Eugenio Aguglia pdf

(1)

(2)

Università degli Studi di Catania Università degli Studi di Catania

Clinica Psichiatrica

Il Bullismo:

aspetti psicologici

Eugenio Aguglia Eugenio Aguglia

aspetti psicologici

e psicopatologici

(3)

Bullying is a form of

Bullying is a form of repeated physical or verbal aggression repeated physical or verbal aggression that has hostile intent and involves a

that has hostile intent and involves a power differential power differential between the aggressors and those that they victimize.

between the aggressors and those that they victimize.

F. J.

F. J. ElgarElgar etet al. al. Journal of Adolescent Health 45 (2009) 351Journal of Adolescent Health 45 (2009) 351––359359

(4)

..“Bullying cause

humiliation, offence and distress; may interfere with

Bullying in the 21st Century Global Organization:

an ethical perspective

distress; may interfere with job performance and/or cause unpleasant working

environment”..

M. Harvey

M. Harvey etet al.al. Journal of Business Ethics 85:27Journal of Business Ethics 85:27––40. 2009.40. 2009.

(5)

RATES OF BULLYING VARY WIDELY BETWEEN COUNTRIES.

A

A U.S. survey U.S. survey of students in grades 6 to 10 found of students in grades 6 to 10 found that

that 13% of students bullied others at school and

A

A survey of English and German school survey of English and German school children

children found found bullying rates of 14% to 19% in England and 21% in Germany.

F. J.

11% reported being the target of bullying.

(6)

An international survey of An international survey of

adolescents from across adolescents from across Europe and North America Europe and North America Europe and North America Europe and North America found that

found that 9% of 11 9% of 11--year year--olds olds had bullied others at school at had bullied others at school at

least twice in the previous 2 least twice in the previous 2 months

months, ranging from 2% in , ranging from 2% in Sweden to 24% in Greenland.

Sweden to 24% in Greenland.

F. J.

(7)

Most researchers in the area of bullying and of

aggression more generally, distinguish several main types

The most common categories are:

- Physical

Smith et al.

Smith et al. ScandinavianScandinavian Journal of Journal of PsychologyPsychology, 49, 147, 49, 147––154, 2008.154, 2008.

- Physical - Verbal

- Indirect or relational.

(8)

-Hitting -Kicking

PHYSICAL AGGRESSION:

Smith et al.

-Punching

- Taking or damaging belongings

(9)

VERBAL AGGRESSION

- Teasing

Smith et al.

- Teasing - Taunting

- Threatening

(10)

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying : Another main type of bullying

In recent years a new form of In recent years a new form of

aggression or bullying has aggression or bullying has

emerged, labeled emerged, labeled

Smith et al.

emerged, labeled emerged, labeled

“

“cyberbullying cyberbullying”, in which the ”, in which the aggression occurs through aggression occurs through modern technological devices, modern technological devices, and specifically mobile phones and specifically mobile phones

or the internet.

(11)

“L’hanno picchiata a

“L’hanno picchiata a sangue con un tirapugni, sangue con un tirapugni,

Sondrio. 26 settembre 2009.

BULLISMO FEMMINILE BULLISMO FEMMINILE

Susanna Zambon. “Il Giorno”, 2009-09-26

sangue con un tirapugni, sangue con un tirapugni, le hanno strappato i capelli le hanno strappato i capelli

e hanno infierito su di lei e hanno infierito su di lei mentre era già a terra”..

mentre era già a terra”..

IL FATTO È SUCCESSO AL LICEO LINGUISTICO DEL IL FATTO È SUCCESSO AL LICEO LINGUISTICO DEL TRANQUILLO CAMPUS SCOLASTICO E LE PROTAGONISTE TRANQUILLO CAMPUS SCOLASTICO E LE PROTAGONISTE

SONO

SONO RAGAZZINE NEMMENO MAGGIORENNI RAGAZZINE NEMMENO MAGGIORENNI

(12)

..“Bullying is thus an expression, on the one hand, of “

..“Bullying is thus an expression, on the one hand, of “a social interaction a social interaction in which the sender uses verbal and/or non

in which the sender uses verbal and/or non--verbal communication regularly, verbal communication regularly, weekly and for a period of at least six months, that is

weekly and for a period of at least six months, that is characterised characterised by by negative and aggressive elements directed toward the personality and negative and aggressive elements directed toward the personality and

self

self--esteem of the receiver esteem of the receiver”, ”, and on the other, of how

and on the other, of how “a person perceives “a person perceives or feels that he is being bullied”

or feels that he is being bullied” ”… ”…

Smith

Smith etet al. al. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49:4 (2008), pp 376Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49:4 (2008), pp 376––385385

(13)

Hoel and Salin state that “three sets of explanatory models have been advanced to account for the problem:

- A focus on personality characteristics of perpetrator and victim;

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS FOR THE INCIDENCE OF BULLYING FACTORS FOR THE INCIDENCE OF BULLYING

perpetrator and victim;

- Inherent characteristics of human interactions within organisations;

- Factors related to the work organisation of a contextual or environmental nature”.

Argevold

Argevold et al. Scan J of et al. Scan J of PsychologyPsychology, 50, 267, 50, 267––276, 2009.276, 2009.

