Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

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Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals

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Contemporary Endocrinology

P. Michael Conn, S^ERIES E^DITOR

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice, edited by ANDREAC. GORE,2007

Androgens in Health and Disease, edited byCARRIE

BAGATELL ANDWILLIAMJ. BREMNER,2003

Endocrine Replacement Therapy in Clinical Practice, edited byA. WAYNEMEIKLE,2003 Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Endocrine

Disorders, edited byROBERTS. BAR,2003 Type I Diabetes: Etiology and Treatment, edited

byMARKA. SPERLING,2003

Handbook of Diagnostic Endocrinology, edited by JANETE. HALL ANDLYNNETTEK. NIEMAN,2003 Pediatric Endocrinology: A Practical Clinical

Guide, edited bySALLYRADOVICK ANDMARGARET

H. MACGILLIVRAY,2003

Diseases of the Thyroid, 2nd ed., edited byLEWIS

E. BRAVERMAN,2003

Developmental Endocrinology: From Research to Clinical Practice, edited by ERICAA. EUGSTER ANDORAHIRSCHPESCOVITZ,2002

Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management, edited by ERIC S. ORWOLL AND

MICHAELBLIZIOTES,2002

Challenging Cases in Endocrinology, edited by MARKE. MOLITCH,2002

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators:

Research and Clinical Applications, edited byANDREAMANNI ANDMICHAELF. VERDERAME,2002 Transgenics in Endocrinology, edited by MARTIN

MATZUK,CHESTERW. BROWN, ANDT. RAJENDRAKUMAR,

2001

Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in Mammals, edited by DONP. WOLF ANDMARY

ZELINSKI-WOOTEN,2001

Adrenal Disorders, edited byANDREWN. MARGIORIS ANDGEORGEP. CHROUSOS,2001

Endocrine Oncology, edited by STEPHENP. ETHIER,

2000

Endocrinology of the Lung: Development and Surfactant Synthesis, edited by CAROLE

R. MENDELSON,2000

Sports Endocrinology, edited byMICHELLEP. WARREN ANDNAAMAW. CONSTANTINI,2000

Gene Engineering in Endocrinology, edited by MARGARETA. SHUPNIK,2000

Endocrinology of Aging, edited byJOHNE. MORLEY ANDLUCRETIA VA DENBERG,2000

Human Growth Hormone: Research and Clinical Practice, edited byROYG. SMITH ANDMICHAELO.

THORNER,2000

Hormones and the Heart in Health and Disease, edited byLEONARDSHARE,1999

Menopause: Endocrinology and Management, edited by DAVID B. SEIFER AND ELIZABETH A.

KENNARD,1999

The IGF System: Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Clinical Applications, edited by RONG.

ROSENFELD ANDCHARLEST. ROBERTS,JR.,1999 Neurosteroids: A New Regulatory Function in

the Nervous System, edited byETIENNE-EMILE

BAULIEU, PAUL ROBEL, AND MICHAEL CHUMACHER,

1999

Autoimmune Endocrinopathies, edited by ROBERT

VOLPÉ1999

Hormone Resistance Syndromes, edited byJ. LARRY

JAMESON,1999

Hormone Replacement Therapy, edited by A.

WAYNEMEIKLE,1999

Insulin Resistance: The Metabolic Syndrome X, edited byGERALDM. REAVEN ANDAMILAWS,1999 Endocrinology of Breast Cancer, edited byANDREA

MANNI1999

Molecular and Cellular Pediatric Endocrinology, edited bySTUARTHANDWERGER,1999

Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, edited byGEORGE

H. GREELEY,JR.,1999

The Endocrinology of Pregnancy, edited byFULLER

W. BAZER, 1998

Clinical Management of Diabetic Neuropathy, edited byARISTIDISVEVES, 1998

G Proteins, Receptors, and Disease, edited by ALLENM. SPIEGEL,1998

Natriuretic Peptides in Health and Disease, edited byWILLISK. SAMSON ANDELLISR. LEVIN, 1997 Endocrinology of Critical Disease, edited by

K. PATRICOBER,1997

Diseases of the Pituitary: Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by MARGARET E. WIERMAN,

1997

Endocrinology of the Vasculature, edited byJAMES

R. SOWERS,1996

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Endocrine- Disrupting Chemicals

From Basic Research to Clinical Practice

Edited by

Andrea C. Gore, phd

Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, Austin, TX

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999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 www.humanapress.com

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The content and opinions expressed in this book are the sole work of the authors and editors, who have warranted due diligence in the creation and issuance of their work. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences arising from the information or opinions presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to its contents.

Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, since new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occur, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further, it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publishers, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.

