ASSESSMENT OF AVERAGE AND EVOLUTIONARY VIRTUAL WATER BALANCE AT THE REGIONAL AND
COUNTRY LEVEL
Relatori:
Prof. Pierluigi Claps Prof. Francesco Laio Relatore esterno:
Prof. Hector Malano
Candidato:
Julia Winter
University of Melbourne
ESSENTIAL GLOSSARY
Water footprint [m3] Virtual water [m3/ton]
Virtual water transfer
Water efficiency in trade
PRODUCTION AND ITS WATER FOOTPRINT PRODUCTION DEPENDENCY ON CLIMATE
DEPENDENCY ON EXTERNAL RESOURCES (IMPORT/EXPORT)
WATER EFFICIENCY OF TRADE
STRUCTURE
PRODUCTION AND WATER FOOTPRINT
ITALY AUSTRALIA
PRODUCTION [tonnes]
WATER FOOTPRINT OF PRODUCTION
[m3]
PRODUCTION [tonnes]
WATER FOOTPRINT OF PRODUCTION
[m3]
0.0E+00 2.0E+06 4.0E+06 6.0E+06 8.0E+06 1.0E+07 1.2E+07 1.4E+07 1.6E+07
1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
0.0E+00 5.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.5E+04
1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
TEMPORAL EVOLUTION
AUSTRALIA ITALY
0.0E+00 1.0E+06 2.0E+06 3.0E+06 4.0E+06 5.0E+06
1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
0.0E+00 5.0E+03 1.0E+04 1.5E+04 2.0E+04 2.5E+04 3.0E+04 3.5E+04 4.0E+04 4.5E+04
1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
HARVESTED AREA [ha]
YIELD [hg/ha]
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
[mm] RAINFALL
[mm] WATER DEFICIT
[mm]
CLIMATE PROJECTIONS with OZCLIM*
BASELINE
2030
* OzClim, climate change scenario generator by CSIRO
(Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation)
RICE COTTON Current produc>on
[tonnes] 9,29E+05 4,36E+05
Δproduc>on
[tonnes] -‐2,26E+05 -‐1,43E+05 2030 produc>on as %
of current produc>on 76 67
CLIMATE PROJECTIONS with OZCLIM
Case study
MURRAY–DARLING BASIN
1/3 of Australia’s food supply
IMPORT/EXPORT
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
QUANTITIES [tonnes]
WATER FOOTPRINT
[m3]
AUSTRALIA ITALY
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
NATIONAL CONSUMPTION PRODUCTION
IMPORT
PRODUCTION FOR NATIONAL
CONSUMPTION EXPORT
IMPORT/EXPORT
AUSTRALIA ITALY Virtual water
content [m3/
ton] 3927 1295
AUSTRALIA ITALY Water footprint import
[m3] 4,01E+07 2,80E+08
Water footprint if
na>onally produced [m3] 2,67E+07 1,33E+08
GLOBAL WATER
SAVING [m3] -‐1,34E+07 -‐1,47E+08
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Argen>na Australia Austria Belgium Belize Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile China China, Hong Kong Côte d'Ivoire Croa>a Cuba Czech Republic Denmark
Djibou> Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France French Polynesia Germany Ghana
Greece Hungary India Indonesia Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kyrgyzstan Laos Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mexico Mongolia Morocco Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Paraguay Peru Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Republic of Korea Romania Serbia and Singapore Slovenia South Africa Spain Suriname Syrian Arab Thailand Togo Turkey United Arab United Kingdom United Republic of United States of Uruguay Uzbekistan Viet Nam
BEANS VIRTUAL WATER CONTENT [m3/ton]
Global water saving?
WATER SAVING [m3] -‐2,06E+08
Trade Australia-Italy: water saving?
SELF-SUFFICIENCY
CONCLUSIONS
CLIMATE CHANGE +
DEMOGRAPHIC BOOM
CONCERN FOR WATER FOOTPRINT
TRADE DOES NOT YET ACCOUNT FOR WATER TRADE AND ITS EFFICIENCY
THIS METHOD SHOWS HOW TO AND CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY COUNTRY AND ANY TRADE FLUX
The case of ITALY
• SELF-‐SUFFICIENCY
• EXPORT RATIO
• Quan>fica>on of swap
• Transla>on into quan>>es of virtual water VIRTUAL WATER INEFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT
SWAP PRODUCTS
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CROP PRODUCTIONS AND OVERALL TRADE
