advantages and disadvantages, 394, 395 ONYX-015 clinical trials, 394, 395 receptor, 394–396

Index

A

AA, see Anaplastic astrocytoma Adenovirus,

gene therapy vector, 422–424 oncolytic viruses,

advantages and disadvantages, 394, 395 ONYX-015 clinical trials, 394, 395 receptor, 394–396

Age,

glioma distribution, 60 prognostic value, 66 Akt, signaling, 342, 343 Antiepileptic drugs, see Seizure

Antisense oligonucleotides, targeted therapy prospects, 338

Aphasia, brain tumor association, 63, 64 Astroblastoma,

computed tomography findings, 101 features, 11, 12

Astrocytoma, anaplastic (AA), computed tomography findings, 90 grading, 3, 4

magnetic resonance imaging findings, 106, 108 photosensitizer sensitivity, 466

pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 11, 20, 21 radiation therapy, 240, 241

B

BAY 43-9006, Raf inhibition, 344 BBB, see Blood–brain barrier Bcl-2,

family of proteins, 346 glioma expression, 347 small molecule inhibitors, 347 BED, see Biologically effective dose

Biologically effective dose (BED), stereotactic radiosurgery, 258, 259

Bioluminescence imaging, molecular imaging, 152, 153

Biopsy, see Surgery Blood–brain barrier (BBB),

chemotherapy considerations, 267, 268, 303, 304 drug delivery challenges, 349

drug transporters, 348

photosensitizer permeability, 462, 463, 469 radiation effects, 268

Blood–tumor barrier (BTB), features, 348, 349 BMS-387032, cyclin-dependent kinase

inhibition, 345

BNCT, see Boron neutron capture therapy Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT),

biological effectiveness factors, 433 boron delivery agents,

amino acids, 437

biochemical precursors, 437 carbohydrates, 438

delivery,

intra-arterial administration, 440, 441 intracerebral delivery, 441

DNA-binding agents, 437, 438 first generation agents, 435 monoclonal antibodies, 439, 440 polyhedral boranes, 437

porphyrins, 438

receptor ligands, 438, 439 requirements, 434, 435 second generation agents, 435 third generation agents, 435–437 clinical trials,

Brookhaven, 448 early trials, 444, 445 Finland, 448, 449 Japan, 445, 446 MIT, 448

ongoing trials, 446–448 Sweden, 449

dosimetry, 434 neutron sources,

accelerators, 443, 444 beam optimization, 444 nuclear reactors, 441–443 principles, 432, 450

prospects, 449–451 radiation types, 433

Bortezomib (Velcade), proteasome inhibition, 346 Brachytherapy,

clinical trials,

newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas, 248–251

overview, 217, 218, 259

recurrent high-grade gliomas, 251–253

485

DNA repair, 248

GliaSite

RTS therapy, 253, 254 glioblastoma multiforme, 239 historical perspective, 244, 245 implantation, 218

isotope radiobiology, 246–248 prospects, 254

rationale, 246, 258

Brain distribution, tumors and clinical effects, 63, 64, 80

Bromodeoxyuridine, radiosensitization, 236, 237 BTB, see Blood–tumor barrier

C

CAM, see Complementary and alternative medicine

CBE, see Compound biological effectiveness CCI-779, mammalian target of rapamycin

inhibition, 343

CDKs, see Cyclin-dependent kinases CED, see Convection-enhanced delivery CGH, see Comparative genomic hybridization Chemotherapy, see also specific agents,

adjuvant chemotherapy, 272, 273 anticonvulsant interactions, 268 blood–brain barrier, 267, 268, 303, 304 combination therapy, 270, 272

convection enhanced delivery, 218, 219 delivery,

convection-enhanced delivery, see Convection-enhanced delivery high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell

rescue, 278

intra-arterial delivery, 278 wafers, 277

neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 273, 274 oligodendroglioma, 274, 275 patient and family education, 285 patient selection, 276, 277

pediatric high-grade glioma, 48, 49 prognostic variables, 269, 270 radiosensitizing chemotherapy, 237 recurrent high-grade gliomas, 275, 276 resistance, 276–278

response assessment, 268, 269 single agent therapy, 270, 71

Children, see Pediatric high-grade glioma Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH),

molecular classification of gliomas, 39, 40

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), drug interactions, 208, 209

popularity among glioma patients, 208 Compound biological effectiveness (CBE),

boron neutron capture therapy, 433 Computed tomography (CT),

anaplastic astrocytoma, 90

angiography and perfusion studies, 76, 77 astroblastoma, 101

diffuse pontine glioma, 97 ependymoma, 97

glioblastoma multiforme, 91, 93 glioma characteristics,

attenuation coefficient, 80 calcification, 87

contrast enhancement, 87 hemorrhage, 87

location, 80

vasogenic edema, 87 gliomatosis cerebri, 93, 95 gliosarcoma, 96

indications over magnetic resonance imaging, 73

intraoperative guidance, 77, 79 mixed glioma, 93

multidetector computed tomography, advantages, 74

multiplanar reformation, 74, 75 overview, 73, 74

volume rendering, 75 oligodendroglioma, 93

pediatric brainstem malignant glioma, 50 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 97 preoperative planning, 77

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED),

clinical trials and imaging studies, 306–308, 310 diffusion versus convection, 304, 305

IL13-PE, 329, 330

parameters influencing convection, infusion rate and duration, 305 volume of distribution, 305, 306 principles, 218, 219

prospects, 308 rationale, 303, 304 terminology, 304

Corticosteroids, see Steroids Craniotomy, see Surgery CT, see Computed tomography

CTC202, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition, 345

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), astrocytoma expression, 345 cell cycle regulation, 344, 345 small molecule inhibitors, 345 Cytokine gene therapy, see Gene therapy;

Interferon-J; Interleukin-2 D

Deep vein thrombosis, see Venous thromboembolism e Depression, nursing management, 290

Dexamethasone, see Steroids

Diazepam, photodynamic therapy combination, 468

Diffuse pontine glioma, children,

clinical features, 51, 52, 58, 59 treatment, 52, 53

computed tomography findings, 97

Diffusion tensor imaging, see Magnetic resonance imaging

DNA repair, radiobiology, 248

Donepezil, fatigue management in brain tumor patients, 208

Dorsal exophytic brainstem tumors, children, 53, 54 Driving, seizure free interval, 200–202

E

EGFR, see Epidermal growth factor receptor Ependymoma,

computed tomography findings, 97 grading, 15, 16, 27–30

Epidemiology, high-grade glioma, age distribution, 60

ethnic distribution, 60 genetic syndromes, 60, 61 geographic distribution, 60 incidence, 59, 60

radiofrequency exposure studies, 61, 62 sex distribution, 60

tumor types, 59 viral induction, 61

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), antibody targeting, 338, 376, 383 glioma expression, 339, 427 inhibitors,

antibodies, 338, 376, 383 radiosensitization, 237, 238 resistance, 277

small molecule inhibitor types and mechanisms, 340

Epithelioid variant, glioblastoma, 7, 11 Erlotinib, epidermal growth factor receptor

inhibition, 340 F

Farnesyltransferase inhibitors, Ras inhibition, 344 Fas, apoptosis induction, 406

Fatigue,

definition, 207

nursing management, 290, 291 treatment, 207, 208

underdiagnosis, 207 Fertility, concerns, 287, 288 Fibronectin, antibody targeting, 384

Flavopyridol, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition, 345

Fluorodeoxyglucose, see Positron emission tomography

Foscan, photodynamic therapy, 464 G

Gamma Knife, see Stereotactic radiosurgery Gangliosides, antibody targeting, 384, 385 GBM, see Glioblastoma multiforme Gefitinib, epidermal growth factor receptor

inhibition, 340

Gemistocytic astrocytoma, features, 5, 6, 8 Gene expression, positron emission tomography

studies, 155

Gene therapy, see also Interferon-J; Interleukin-2 barriers, 419, 420

historical perspective, 419 oncolytic virus delivery, 397–400 prospects, 428

viral vectors,

adenovirus, 422–424

herpes simplex virus-1, 424–426

immunomodulatory gene delivery, 425–427 Newcastle disease virus, 425

reovirus, 425 retrovirus, 420, 422 vaccinia virus, 426, 427

GFAP, see Glial fibrillary acidic protein GFP, see Green fluorescent protein Giant cell variant, glioblastoma, 8, 13 Gleevec, see Imatinib mesylate

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), histological grading, 6–8, 14

GliaSite

RTS, brachytherapy, 253, 254

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM),

computed tomography findings, 91, 93 magnetic resonance imaging findings, 108,

109, 142

photosensitizer sensitivity, 466, 468 radiation therapy,

accelerated fractionation and radiosurgery, 238, 239

brachytherapy, 239 clinical trials, 232, 233

dose escalation studies, 231, 233, 234 dose response, 232, 233

geographic miss and imaging, 234–236 radiosensitization,

chemotherapy, 237

epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, 237, 238

halopyrimidines, 236, 237 hypoxic cell modifiers, 236 motexafin–gadolinium, 237 recursive partitioning analysis, 239 Gliomatosis cerebri,

astrocytoma differentiation, 10 computed tomography findings, 93, 95 magnetic resonance imaging findings, 111, 113 Gliosarcoma,

computed tomography findings, 96 features, 6, 9

magnetic resonance imaging findings, 109, 111 Glucocorticoids, see Steroids

GP240, antibody targeting, 384 GPNMB, antibody targeting, 385

Granular cell glioblastoma, features, 8, 14 Green fluorescent protein (GFP), molecular

imaging, 152 H

HA14-1, Bcl-2 inhibition, 347 Headache, brain tumor association, 63 Herniation, types, 62, 63

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), gene therapy vector, 424–426 oncolytic viruses,

advantages and disadvantages, 392, 393 clinical trials, 393, 394

vectors, 392, 393

Histone/DNA complexes, antibody targeting, 383, 384

Hospice, nurses, 299

HSV-1, see Herpes simplex virus-1

I

ICP, see Intracranial pressure IFN-D, see Interferon-D IFN-E, see Interferon-E IFN-J, see Interferon-J IL-1, see Interleukin-1 IL-2, see Interleukin-2 IL-4, see Interleukin-4 IL-12, see Interleukin-12 IL-13, see Interleukin-13 IL13-PE,

cell studies, 321 clinical trials,

IL13PEI-001 study, 323, 324 IL13PEI-002 study, 325, 326 IL13PEI-103 study, 326, 327 IL13PEI-105 study, 327, 328 phase III trial design, 328–330 convection-enhanced delivery, 329, 330 immunogenicity, 329

interleukin-13 receptor,

expression on glioma cells, 318–320, 329 functions, 320

structure, 319, 320 pharmacokinetics, 323 production, 321 toxicity,

intracerebral, 323 systemic, 322, 323

xenograft model studies, 321, 322, 329 Imatinib mesylate, platelet-derived growth factor

receptor inhibition, 341 Immune evasion, tumors, 357, 358 Immuno-gene therapy, see Interferon-J;

Interleukin-2 Immunotoxins,

glioma trials, IL4-PE, 317, 318 IL13-PE, see IL13-PE Tf-CRM107, 317 TGF-PE38, 317

historical perspective and applications, 316, 317, 378

mechanism of action, 316 Interferon-D (IFN-D),

antitumor activity, 409 therapeutic prospects, 409 Interferon-E (IFN-E),

antitumor activity, 409

therapeutic prospects, 409 Interferon-J (IFN- J J),

antitumor activity, 409

fibroblast-expressing tumor vaccines, animal models, 360

cell lines, 360

cell-mediated toxicity assay, 361, 362 clinical prospects, 370

cytokine secretion assays, 361 effector cell analysis, 361 efficacy evaluation, 364 fibroblast preparation, 360

H-2K K class I determinant expression, 361

histopathology of tumors, 361

intracerebral injection of mice, 360, 362, 366, 368

intracerebral survival and toxicity, 362, 364, 368

protective effects, 366, 368 rationale, 359

subcutaneous delivery efficacy, 366 therapeutic prospects, 409

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), antitumor activity, 406 Interleukin-2 (IL-2),

antitumor immunity, 358, 407 clinical trials, 4–07

fibroblast-expressing tumor vaccines, animal models, 360

cell lines, 360

cell-mediated toxicity assay, 361, 362 clinical prospects, 370

cytokine secretion assays, 361 effector cell analysis, 361 efficacy evaluation, 364 fibroblast preparation, 360