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Cover design by Sarah M. Dickerson and Andrea C. Gore

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Dedicated to my husband, Dr. David Crews

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Acknowledgments

My introduction to the field of endocrine disruption occurred while I was on the faculty of Mount Sinai School of Medicine. There, I met a group of colleagues in Community Medicine, particularly Drs. Mary Wolff, Phil Landrigan, Barbara Brenner, and Trudy Berkowitz, who invited me to submit a pilot project grant as part of an NIEHS Children’s Center grant. This grant was funded, and I embarked upon a new research program to study effects of environmental toxicants found in New York City on reproductive neuroendocrine systems. When I moved to The University of Texas at Austin in 2003, I continued my NIH-supported research on effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on neuroendocrine physiology and reproductive behavior. This research program has continued to blossom, as UT- Austin has strong roots in understanding the mechanisms for how the environment contributes to disease and dysfunction. In my laboratory, three excellent graduate students, Rebecca M. Steinberg, Sarah M. Dickerson, and Deena M. Walker, are leading this research program at UT-Austin, and these experiments are some of the most exciting and rewarding that have ever been done in my laboratory. The other PhD students in my laboratory, Weiling Yin, Jackie Maffucci, and Di Wu, and a PharmD student, Theresa Wagner, also deserve my thanks. Although they did not work directly on the PCB project, they still put endless hours into this research project, which was a 24/7/365 endeavor and required considerable help from all Gore Lab members. Several undergraduate students, particularly Nygerma Dangleben, Tim Hsu and Sonya Hughes, also played important roles in assisting with these projects.

Without the efforts of all the people in the Gore Lab, I could not have had the freedom or opportunity to work on this book and I am grateful to have such a personable, professional, and hard-working group. Finally, I thank Dr. P. Michael Conn for inviting and trusting me to produce this book as part of his “Contemporary Endocrinology” series and Richard Lansing of Humana Press for his support through the process.

Numerous agencies provided key funding for my endocrine disruption research and educational programs, and several individuals deserve special mention. I thank the NIH-NIEHS for its financial support of my laboratory work on endocrine disruption (NIH 1P50 ES09584, NIH ES07784, and NIH 1R21 ES12272). I am particularly grateful to Dr. Jerry Heindel who has strongly supported funding in this area in general.

The Endocrine Society (TES) has been, and continues to be, a generous ideological and financial resource for endocrine disruption. TES was the home of a “Forum on Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals” that I organized and led and which took place in June 2005. This Forum proved to be a landmark activity that brought TES into the limelight as a leader for strong basic and translational research in endocrine disruption.

TES continues its commitment to this area due in large part to the tireless efforts of Robert Bartel, MS. Financial support for the Forum and for the publication of a

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x Acknowledgments

special supplement in Endocrinology (vol 147, June 2006) was generously provided by TES and from grants from the NIEHS (NIH 1R13 ES014258-01) and the EPA (X3-832341). Finally, two of my graduate students have received independent funding for their endocrine disruption dissertation research in my laboratory: Rebecca Steinberg received a 2-year fellowship from PhRMA and Sarah Dickerson received a 3-year NSF predoctoral award.

Finally, I acknowledge my ever-supportive and loving family. Although my parents, Norman and Caroline Gore, my sister, Audrey Gore, and my brother, Matthew Gore and his family (Ilene, Madison, and Sophie) live far from me, they make my world wonderful. My husband, David Crews, is a constant source of support and my number one fan. The past years in Austin with David and the dogs, Scylla and Cary, have been wonderful, and I continue my attempts to achieve that elusive and ephemeral balance between work and life.

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Contributors

Stuart R. Adler, md, phd, North County Endocrinology and BJC Health Systems, St. Louis, MO

David L. Armstrong, phd, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC

Julia S. Barthold, md, Division of Urology, Alfred L. DuPont Hospital for Children/Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE

Barbara Brenner, drph, Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY

Antonia M. Calafat, phd, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Prue A. Cowin, bbiomedsci, Centre for Urological Research, Monash Institute

of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

Cheryl A. Dyer, phd, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ

Paul M. D. Foster, phd, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC

Victor Y. Fujimoto, md, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF In Vitro Fertilization, University of California, San Francisco, CA Maida Galvez, md, Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School

of Medicine, New York, NY

Linda C. Giudice, md, phd, msc, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Repro- ductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Andrea C. Gore, phd, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX

Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna, phd, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

Russ Hauser, md, scd, mph, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA

Sarah Janssen, md, phd, mph, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA John D. Meeker, ms, scd, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University

of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI

Larry L. Needham, phd, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA Gail P. Risbridger, phd, Centre for Urological Research, Monash Institute of Medical

Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

Beverly S. Rubin, phd, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA

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xii Contributors

Gina Solomon, md, mph, Senior Scientist, Natural Resources Defense Council, Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA

Carlos Sonnenschein, md, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA

Ana M. Soto, md, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA

Joseph Thornton, phd, Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR

Luis Valladares, phd, Universidad de Chile, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Santiago, Chile

Deena M. Walker, bs, Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX

Tracey J. Woodruff, phd, mph, US Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA