heavy chain 281, 296 239, 244 blockers 43
41, 288 346-347, 349, 351 2-oxoglutarate 26, 45
Abdominal aortic constriction 203, 283
ACE activity 173
ACE inhibitor 105, 107, 110, 280- 287, 289-291, 293, 298, 330 Achilles tendon 126
Acoustic impedance 117, 119, 125- 126, 136-137
AcSDKP 171-172, 282-283 Adenosine 85, 87-90, 344-345 Adenovirus 246, 345-346 Adenylyl cyclase 87, 89-90, 92 Adhesion 8, 62, 67, 201-202, 220, 276, 283, 285, 292, 313, 356 Adrenomedullin 94, 284
Advanced glycation end products 276
Adventitia 37, 42, 255
AGEs 276, 298-299
Aldosterone 27, 30-31, 42-43, 58, 167, 169, 172-175, 241, 277-284, 286, 288, 290-291, 294, 330-334 ALT-711 299
Amino-terminal propeptide 102, 104
Aminoguanidine 299-300 Amlodipine 59, 106 Aneurysms 41 ANF 318-319
Angiogenesis 35, 38, 40, 217, 244- 245, 248, 293
Angiotensin I 254, 268, 279 Angiotensin II 27, 30, 32, 39, 58, 90, 92-93, 241,253-254, 268, 278- 280, 282-283, 285-287, 290, 292- 293, 295-297, 330-331, 333, 359 Angiotensinogen 36, 93, 167, 172- 273, 279, 284, 294, 296
Anisotropic 17, 41, 119-122, 126 Antifibrotic 43, 45, 111, 277-279,
283, 285, 289, 292, 295, 334 Antioxidants 296
Antisense 335, 337
Aorta 172, 254-255, 295, 299, 311, 347
Aortic insufficiency 154
Aortic stenosis 30-31, 149, 151, 153 Aortic valve 155, 168, 265-266, 312 Aortocaval fistula 197-198, 200- 202/204
Apoptosis 37, 158-160, 171, 241, 244, 299, 318-319, 358
Apparent backscatter 118, 127, 131 Apparent frequency dependence 132-133
Apparent integrated backscatter 132 Arrhythmias 18, 72, 105, 174, 240, 276, 281
Arteriovenous fistula 360 Ascorbic acid 26
Aspirin 295
AT1 32, 39, 42-44, 70, 88, 93, 105- 106, 167, 171-175, 254, 266, 268, 279-280, 282-284, 286-287, 289, 293-294
AT2 32, 39, 42, 93, 171-172 Atherosclerosis 213, 275, 295 Atrial natriuretic peptide 204-205, 285
Atrial natriuretic factor 90, 94, 318 Attenuation 116-125, 127, 131, 175, 186, 245, 259-260, 282, 289, 292, 295
Attenuation coefficient 116-117, 123, 125
Autoradiography 71, 168, 171 AV shunt 253-256, 258-268 Average nadir 136
Average peak 136
Backscatter 116-120, 122, 127-138,
141-142
Backscatter coefficient 118-119, 127, 129-132, 134, 137
BAPN 41-42 Batimastat 297 Benezaprilat 282 Beraprost 282
Biopsy 131, 139, 141, 155, 225, 229
Bisoprolol 289 BIVADs 311
BK 27, 32, 44, 88, 90, 172, 174, 332
Bleomycin 292, 345 BNP 294
Bosentan 285
Bradykinin 27, 32, 44, 90, 93, 170- 172, 280, 282, 284, 286, 297, 330, 332, 344-345, 359
Brain natriuretic peptide 294
Calcineurin 280, 282-284
Captopril 134, 174, 280-281, 285 Carboxy-terminal propeptide 101- 103, 106-107, 140
Carboxypeptidase 199
Cardiac allograft rejection 139 Cardiac amyloidosis 139-140 Cardiac architecture 4 Cardiac contractility 225-286 Cardiac dysfunction 33, 221-224, 228-229, 247, 359
Cardiac fibroblasts 24-26, 29, 44, 57, 65-72, 83, 85-92, 155, 215, 218, 253, 280, 283, 288, 291, 293-294, 298, 344, 358
Cardiac pump 239
Cardiac stiffness 241, 276, 292, 299 Cardiomyocyte adhesion 201-202 Cardiomyopathic hearts 134 Cardiopulmonary bypass 220, 225,
229-231
Carvedilol 289-290 Catalase 356-357, 359
Catalytic domain 182-183, 213-214, 244
Catecholamine 27, 35, 84, 88, 169, 172, 333
Cathepsin G 199, 243 Cathepsin D 36, 172-173 Celiprolol 289
Cell Cycle 64-65, 172, 336-337 Cell death 158, 171, 297 cGMP 286
Chamber enlargement 31, 33 Chamber stiffness 141, 202, 290 Chemotaxis 62, 64-65, 67, 203, 283 Chronic inflammation 35, 294 Chymase 42-43, 197-199, 203, 205, 243
CIMP 355-361 CITP 103-106, 110
Coiled perimysial fibers 7, 11, 15 Collagen deposition 30, 34-35, 43, 60, 131, 133-134, 188, 239-241, 245-247, 266, 275-277, 280-282, 284-292, 294-296, 298-299, 301, 344
Collagen metabolism 8, 101, 103, 111, 293-294
Collagen volume fraction 30, 106- 107, 201, 267, 296
Compound 48/80 200 Concentric hypertrophic 30 Confocal microscope 11
Confocal microscopy 12, 16, 225- 226
Congestive heart failure 31, 33, 42, 110, 149, 151, 154, 157, 181, 200, 219, 285, 355-356
Connective tissue growth factor 26- 27, 39, 292
Connective tissue 3, 5-8, 11, 14-18,
25, 57-58, 167-168, 171-172 Corticosteroids 191, 243, 276, 287, 295
Creatine kinase 108-109 Cromolyn 202-203, 205
Cross-links 38-41, 45, 125, 276, 298-299
CTGF 26-27, 39, 44-45, 292 Cyclic AMP 83, 85-88, 90-94 Cyclic GMP 83, 89-92 Cyclosporine 175, 284
Cytokines 24, 26-27, 29, 32, 35, 38, 57-61, 63-65, 67-73, 84, 158, 160, 186, 191, 199, 205, 217, 223, 227- 228, 239, 241, 243, 246, 268, 276- 277, 289, 291, 293-298, 313, 315, 317, 358-359
Cytoskeleton 16
DCM 186-187, 189
Decompensated heart failure 59, 72, 314
DETA NONOate 286
Diabetes 138, 140, 279, 286, 297- 299, 301
Diabetic cardiomyopathy 344 Diastolic function 38, 43, 101, 141, 151, 281-282, 286, 295
Digitalis 110 Digitoxin 44
Dilated cardiomyopathy 31, 44, 59, 133-134, 141, 154, 157, 186, 190, 197-198, 200, 203, 219, 226, 267, 289, 318-319, 321, 324
Disintegrin metalloproteinases 70, 355
Diuretics 110
DOCA-salt hypertensive rats 278, 285, 292
DOCA-salt rat 280
Doppler echocardiography 141
Doppler measurements 139 Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) 132 Doxycycline 221, 225
Dystrophin 316, 318
E-selectin 285
Eccentric 31, 40, 154, 253, 265-266 ECG 323
Echocardiographic 107, 115, 121, 138-140, 321, 323,
Eicosanoids 87, 91, 280
Ejection fraction 72, 109, 155, 289, 321, 323
Elastic moduli 136
Elastin 3, 7, 24-25, 184, 299, 356- 358
Electron microscopy 5-6, 60, 224- 226
EMMPRIN 243-244
Enalapril 172, 174, 280-281, 285- 286, 297
Endocardial endothelial 355-356 Endocardium 4-6, 17, 133, 170 Endomyocardial biopsy 139, 141 Endomysium 6-8, 15-16, 29, 41 Endoproteinases 243
Endothelial cells 7-8, 23, 29, 84, 90, 170, 172, 174, 215, 220, 241, 284, 286-287, 355, 358, 360
Endothelin 27, 35-36, 44, 89, 171- 172, 220, 277, 279-280, 283, 285- 286, 289, 291-292, 295, 330-331, 333
Epicardial tangent plane 9, 346 Epicardium 5-6, 17, 133, 346 Epimysium 6, 8, 15-16, 41 ERK ½ 87, 89, 93-94, 296 94, 285-286 Etanercept 72, 205, 293-294
94, 285
E x t r a c e l l u l a r M a t r i x 243
MetalloPRoteinaseInducer
Fenofibrate 332 FG041 44, 288 Fiber angle 5, 14 Fibrinolysis 110, 246
Fibroblasts 8, 23-26, 29, 34, 36-38, 42, 44, 57-58, 61-62, 64-73, 83-92, 101, 155, 157, 167, 170-175, 191, 214-215, 218, 240-241, 246, 248, 253-254, 276-277, 280, 282-284, 286, 288, 290-294, 297-298, 329- 330, 334, 337, 339, 344-345 Fibronectin 3, 25, 40, 44, 69, 94, 183-184, 276, 290, 296, 334, 356- 357
Finite strains 348 Fluvastatin 295 Forskolin 87, 90
Free radical 294, 296, 299
24, 34, 85, 91-92 Galardin 245
Gene Therapy 46, 343-345 Glucocorticoids 27, 191 Glycosaminoglycans 24, 34 GM6001 245
Granulocytes 245-246
Halofuginone 333
Heart failure 8, 18, 23, 29-31, 33, 35, 40-43, 70, 72, 88, 109-110, 138, 149-151, 154-155, 157, 181-182, 185-186, 188-192, 197, 200-201, 205-206, 213, 218-219, 227, 239- 241, 247-248, 253-254, 266-268, 275-276, 279, 281-285, 289, 293- 298, 301, 311-315, 319, 321, 324, 329-330, 344, 355-356, 359-361
Heat-shock protein 241 Hemodynamic forces 239 Hemopexin l83, 213 HOE140 174, 282 Hydrochlorothiazide 281 Hydrogen peroxide 214, 226 Hydroxyproline 24, 26-27, 30, 34, 44-45, 129-133, 174, 256-257, 263, 280, 288
Hypertension 8, 18, 29, 31, 43, 88, 105-108, 138, 141, 149, 151, 168, 172, 188, 197, 203, 241,275,278- 281, 285-287, 289-290, 294, 299, 301,313,330,344
Hypertensive heart disease 101, 104, 111,278
ICAM-1 67, 285, 295 Icatibant 174
IGF-1 26, 294 IGF-2 26
IL-1 27, 35, 58-59, 61-62, 64-65, 67, 69-73
Ilomastat 245
Immunolabeling 170-171 In situ hybridization 167-169 In situ zymography 224 Indomethacin 282
Infarct expansion 34, 40, 110, 157- 159, 286
Inflammatory cells 34, 58, 67, 173, 240, 245-247, 294
iNOS 89-92, 94, 299 Insulin growth factor 26
Integrated backscatter 127-129, 131-136
Integrin 16, 44, 239, 356-357 Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 285
27, 58, 61, 64-65, 67, 69-71, 73
Interleukin-1 27, 58, 65, 73, 268 Interstitial 28, 30, 57, 59-60, 102, 149, 152, 157, 160, 168, 170, 172, 175, 181, 183-184, 187, 197-198, 200-201, 239-240, 257, 260, 266, 275-276, 280, 282, 284, 287, 295, 329
Interstitial fibrosis 29-30, 35-36, 45, 101, 105, 110, 133-134, 141, 173- 175, 279, 284, 290, 294-297, 313, 315, 358
Ischemia-reperfusion injury 213, 220
Ischemic heart disease 101, 108 Ischemic preconditioning 222
Kallikrein 243 Kininase 170-172
Krebs-Henseleit solution 130-131
L-arginine 286-287, 356-357 L-Mimosine 288
L-NAME 286-287
L-nitroarginine methylester 286 Labetalol 290
Lactic dehydrogenase 108
Laminar organization 9, 12-13, 17- 18
Laminin 3, 25, 40, 184, 296 Laparotomy 254
Law of LaPlace 150, 154
Left coronary artery 168-169, 279, 298
Left ventricular wall motion 3 Leukocytes 246-248, 287 LIF 291
Lipid peroxidation 299 Lisinopril 105, 107, 173, 281 Losartan 105-106, 171, 174, 255, 258-265, 268-269, 280, 284-285,
292
LVADs 311-313, 321 Lysyl oxidase 277, 288
M-mode 135
Macrophage activation 58
Macrophages 24, 36, 58, 167, 170, 172-173, 175, 246-247, 294 MAPK 87, 89-90, 93-94, 319 Mast cell degranulation 198, 202, 204-206
Mast cell maturation 203 Mast cells 197-200, 203-205 Matrixin fold 214
MCP-1 285
Mechanical loading 318
Mechanical unloading 41, 59, 313- 316,319-321
Methylprednisolone 295 Metoprolol 88, 289-290 Micromanometer 255
Migration 61-62, 67-68, 71, 93, 244-245, 276, 292
Mineralocorticoid 283-284
Mitogen-activated protein kinases 319
Mitral regurgitation 31, 155, 189, 197-198, 201
Mitral valve 172, 203, 265
MMP inhibitors 73, 186, 189, 217- 219, 221, 223-225, 228, 230, 240, 244-248, 291, 298
Monoclonal antibodies 7, 170, 343 Monocyte Chemotactic protein-1 285
Multivariate analysis 139 Muscle bundles 4, 42
Myocardial architecture 3, 14-15, 17, 133
Myocardial backscatter 128 Myocardial infarction 8, 17, 23, 31-
32, 39-40, 61, 72, 93, 108-109, 129, 133, 138-139, 149, 157, 160, 167, 181, 185, 189, 197-198, 203, 218- 219, 239-240, 243-246, 254, 267, 275-276, 278-280, 283-285, 288- 292, 295-296, 313, 329, 333, 336- 337, 344, 359, 361
Myocardial protection 222 Myocardial relaxation 286 Myocardial stress 150, 181 Myocardial stunning injury 220 Myocyte orientation 4, 8
Myocyte slippage 35, 42, 246, 297 Myofiber axis 5
Myofiber diameter 133
Myofibroblasts 26, 36, 38, 61, 170- 173, 175, 240-241, 246, 248, 254, 282, 291-292, 329, 338
NADPH 297, 356-357, 360
N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl- proline 172, 283
Necrosis 27, 158, 169-170-197, 241, 268, 277, 281, 287, 297, 315- 316
Nedocromil sodium 202 Neutrophils 35, 58, 110 Nifedipine 290
Nitrates 37, 43, 110
Nitric oxide 32, 44, 61, 89-90, 172, 216, 226-227, 286, 295, 330, 332, 345, 356
Normal strain 348 Nuclear 191
O-Phenanthroline 218, 221 Oligonucleotides 334-335 Omapatrilat 284
Osteopontin 280, 282
Oxidative stress 186, 214, 216-217,
223, 227-228, 285, 294-297, 299, 355-356, 358-361
Pacing 31, 186, 200, 205, 219, 245, 254, 267-268, 282, 290, 293, 359 PAI-1 246-247, 286-287
Papillary muscle 6-7, 15-16, 137, 298
Paracrine 32, 61, 70, 85, 87, 93, 167, 175, 241, 290, 330
Parathyroid hormone 27 Parenchymal cells 23, 58 PD166793 222, 227, 297 PD98059 332
PDGF 27, 62
Pericardium 38, 168-169, 173 Pericytes 24, 240
Perimysium 6-8, 15-16, 29, 41 Perindopril 174, 280
Perivascular fibrosis 101, 105, 110, 133, 175, 282-283, 286, 290, 295 Peroxynitrite 214, 216-217, 223, 226-228, 230
Phosphodiesterases 85
Phosphorylation 65, 89, 94, 283, 319, 333
Picrosirius11, 106, 168 PIIIP 104, 107-110 PIP 103-110, 140-141 Pirfenidone 292
Plasmin 109-110, 214, 243-244, 246, 298, 345
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 246, 286
Platelet aggregation 220, 286 Platelet derived growth factor 27, 62, 70, 268
Polymorphonuclear cells 29 Preconditioning 222 Probucol 296
Procollagen 25, 27, 34, 42, 101-
104, 106-107, 140, 241, 276, 284, 287-288
Proinflammatory cytokines 60, 72, 295-296, 313
Proline 24-26, 30, 44, 69, 172, 276, 283, 288
Proly-4-hydroxylase 26-27, 44, 287-288
Propeptide domain 182-183, 213- 217, 228, 244
Prostacyclin 282
Prostaglandins 61, 65, 88, 172, 284, 330, 332, 359
Proteoglycans 3, 25, 184, 239 Proteolytic activity 29, 183, 187- 189, 224, 243, 256
Purkinje fiber 18 Pyridinoline 103
Quinapril 105, 172
RAAS 30-31, 173-175, 329 Radioimmunoassays 101, 105 Ramipril 281, 298
Rapid ventricular pacing 31, 219 Reactive fibrosis 241, 275, 282, 329, 332
Receptor tyrosine kinases 318 Receptors 17, 36, 42, 59, 70, 72, 83, 85, 87-91, 93-95, 168, 171-173, 239, 241-242, 277, 279-280, 282, 284-287, 289, 291-294, 298, 329- 330, 332-333, 345
Regional deformation 3 Regurgitant valve disease 149 Remodeling strain 348, 350-351 Reparative fibrosis 35, 275 Restenosis 333, 335 RTK 316, 318-319 RVADs 311
Sarcomeric muscle actin 36
Scar 35-38, 40-41, 43-44, 58, 61, 93, 168-171, 173, 190, 240-241, 245,247-248, 291, 296
Scar contraction 36-37, 241 Scar formation 35, 37, 42, 109, 174, 275, 279, 345, 71
SERCA2a 319-320 Serine proteinases 359
Serological markers 42, 101, 111 Shear deformations 17
Shear strains 348 Shearing 3, 17
SHR 30, 43, 105-106, 108, 179, 188, 278-279, 281, 283-284, 286, 290-291, 293-294
Slippage 3, 35, 42, 190, 246, 297 Smad 291, 333
Smad2 283, 291-292
Smooth muscle cells 8, 23, 26, 84, 93, 167, 215, 218, 285-286, 288, 290, 336, 338, 358
Sonomicrometry 157
Spironolactone 42, 110, 280-281, 284, 331-332, 340
Spontaneously hypertensive rat 30, 106, 175, 188
Sprague Dawley rats 299 Streptokinase 45, 109
Streptozotocin 284, 292, 297, 299 Stromelysin 28, 183-184, 197, 199, 213, 243, 244, 276, 355
Superoxide 216, 227, 297, 356-357 Superoxide anion 214, 226, 295, 297
Superoxide dismutase 356, 359 Syrian hamster 134, 200, 292 Systolic failure 149
Systolic wall stress 151
Telopeptides 102-103 Tetracycline 218, 231, 245 Thalidomide 293
Three-dimensional strain 17 Thrombin 88, 243, 333, 344 Thrombolysis 109
Thrombolytics 220 Thromboxane 295 Tight-skin mice 133
TIMP-435, 185, 188, 215, 217-218, 223-224, 226, 228, 298, 355, 358 Tissue plasminogen activator 109, 345
Titin 16
27,35, 58-65, 67, 69-73, 90, 191, 197-199, 202, 204-206, 241, 245-246, 277, 289, 291, 293, 295, 297, 315-319
Tranilast 203, 292
Transfer function 127-128
Transforming growth 26, 58, 70, 191
Tropomyosin 226 Troponin I 223, 225 Trypsin 214
Tryptase 197, 199, 203, 205 Tryptase Chymase and 198 Tumor necrosis 27, 58, 90, 158, 197, 241, 268, 315
Type I carboxy-terminal propeptide 103, 106-107
Type III collagen 7-8, 201, 335 Type III amino-terminal propeptide 104
Ultrasonic beam 118-120 Ultrasonic velocity 116, 125-126 Ultrasonic waves 115-116, 118 Ultrasound 115, 118, 120, 124, 126, 131, 142
Univariate analysis 139
Valve leaflets 167-168, 170, 172, 175, 280
Valvular heart disease 149-150 Vascular adhesion molecule-1 285 Vascular endothelial growth factor 217, 344
VCAM-1 285 VEGF 344
Ventricular assist devices 59, 219, 311
Ventricular dysfunction 109, 189, 219, 275-276, 295-296, 329-330 Ventricular mechanics 97-150, 152, 155
Ventricular remodeling 38,73,149- 150, 152, 157, 160, 197-200, 202- 206, 218, 245, 254, 266-267, 269 Vimentin 40, 171
Viscoelasticity 119, 240 Vitamin C 26
Vitamin E 296-297
Volume overload 31, 57, 149, 154- 155, 160, 188-189, 197-198, 201- 206, 253, 255, 260, 264-269, 361
Wall stress 37-38, 40, 150-152, 154, 181, 186, 188,245,266 Wall tension 37, 154, 156
Wound healing 57-58, 61-62, 72, 182, 184, 213, 240-241, 244-248, 291
Wound repair 276
Zofenopril 290 Zymogens 183 Zymograms 256, 261