H-2K K class I determinant expression, 361

histopathology of tumors, 361

intracerebral injection of mice, 360, 362, 366, 368

intracerebral survival and toxicity, 362, 364, 368

protective effects, 366, 368 rationale, 359

subcutaneous delivery efficacy, 366 gene transfer studies of tumor response, 359 immune response augmentation, 358 oncolytic virus delivery, 398 Interleukin-4 (IL-4),

antitumor activity, 407, 408

therapeutic prospects, 408 Interleukin-12 (IL-12),

antitumor activity, 408 therapeutic prospects, 408 Interleukin-13 (IL-13),

antitumor activity, 408 therapeutic prospects, 408 Intracranial pressure (ICP),

elevation in glioma, 62 headache, 63

herniation induction, 62

Irinotecan, mechanism of action, 271 Isotretinoin, mechanism of action, 271 K

Ki-67, cell proliferation marker, 18, 31 L

L-744, Ras inhibition, 344

Leflunomide, platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibition, 341

Lonafarnib, Ras inhibition, 344

LY294002, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition, 342, 343

M

MAbs, see Monoclonal antibodies Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),

advantages over computed tomography, 65 anaplastic astrocytoma, 106, 108

convection-enhanced delivery clinical trials, 307, 308

diffusion tensor imaging, 116, 119, 121, 141, 146, 147

diffusion weighted imaging, 115, 141, 146, 147 dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance

imaging, 148, 149 FLAIR imaging, 105, 142

glioblastoma multiforme, 108, 109, 142 gliomatosis cerebri, 111, 113

gliosarcoma, 109, 111 grading sensitivity, 106

minimal access craniotomy planning, 220, 221 molecular imaging, 156, 157

multispectral analysis and multimodal integration, 150, 151

oligodendroglioma, 113, 114

pediatric brainstem malignant glioma, 50, 51, 58, 59

perfusion imaging, 121, 123, 124

radiation therapy planning, 234–236 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS),

N-acetylaspartate spectrum, 124–126, 134 N

N

adjuvant therapy planning, 137, 138 alanine, 125

choline, 125

creatine/phosphocreatine, 125

differentiation between tumor types, 126, 128 glutamate, 125

glutamine, 125 imaging, 142–146 instrumentation, 124 lactate, 125

lipid, 125, 126 myoinositol, 125

preoperative evaluation and surgical planning, 134, 135, 137

principles, 133, 134, 142–146 radiation therapy,

necrosis imaging, 128 planning, 235 ratio studies, 126 taurine, 125

therapy response monitoring, 138 Magnetoencephalography (MEG),

accuracy, 192–194 advantages, 187, 188 limitations, 194

magnetic source imaging with magnetic resonance imaging, 187

motor evoked field recording, 189, 190 principles, 188–191

prospects, 194

sensory evoked field recording, 189, 190 surgery,

intraoperative guidance, 194 planning, 191, 192

Mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR), functions, 343

small molecule inhibitors, 343

Marimastat, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, 345

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), small molecule inhibitors, 345 tumor functions, 345

MEG, see Magnetoencephalography O

-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase,

DNA alkylating agent resistance role, 276–278 promoter methylation status and patient

stratification, 39

Methylphenidate, fatigue management in brain tumor patients, 207, 208

Metvix, photodynamic therapy, 464, 465 MGd, see Motexafin–gadolinium MI, see Molecular imaging MIB-1,

cell proliferation marker, 18 prognostic value, 65 Mixed glioma, anaplastic,

computed tomography findings, 93 grading, 14, 15, 26

MMPs, see Matrix metalloproteinases Molecular classification, gliomas,

advantages over histopathological grading, 37, 38

comparative genomic hybridization, 39, 40 paradigms, 38

patient stratification, 38, 39 prognostic value, 65 proteomics, 39, 40 transcriptomics, 39, 40 Molecular imaging (MI),

instrumentation, 151

magnetic resonance imaging, 156, 157 nuclear imaging, 153–156

optical imaging, 152, 153

targets and amplification strategies, 151 Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs),

boron neutron capture therapy delivery, 439, 440 clinical trials, 380

delivery,

compartmental administration, 378, 379 systemic administration, 378

formats,

antibody fragments, 375, 376

chimeric human/mouse antibodies, 374 human antibodies, 374

humanized antibodies, 374, 375 minibodies, 376

mouse antibodies, 374

immunotoxins, see Immunotoxins

principles of tumor immunotherapy, 373, 374 prospects for therapy, 385

radiolabeled antibodies, 376–378 tumor antigens and clinical trials,

epidermal growth factor receptor, 338, 376, 383

fibronectin, 384 GP240, 384

histone/DNA complexes, 383, 384

prospective antigens, 384, 385 tenascin, 379, 381, 382

Motexafin–gadolinium (MGd), radiosensitization, 237

MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging, MRS, see Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MTOR, see Mammalian target of rapamycin Multifocality, astrocytomas, 10

N

Nanoparticles, molecular imaging, 157 NDV, see Newcastle disease virus

Neurofibromatosis type I, brainstem glioma in children, 54

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), gene therapy vector, 425

Nitrosoureas, mechanism of action, 271 Nursing,

clinical trial nurse, 298 depression management, 290 fatigue management, 290, 291 gamma knife nurse, 298

hospice and home care nurses, 299 medical oncology nurse, 298 neuro-oncology nurse, 298 neurosurgical nurse, 297 pain management, 291 patient and family education,

fertility concerns, 287, 288 medications, 285

overview, 284, 285 preoperative, 285–287 quality-of-life concerns, 288, 289 radiation oncology nurse, 297 referral assessment, 296, 297 seizure management, 291, 292 social support, 289, 290 steroid management, 293–295 symptom management, 288

venothromboembolism management, 292, 293 O

Oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic, see Mixed glioma Oligodendroglioma, anaplastic,

chemotherapy, 274, 275

computed tomography findings, 93 grading, 12, 13, 22

high-grade tumor features, 13, 23–25 magnetic resonance imaging findings, 113,

114

radiation therapy, 241

Oncolytic viruses, adenovirus,

advantages and disadvantages, 394, 395 ONYX-015 clinical trials, 394, 395 receptor, 394–396

anticancer gene delivery, 397–400 glioma targeting strategies, 395, 396 herpes simplex virus-1

advantages and disadvantages, 392, 393 clinical trials, 393, 394

vectors, 392, 393

immune response modification, 396, 397 principles, 391, 392

prospective viruses, 395 prospects, 400

ONYX-015

clinical trials, 394, 395 combination therapy, 399

Osteoporosis, antiepileptic drug induction, 203, 204 P

Pain, nursing management, 291 Patient education,

fertility concerns, 287, 288 medications, 285

overview, 284, 285 preoperative, 285–287

PDGFR, see Platelet-derived growth factor receptor

PDT, see Photodynamic therapy Pediatric high-grade glioma,

brainstem malignant gliomas, clinical presentation, 50 imaging, 50, 51

diffuse infiltrating pontine glioma, clinical features, 51, 52 treatment, 52, 53

dorsal exophytic brainstem tumors, 53, 54 neurofibromatosis type I, 54

spinal cord tumors, 54 epidemiology, 45 genetics, 45, 46

nonbrainstem malignant gliomas, clinical presentation, 46 treatment,

chemotherapy, 48, 49), radiation therapy, 47, 48 surgery, 47

prognosis, 46

treatment prospects, 55

PET, see Positron emission tomography

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), glioma expression, 342

signaling, 342, 343

small molecule inhibitors, 342, 343 Photodynamic therapy (PDT),

animal models of glioma, 462 clinical trials,

glioma, 478, 479 non-glioma, 479 cytotoxicity, 473

diazepam combination, 468 historical perspective, 461, 462 imaging of outcomes, 477, 478 irradiation,

dosimetry, 476 lasers, 470–472, 476

wavelength and penetration, 470 mitochondria damage, 470

photosensitizers,

blood–brain barrier permeability, 462, 463, 469 extracellular pH effects, 469

ideal properties, 464

serum protein-mediated uptake, 469 tumor selectivity, 465–469

types, 463–465

physicochemical basis, 472, 473 prospects, 479, 480

radiation therapy interactions, 477 resistance, 480

side effects,

cerebral edema, 477 skin photosensitization, 477 surgical adjunct,

decompression, 475, 476

intraoperative management, 474, 475 laser–tumor interface techniques, 476 postoperative management, 477 preoperative management, 474 stereotaxy, 475

vascular injury induction, 473

Photophrin, photodynamic therapy, 463, 464 PI3K, see Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Pilocytic astrocytoma, features, 11

