A
Abbott T, 56 Abbs JH, 149 Abend W, 21
Albus JA, viii, 106, 108 Alexander RM, 15 Alexandrov AV, 42 Amazeen EL, 78 Amblard B, 133 An KN, 143 Andre-Thomas, 29 Ansved T, 146 Arbib MA, 105 Arimoto S, 150 Armstrong DM, 98 Aruin AS, 42 Asanuma H, 98, 100 Asatryan DG, 5, 6, 20 Aschersleben G, 50, 51 Assaiante C, 133 Athenes S, 10, 11 Atkeson CG, 20, 58 B
Bailly G, 66, 67 Baker SM, 98
Balasubramaniam R, vii, 47–50, 52, 79 Baraduk P, 106, 112
Baranyi A, 108
Bardy BG, viii, 77, 78, 81–83, 86 Barin K, 79
Barnes HG, 11, 12, 18–20 Basmajian JV, 142 Baud-Bovy G, 150 Beckers MC, 116 Beek PJ, 48, 52, 56, 81 Bembem MG, 145 Bengoetxea A, viii Bennet-Clark HC, 15 Bennett KM, 98 Berger W, 133
Bernstein NA, vii, 40, 86, 128, 141 Bianchi L, 129, 131–133
Bickerton LE, 143 Bigland-Ritchie BR, 153 Binder-McLeod SA, 153 Biscoe TJ, 116, 121 Bizzi E, 21, 98, 135 Blatt GJ, 116, 121 Boatright JR, 145 B¨ock O, 81, 86 Bootsma R, 77 Borghese NA, 129
Bouisset S, vii, 28–32, 34, 37, 41 Bracewell RM, 52
Breniere Y, 133 Brenner E, 23 Bril B, 133 Brashers-Krug T, 92 Browman CP, 66, 68, 69, 70 Brown WF, 145
BÅhler M, 55, 57 Bullock D, 66 Bunz H, 48, 68, 78 Burke R, 51
Burnett RA, 152, 153 Burnod Y, 105 Burstedt MK, 150
Byrd D, vii, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72 C
Caddy KWT, 116, 121 Caldwell, 13, 14 Caminiti R, 98, 101 Campbell MJ, 153 Capaday C, 98 Carello C, 10 Carls¨o¨o S, 28 Carson RG, 50, 52, 81 Caston J, 117 Cavagna GA, 133 Cavanaugh P, 149 Cebolla A, viii Chao EY, 142 Chaput S, 144
Cheney PD, 59, 97, 98, 100, 101
161
Cheng S-W, 116
Cheron G, viii, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136
Christ CB, 147 Cioni G, 133 Clark JE, 133 Clifton RK, 10
Cohen RG, vii, 16–18, 21 Coker CH, 66
Cole KJ, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152, 153 Colter JD, 97
Conditt MA, 135 Connelly DM, 154 Conner JM, 90
Contreras-Vidal JL, 145, 153 Cooke DW, 98, 101, 133, 144 Cooper S, 146
Corcos DM, 29, 41 Cordo PJ, 30 Courville J, 112 Cowan WM, 116 Crepel F, 108 D
D’Arcangelo G, 116 Daffertshofer A, 48, 52 Dan B, viii, 133 Daniel H, 108
Danion F, 142, 143, 144, 146 Darling WG, 142, 144 Das P, 128
Dawson A, 21 Deiss V, 118, 121 Delcolle, 48 Deliagina T, 127 Delignieres D, 49 Delong MR, 51 De K¨oning JJ, 28 DeLuca CJ, 142 Dempster WT, 28, 39 Denny Brown DE, 145 De Rugy A, 56, 60 DeVita P, 154 De Vries JIP, 133 De Zeeuw CL, 112 Diedrichsen J, 49 Dietz V, 133
Dijkstra TMH, 56–59, 79 Dmitrijevic M, 127 Dimov M, 6 Doherty TJ, 145 Donoghue JP, 97 Doya K, 133 Doyon J, 92 Draye JP, 133 Drew T, 98 Drewing, 51 Duarte M, 56 Duchateau J, 145
Dufosse M, viii, 108, 112 Dugas C, 10, 11 E
Eccles J, 146 Edelman GM, 135 Edin BB, 150
Eisenman LM, 116, 121 Eliasson AC, 150 Enoka RM, 152, 153, 154 Era P, 147, 153
Evarts EV, 97, 98, 101 F
Farley CT, 80 Farmer JD, 64
Faugloire E, viii, 81, 85, 86 Feher, 108
Feldman AG, vii, viii, 3–7, 20, 21, 106, 135 Fetz CE, 50, 97, 98
Flanagan JR, 21, 28, 150 Flash T, 49, 112 Fleckenstein JL, 143 Foerster O, 97 Fontaine RJ, 81, 86 Forssberg H, 127, 133 Fourcade P, viii, 81 Francis PR, 145, 153 Fraser, 10
Friedli WG, 29 Friston KG, 90
Frolov AA, viii, 106, 112 Fulton JF, 97
G
Gachoud JP, 23 Galganski ME, 145, 153 Gandevia SC, 51, 142 Garrett WE Jr, 145 Gatter KC, 98 Gaudez C, 40 Gaughran GRL, 28, 39 Gelfand IM, 41, 142
Georgopoulos AP, 98, 101, 107, 108 Ghafouri M, 7
Ghez C, 20, 29, 41 Ghilardi MF, 20 Ghosh S, 98 Giampaoli S, 145 Gibson JJ, 10 Gielen CCAM, 79 Gilbert PFC, 108, 112 Gilles MA, 153 Goffinet AM, 116
Goldstein L, vii, 66, 68, 69, 70 Golub GH, 109
Gonzalez-Lima, F 118 Goodale MA, 10 Gordon J, 20, 29, 41
Gottlieb GL, 135 Gould HJ 3rd, 97 Grabiner MD, 145, 154 Gracco VL, 66 Grafton ST, 90, 92 Grasso R, 129, 133
Graziano MSA, viii, 20, 98, 100, 101 Gribble PL, 4, 66, 106, 135 Grieve DW, 28, 30, 40 Grill S, 51
Grillner S, 127 Grimby G, 145 Gross CG, 101 Grossberg S, 66
Guastavino G-M, 116, 118 Guckenheimer J, 56 Gunther M, 6 H
Hack I, 116 Hackel ME, 145
Hadders-Algra M, 128, 133 Hager-Ross C, 150 Hainaut K, 145 Hallett M, viii, 51 Haken H, 48, 68, 78 Hakkinen K, 154 Hamilton BA, 116 Hammar I, 98 Harding DC, 143, 153 Harris CM, 53 Hauert CA, 23 He SQ, 97, 101 Heckroth JA, 116, 121 Heinz N, 116 Hermsdorfer J, 150 Herrup K, 116 Hibbard LS, 97 Hirschfeld H, 127, 133 Hogan N, 21, 49, 112 Holcombe HH, 93 Holderfer RN, 97, 101 Hollerbach JM, 3, 20 Holmes P, 56 Honda M, 91, 93 Horak FB, 41 Hornik K, 133 Hortobagyi, T 154 Huang GB, 65 Huang CH, 112 Hughes S, 145 Hunter IW, 80 Huntley GW, 98 I
Iberall T, 150 Ikeda ER, 149 Inhoff AW, 112 Iriki A, 90, 108
Ito M, viii, 106, 108, 111, 112 Ivry RB, 49
J
Jaillard D, 108 Jankowska E, 97, 98 Jansen C, 10, 20, 21, 22, 23 Jeannerod M, 10, 11, 21 Jenkins IH, 90
Jensen JL, 133 Jeneson JA, 143
Johansson RS, 28, 39, 42, 150 Jones EG, 98
Jones D, 118
Jordan MI, 66, 67, 98, 106 Jorgensen MJ, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18–21 K
Kakei S, 98, 101 Kalaska JF, 98, 101 Kalil K, 98 Kamen G, 145, 153 Kang Y, 98 Karni A, 90
Kashiwabuchi N, 116 Katsumata H, 56
Kawato M, 22, 106, 111, 112, 133 Kay BA, 50, 79
Kearney RE, 80
Kelso JAS, 47, 48, 50, 52, 67, 68, 78, 81, 83, 86, 133 Kenshalo DR, 145, 152
Kernell D, 145 Kilbreath SL, 142 Kindlmann PJ, 55 Kinoshita H, 142, 145, 153 Kirkendall DT, 145 Kitazawa S, 112 Klatzky RL, 21 Klein C, 112 Kleweno DG, 14 Kluin KK, 122 Koditschek DE, 55, 57 Koike Y, 133
Koppell N, 128, 131 Koozekanani SH, 79 Kremarik P, 117, 118, 121 Kristofferson AB, 48, 50 Kroemer KHB, 28, 40 Kr¨oger B, 66 Kuang RZ, 98 Kumamoto M, 133 Kuo AD, 79 Kuperstein, M 106 Kwan HC, 97, 98 L
Laboissiere R, 66, 67 Laidlaw DH, 147
Lalonde R, viii, 115–118, 121, 122
Lalouette A, 116, 118 Lacquaniti F, 21, 41 Landgren S, 97 Landis DMD, 116 Landry P, 98 Landsend AS, 115 Landsmeer JM, 142, 143 Lanshammar H, 28 Larsson L, 146
Lasko-McCarthey P, 133
Latash ML, viii, 4, 5, 42, 141–144, 148, 152
Lathroum A, 66
Le Bozec S, vii, 28, 32, 33, 37, 41 Le Veau B, 80
Leavitt JL, 10 Ledebt A, 133 Lee TD, 81, 86 Lee WA, 30 Leijsne JL, 142 Leiner HC, 112 Lemon RM, 97, 98, 101 Leonard CT, 133 Lestienne F, 6 Leurs F, viii Levin MF, 6, 7 Li S, 143, 146 Li Z-M, 141, 142, 143 Liepert, 89
Lino F, 31, 37, 39 Litovsky, RY10 L¨ofqvist A, 67 Long C, 142, 143 M
Mackenzie CL, 10, 11, 150 MacMahon TA, 15 Macpherson JM, 40 Maier MA, 97 Maioli C, 41 Mano NL, 112 Marchak F, 11 Mariani J, 116 Marin L, 77, 78, 83
Marr D, viii, 21, 22, 106, 108 Marteniuk RG, 10, 11 Matsuda S, 116 Matsumura M, 98 Matthews PBC, 51 McCollum G, 79, 128 McDermott LR, 153 McDonaugh MJ, 145 McIntyre J, 135 McKiernan BJ, 97 Meckler C, 14 Mefta EM, 108 Merhi O, 86
Meulenbroek RGJ, vii, 10, 20–23 Mewes K, 50
Miller AE, 153 Miller LE, 97, 101 Milner AD, 10 Mitnitski AB, 21 Mitra S, 67 Mittelstaedt H, 5 Moore T, 20 Morgenroth DC, 80 Morrow MM, 97 Mounoud P, 23 Morasso P, 21 Muellbacher W, 93 Mullen RJ, 116 MÅller H, 60 Munhall KG, 64–66 Murray EA, 97
Mussa Ivaldi, FA 135, 141 N
Nagasaki H, 49 Nakagawa S, 116 Nakano E, 112 Nakao M, 145 Nam H, vii, 68 Nashner LM, 30, 79 Newell KM, 86, 145 Nigg BM, 28, 80 O
Ohtsuki, T 142 Okamoto, T 133 Olivier E, 97 Opgen-Rhein C, 66 Ostry DJ, 3–6, 66 Oullier O, 78 Owings TM, 144 Oyama E, 106 P
Pagulayan RJ, 77 Pananceau M, 108 Park MC, 97
Pascual-Leone A, 89, 90, 91 Patton JL, 30
Penfield W, 142 Penhune V, 92 Perris EE, 10 Phillips SJ, 133 Pigeon P, 21 Porter R, 98 Prablanc C, 14 Pratt J, 144 Pressing J, 51 Prilutsky BI, 142 Prinz W, 50, 51 Proteau L, 144 Q
Quartz SR, 65
R
Raibert M, 56 Rantanen T, 145 Rasmussen T, 142 Reilly J, 56 Reina GA, 98, 101 Repp BH, 48 Resibois A, 116 Rho MJ, 98 Ribrean C, vii Riek P, 50 Riley MA, 48, 79 Rispal-Padel L, 108 Rizek, 106, 112 Rochat P, 10 Roffler-Tarlov S, 116 Roland PE, 90
Rosenbaum DA, vii, 10–23, 142 Rosenthal G, 122
Rossetti Y, 14 Rotella, 145, 149 Roudeix S, 81 Roullier EM, 142 Ruder H, 6 Rumelhart DE, 106 S
Saint-Cyr JA, 112
Saltzman EL, vii, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 Sanes JN, 97, 98
Santello M, 149, 150 Saratchandran, P 65 Sashihara S, 121 Schaal S, 58
Schieber MH, 97, 142, 143 Schlaug G, 90
Schneider K, 97, 98, 128 Scholz JP, 144
Sch¨oner G, 47, 48, 79, 131, 142 Schr¨oder G, 66
Schwartz JL, 66, 67 Schweighofer, N 108 Scott SH, 98, 101 Seidler RD, 92, 144 Seitz RG, 90 Sejnowski TJ, 65 Selimi F, 116 Semjen A, 47 Semmler JG, 147 Sergio LE, 98, 101 Serlin DM, 143 Shadmehr R, 93 Shannon C, 56 Shaw RE, 56
Shim JK, viii, 144, 148, 150–152 Shinoda Y, 98
Shinohara M, viii, 145–149, 151, 152, 154 Shojaeian H, 116, 121
Sidman RL, 116
Sim M, 56 Slotta J, 11 Smeets JBJ, 23
Soechting JF, 21, 149, 150 Smart LJ, 77
Smethurst CJ, 81 Smith LB, 131 Smith RJ, 143 Smyth MM, 21 Sotelo C, 116 Spencer RM, 49, 52 Spiegel KM, 145 Spirduso WW, 145 Sporns O, 135 St-Onge N, 6 Steinmayr M, 116 Stelmach GE, 144 Stephanishin DJ, 80
Sternad D, vii, 47, 56–58, 60, 78 Stevens LT, 48
Stockwell CW, 79
Stoffregen TA, viii, 77, 81, 86 Strandberg L, 28, 39
Strazielle C, viii, 115–118, 121 Sundararajan N, 65
Sutherland DH, 133 Swinnen SP, 48, 81 T
Taga G, 79 Tantisira B, 98 Taylor CSR, 20, 101 Terashima T, 116 Thach WT, 108, 112 Thelen E, 128, 131, 133 Thomas CK, 146 Thullier F, 116 Tisserand M, 28 Todorov E, 98 Trommsdorff M, 116 Tsetlin ML, 142 Tufillaro NB, 56 Tuite DJ, 145 Tuller B, 67, 128 Turner RS, 51 Turton A, 10
Turvey MT, 10, 47, 48, 56, 78, 79, 141 U
Uno Y, 112 V
Vaillancourt DE, 145
Vaughn J, vii, 10, 11, 12, 18–23 Viviani P, 23
Vallbo AB, 50 Van Heughten, C 14 Van Ingen Schenau GJ, 28 Van Loan CF, 109
Van Santvoord AAM, 56 Vandervael F, 37 Verschueren S, 81 Viitasalo JT, 145, 147 Von Holst E, 5 Vogel MW, 116 Vogt S, 21, 22
Vorberg D, 47, 48, 50, 51 W
Wachs J, 90 Wallace SA, 10 Wann JP, 49 Warren W, 79 Weeks DL, 10, 150 Wei K, 60 Weiss PL, 80 Welford AT, 144 Wells RP, 79 Wenderoth N, 81, 86 Wessberg J, 50 Westling G, 28, 39, 42 Whitney RJ, 28, 30
Wing AM, 10, 28, 42, 47, 48, 50–52, 150, 153
Winegard KJ, 145 Winter DA, 79, 80 Winters JM, 14, 135 Wolpert DM, 21, 53, 111 Wong-Riley MTT, 118, 122 Woollacott MH, 133, 144 Y
Yahia LH, 21 Yang JF, 79, 133 Yu H, 47 Yue GH, 50 Yuzaki M, 116 Z
Zajac FE, 134, 135 Zanger TE, 127 Zanone PG, 81, 83, 86
Zatsiorsky VM, viii, 142, 149, 150, 153
Zattara M, 29, 34, 37 Zelaznik HN, 49 Zimmerman SD, 146 Zuo J, 115
A
Affordances, 10
Aging effects, viii, 141–154 Accuracy, 144
Force variability, 145, 153 Innervation ratio, 146 Kinematics, 144 Motor units, 145 Muscles, 145, 153 Safety margins, 144, 153 Sensory function, 145 Time pressure effects, 144 Training effects, 154 Alpha-motoneurons, 107
Age changes, 144, 145 Alzheimer’s disease, 91
Anticipatory postural adjustments, 32, 35, 42 Development, 133
Apraxia, 92 Ataxia
Spinocerebellar, 122 Attractors, 81
Limit cycle, 48, 52, 67, 68 Neural hypothesis, 131 Point, 48
B
Balance, 121, 122, 127 Ball bouncing, 55–62 Basal ganglia, 92, 93 Biomechanics
Adherence, 28, 39, 40 Finger action, 149, 150 Friction, 28, 37, 39, 42 Modeling, vii, 30, 31, 32, 33 C
Center of pressure, 41 Center of gravity, 41, 127
Central pattern generator, 127, 128 Cerebellum, viii, 49, 92, 115–122
