, Nuclear Medicine Department of Medical Radiology University Hospital of Zurich 8091 Zurich
Switzerland
List of Contributors 355
CMYK