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), angiogenesis modulation, 340

glioma expression, 340, 427 small molecule inhibitors, 341 types, 340

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, computed tomography findings, 97

features, 11, 20, 21

Positron emission tomography (PET),

amino acid transport and incorporation studies, grading and prognosis, 170–172

overview, 169, 170

sensitivity of tumor detection, 170 cerebral blood flow studies, 167 DNA biosynthesis studies,

fluorothymidine tracer, 176–178 modeling, 175, 176

thymidine flux constant, 173–175 tracers and metabolism, 172, 173 fluorodeoxyglucose imaging,

biopsy site localization, 164 grading and prognosis, 163, 164 metabolism, 163

radiation necrosis, 164, 165 radiation therapy planning, 167 treatment response, 164–167

fluoromisonidazole imaging of hypoxia, 168, 169 indications and applications, 162

membrane biosynthesis studies, 179, 180 molecular imaging, 153–155

oxygen extraction fraction studies, 167, 168 oxygen metabolic rate studies, 167, 168 prospects, 180, 181

radiation therapy planning, 235, 236 resolution, 155

Primomastat, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, 345

Procarbazine, mechanism of action, 271 Propylthiouracil (PTU), clinical trials, 410, 411 Proteasome,

carcinogenesis and metastasis roles, 346 inhibitors, 346

Proteomics, molecular classification of gliomas, 39, 40

PTK787, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition, 342

PTU, see Propylthiouracil Pulmonary embolism, see Venous

thromboembolism Q

QOL, see Quality-of-life

Quality-of-life (QOL), nursing concerns, 288, 289 R

Radiation therapy,

anaplastic astrocytoma, 240, 241

blood–brain barrier effects, 268

brachytherapy, see Brachytherapy glioblastoma multiforme,

accelerated fractionation and radiosurgery, 238, 239

brachytherapy, 239 chemotherapy, 237 clinical trials, 232, 233

dose escalation studies, 231, 233, 234 dose response, 232, 233

epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, 237, 238

geographic miss and imaging, 234–236 radiosensitization,

halopyrimidines, 236, 237 hypoxic cell modifiers, 236 motexafin–gadolinium, 237 recursive partitioning analysis, 239 histological changes, 9, 16–18 historical perspective, 244 modes, 241

necrosis,

magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 128 positron emission tomography, 164, 165 oligodendroglioma, 241

pediatric high-grade glioma, 47, 48 photodynamic therapy interactions, 477 positron emission tomography planning, 167 prognostic factors, 231, 232

radiation oncology nurse, 297 side effects,

acute reactions, 241, 242 late complications, 242 subacute reactions, 242

temozolomide combination, 231, 232 whole brain radiation therapy, 257 Radiosurgery, see Stereotactic radiosurgery Raf,

glioma activity, 344 signaling, 344

small molecule inhibitors, 344 Ras,

constitutive activation in gliomas, 344 farnesyltransferase inhibitor targeting, 344 signaling pathways, 343, 344

Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA), glioblastoma multiforme, 239

Referrals, nursing assessment, 296, 297 Reovirus, gene therapy vector, 425 Ringertz system, glioma grading, 3, 4, 37 RPA, see Recursive partitioning analysis

RSR 13, radiosensitization, 236 S

St. Anne-Mayo system, glioma grading, 37 Satellitosis, see Secondary structure of Scherer Secondary structure of Scherer, features, 5, 7 Seizure,

brain tumor association, 63, 199, 200 driving and seizure free interval, 200–202 nursing management, 291, 292

pharmacotherapy,

cytotoxic chemotherapy interactions, 268 metabolism of drugs, 202, 203

osteoporosis induction, 203, 204 overview, 63

recommendations, 204 steroid interactions, 205 prophylaxis, 200

Semaxanib, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition, 342

Shh, see Sonic Hedgehog

SIM01, photodynamic therapy, 465

Single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), convection-enhanced delivery clinical trials, 307 molecular imaging, 153–156

resolution, 155

Small cell variant, glioblastoma, 7, 8, 12 Small molecule drugs (SMDs), see also specific

compounds and targets, blood–brain barrier, 348, 349 cancer therapy targets, 339 clinical trial availability, 351 combination therapy, 350 prospects, 350–352 resistance, 349, 350

reversible versus irreversible inhibitors, 347 specificity versus promiscuity, 347

targeted therapy overview, 338 SMDs, see Small molecule drugs Social support, nursing, 289, 290

Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), therapeutic targeting, 427 SPECT, see Single-photon emission tomography Spinal cord tumor,

brainstem glioma in children, 54 clinical presentation, 64

Spongioblastomatous pattern, glioblastoma, 8, 9, 15 SRS, see Stereotactic radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), adverse effects, 263

clinical trials,

newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas, 260, 261

recurrent high-grade gliomas, 261, 262 prospects, 263

radiobiology, 258, 259 rationale, 258

recommendations, 263, 264 Stereotactic radiosurgery,

gamma knife nurse, 298 medical oncology nurse, 298 Steroids,

drug interactions, 205

history of use with brain tumors, 204, 205 mechanisms of action, 411, 412

side effects, 205, 206, 294, 295 timing and imaging, 205

Steroids, nursing management, 293–295 STI-571, see Imatinib mesylate

SU5416, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition, 342 Surgery,

biopsy,

cyst drainage and subcutaneous reservoir, 217 site localization with positron emission

tomography, 164 stereotactic brain biopsy,

diagnostic accuracy, 217 hemostasis, 216, 217 indications, 214 site selection, 214 technique, 214–216 trajectory planning, 214 brachytherapy, 218

convection enhanced delivery, 218, 219 magnetoencephalography,

intraoperative guidance, 194 planning, 191, 192

minimal access craniotomy, extent of resection, 220 postoperative care, 226

preoperative planning, 220, 221 principles, 219, 220

technique, 222–226

patient and family education, 285–287 pediatric high-grade glioma, 47 photodynamic therapy adjunct,

decompression, 475, 476

intraoperative management, 474, 475 laser–tumor interface techniques, 476 postoperative management, 477

preoperative management, 474 stereotaxy, 475

preoperative planning, computed tomography, 77

magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 134, 135, 137

resection extent and prognosis, 66 T

TAAs, see Tumor-associated antigens Tamoxifen, mechanism of action, 271

Temozolomide (TMZ), radiation combination, 231, 232

mechanism of action, 271 scheduling, 278

Tenascin, antibody targeting, 379, 381, 382 Thyroid hormone,

functions, 409, 410

inhibition in tumor management, 410, 411 tumor growth effects, 410

Tipifarnib, Ras inhibition, 344 TNF-D, see Tumor necrosis factor-D TRAIL, apoptosis induction, 406

Transcriptomics, molecular classification of gliomas, 39, 40

Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), monoclonal antibody targets and clinical

trials,

epidermal growth factor receptor, 338, 376, 383

fibronectin, 384 GP240, 384

histone/DNA complexes, 383, 384 prospective antigens, 384, 385 tenascin, 379, 381, 382

tumor vaccines and prospects, 369, 370 Tumor heterogeneity,

grading difficulty, 16, 17 surgical sampling, 16, 17 Tumor necrosis factor-D (TNF-D),

antitumor activity, 406 apoptosis induction, 406

Tumor vaccine, see Interleukin-2; Tumor-associated e antigens

U

UCN-01, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition, 345 Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides

(USPIO), molecular imaging, 156 V

Vaccinia virus, gene therapy vector, 426, 427

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR),

angiogenesis modulation, 341 antibody targeting, 384 glioma expression, 341, 342 small molecule inhibitors, 342 types, 341

Velcade, see Bortezomib

Venothromboembolism, nursing management, 292, 293

Venous thromboembolism, clinical presentation, 206

management, 206, 207

mechanisms in brain tumor, 206 prevention, 207

types, 206

Viruses, see Gene therapy; Oncolytic viruses W

World Health Organization system, glioma grading, 4, 37

Z

ZD4190, vascular endothelial growth factor

receptor inhibition, 342