Atrophy, 115–122
Cytochrome oxydase activity, 117 Degeneration, 91
Granule cells, 116, 118, 119
Learning, 105, 106, 107 Marr-Albus-Ito theory, 105, 106 Metabolism, 118, 119, 120 Parallel fibers, 105, 108, 110 Plasticity, 105–112
Purkinje cells, 105, 107, 108, 110, 116, 118, 119
Role in mental skills, 112 Role in serial movements, 112
-thalamo-cortical projections, 105, 107, 108, 110 Coactivation, 6
Coordinate systems, 109 Coordination, 128
Bimanual, viii, 78, 86 Dynamics, 86 Intersegmental, 131 Muscle, 134 Postural, 77 Cortex, viii
Motor, 89–94, 97–102, 117 Parietal, 92, 107
Piriform, 121 Prefrontal, 93 Primary, 20
Primary somatosensory, 121 Premotor, 20, 92, 93 Corticospinal tract, 89 Critical fluctuations, 78, 81 D
Damping, 52, 64, 79
Degrees-of-freedom, 128, 135, 141, 143, 149 Dimensionality, 64, 108, 128
Divergence, 98
Dynamic systems, vii, 47, 48, 63–71, 133 Coupling, 134
Mapping, 135 Dynamics, 128
Coordination, 135 Graph, 63–72 Nonlinear, 77 Parameter, 63–72 Sensorimotor, 135 State, 63–72 Stochastic, 79
167
E
EEG (electroencephalography), viii, 89 Coherence 89
EMG (electromyography), viii, 3, 6, 128, 129, 133–137
Elasticity, 14, 15 Equilibrium, 4, 128
Dynamic, 55, 128, 133 State, 108
Equilibrium-point, 48
Hypothesis, vii, 20, 106, 107, 112 F
Feedback, 98, 133
Proprioceptive, 98, 99, 101 Feed-forward
Control, 42, 64, 133 Modeling, 21
Finger coordination, viii, 141–154 Changes with age, 145 Finger interaction, 142, 143
Changes with age, 143, 146, 147 Gender effects, 146
Force control, 3 Forward model, 106
Frames of reference (coordinate systems), 7, 30, 40
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 90
G
Grasping, viii, 12, 13, 21, 22, 141 Grip
Overhand, 11, 16 Underhand, 11, 16 H
Hand
Function, 141–154 changes with age, 145 Muscles, viii
extrinsic, 142, 143, 146 intrinsic, 142, 143, 146 Head control, 133
Hierarchical control, 21, 48 Huntington’s disease, 91 Hysteresis, 15, 78, 81 I
Inferior olives, 106, 112, 116, 117, 121 Climbing fibers, 106, 108, 112 Information processing, 47, 48 Inverse model, 106, 111, 112 Inverted pendulum, 79 J
Jacobian, 106, 112 Pseudo-inverse, 106, 111 Juggling, 56, 57
K
Kinematics, 66, 128 Parallel chains, 141 Serial chains, 141 L
Lambda-model, 6 Locomotion, viii, 121, 122
Development, 127–137 Long-term depression (LTD), 108 Long-term potentiation (LTP), 90, 108 M
Mass-spring model, 64 Motor cortex, 89–94, 97–102
Body part representations, 89, 97 Lateral connections, 98
Plasticity, 105–112
Projections on alpha-motoneurons, 89 Remapping, 97–102
Motor coordination, 116, 117
Motor development, viii, 116, 127–137 Of posture, 127, 128
Of sitting, 128 Motor equivalence, 86
Motor learning, viii, 63, 77–86, 89–94, 105–112, 133 Babbling, 108, 109
Cerebral-cerebellar, 105–112 Consolidation, 89, 92 Dynamical theory, 81 Error back propagation, 106 Error curve, 134, 135 Explicit, 91, 92 Hebbian, 106, 108, 109 Implicit, 92
Supervised, 109
Motor planning, vii, 10, 18, 19, 20, 22, 40 Motor redundancy, vii, 6, 141, 142 Motor skill, 63
Multi-joint movements, viii Mutations, 115–122 N
Neural
Networks, 64, 105, 106, 128, 133–137 Plasticity, 77–86
Nuclei
Cerebellar, 117, 120, 121 Dorsal raphe, 117, 121 Magnocellular, red 121 Pontine, 117, 121 Vestibular, 117 O
Optimization, 142
End-state comfort, 10–12 Mechanical energy, 132, 133 Minimum jerk, 49, 50, 52, 112 Minimum torque change, 112
Oscillators, 67, 68 Coupled, 68, 69, 128 Mechanical, 133 Neural, 133 P
Parkinson’s disease, 91, 133
PET (positron emission tomography), viii, 89, 91 Perception
-action coupling, 55 Auditory, 10 Haptic, 10, 42 Visual, 61
Phase transitions, 78, 83 Plasticity, viii, 105–112 Pointing, 29
Postural control, vii, 27–45, 77 Posture (postural)
Chain, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 41 -kinetic capacity, 34
Modes, 78, 84 -movement problem, 4 Sitting, 29
Stability, 77, 83–85, 128 Prehension, 9, 10, 21, 142
Synergies, 148, 149 Principle
of abundance, 142 of minimal interaction, 6 of superposition, 150 Progressive supranuclear palsy, 91 Pronation/supination, 148 Proprioceptive feedback, viii, 106
Role in timing, 51, 52 Pyramidal tract, 97, 107 R
Reaching, 105, 107, 108 Red nucleus, 117, 1221 Redundancy, 106, 111, 112, 128 Reflex
Stepping, 128
Relative phase, 68, 69, 70, 71, 80, 81 Representations, 135
Rhythmic actions, vii, 55–62 Robotics, 9, 55, 57
S
Self-organization, 81
Singular value decomposition, 109
Spasticity, 133 Speech, viii, 65–71
Spike triggered averaging, 98, 100 Spinal cord, 98
Stability, vii, 48, 50, 55–60, 70, 82 Lyapunov, 58, 59
Passive, 56, 57, 58 Stiffness, 52, 79
Supplementary motor area, 92 Sway, 131
Synaptic plasticity, 106, 108 Synergetics, 128
Synergy, 143, 144, 148, 149 Changes with age, 151, 153 T
Tapping, 143
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), viii, 89, 91, 143
Trajectory Virtual, 106
Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDC), 92 Transformation
Motor-visual, 112 Sensorimotor, 107
Visuo-motor, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112 Thalamus, viii, 105–112, 117, 121 Threshold control, 4, 5
Thumb, 150 Timing, 47
In musical performance, 47 In rhythmic action, 47 Role of the cerebellum, 49, 52 Synchronization, 50
Syncopation, 50
Wing-Kristofferson model, 48–53 Trajectory formation, 49
U
Uncontrolled manifold hypothesis, 142, 143, 144, 148 V
Variability, 58–60, 70–72, 128 Force, 145
Timing, 48 Variables
Control, 3, 4, 41
Elemental, 143, 148, 149, 150 Performance, 143, 148, 150 State, 3, 4