(14)

Bullying and victimization

Bullying and victimization by bullying each by bullying each have serious consequences for social

have serious consequences for social and emotional development

and emotional development. .

F. J.

(15)

..“a number of adverse health outcomes ..“a number of adverse health outcomes

associated with bullying such as associated with bullying such as

psychological maladjustment, psychological maladjustment, psychosomatic health problems, psychosomatic health problems,

CROSS

CROSS--NATIONAL TIME TRENDS IN BULLYING BEHAVIOUR: NATIONAL TIME TRENDS IN BULLYING BEHAVIOUR:

FINDINGS FROM EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA FINDINGS FROM EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA

M

M MolchoMolcho et al. et al. IntInt J Public Health 54: S225J Public Health 54: S225––S234, 2009.S234, 2009.

psychosomatic health problems, psychosomatic health problems, medicine use, absenteeism from medicine use, absenteeism from

school, impaired academic school, impaired academic performance, physical injury, performance, physical injury, and in rare cases, premature death”..

and in rare cases, premature death”..

Bullying behaviour is also associated with involvement in a range

of other risk behaviours such as drinking, smoking and drug use.

(16)

- Is not a random event and can be predicted by individual characteristics and family factors;

- can be stable across ages;

BULLYING VICTIMIZATION IN YOUTHS BULLYING VICTIMIZATION IN YOUTHS

AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

RESEARCH INDICATES THAT BEING THE VICTIM OF BULLYING:

- can be stable across ages;

- is associated with severe symptoms of mental health problems, including self-harm, violent behaviour and psychotic symptoms;

- has long-lasting effects that can persist until late adolescence;

- contributes independently to children's mental health problems.

Psychol Med. 2009 Sep 29:1-13.

(17)

―

Among the pain complaints, Among the pain complaints, headache was the most frequent headache was the most frequent one one;;

―

Headache was associated with exposure to bullying Headache was associated with exposure to bullying sometimes and several sometimes and several times a week for both sexes;

times a week for both sexes;

―

Girls had higher prevalence of abdominal pain Girls had higher prevalence of abdominal pain and and neck neck//shoulder shoulder pain pain

―

The crude OR for neck/shoulder pain in boys were 4.6 for The crude OR for neck/shoulder pain in boys were 4.6 for weekly bullying and 3.1 for bullying several times

weekly bullying and 3.1 for bullying several times a week a week

Green et al. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 5:6, 2009.

(18)

PEER VICTIMIZATION IN CHILDHOOD

PEER VICTIMIZATION IN CHILDHOOD,, ESPECIALLY IF IT IS ESPECIALLY IF IT IS CHRONIC OR SEVERE

CHRONIC OR SEVERE, , IS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOTIC IS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE

SYMPTOMS IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE..

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 May;66(5):527-36

These results lend further support to the relevance of psychosocial factors in the etiology of psychotic symptoms in non clinical populations, which may

Increase the risk of adult-onset psychotic disorders.

(19)

The

The risk risk of of psychotic psychotic symptoms symptoms was

was increased increased about about 2 2--fold fold among

among victims victims of of bullying bullying at at ages ages 8

8 and/or and/or 10 10 years years,, independent independent of of other

other prior prior psychopathology, psychopathology, family

family adversity, adversity, or or child's child's IQ IQ..

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009 May;66(5):527-36

Associations were stronger when victimization was chronic or severe (experience of relational

as well as overt victimization reported).

Associations were stronger when victimization was chronic or severe (experience of relational

as well as overt victimization reported).

(20)

RISCHI PER LA VITTIMA RISCHI PER LA VITTIMA nel breve

nel breve--medio termine medio termine

Int

Int J J AdolescAdolesc Med Health. 2008; 20: 121Med Health. 2008; 20: 121--3232

Disturbi d’ansia

Depressione Distimia

Tentato Suicidio

Riduzione autostima Fobia sociale

o scolare

(21)

POCHI STUDI POCHI STUDI

RISCHI PER LA VITTIMA RISCHI PER LA VITTIMA nel lungo termine

nel lungo termine

COMPLESSITÀ FATTORI CONFONDENTI

DISEGNO PROSPETTICO

Int

Int J J AdolescAdolesc Med Health. 2008; 20: 121Med Health. 2008; 20: 121--3232

(22)

RISCHI PER LA VITTIMA RISCHI PER LA VITTIMA nel lungo termine

nel lungo termine

R. Lund et al.

R. Lund et al. EurEur J Public Health. 2008 J Public Health. 2008

SOGGETTI VITTIME

SOGGETTI VITTIME DI DI BULLISMO IN ETÀ SCOLARE RISULTAVANO A MAGGIOR BULLISMO IN ETÀ SCOLARE RISULTAVANO A MAGGIOR RISCHIO RISPETTO AI CONTROLLI PER LO SVILUPPO SIA

RISCHIO RISPETTO AI CONTROLLI PER LO SVILUPPO SIA DI DI SINTOMI DEPRESSIVI SINTOMI DEPRESSIVI CHE

CHE DI DI DEPRESSIONE AD ALMENO 10 ANNI DEPRESSIONE AD ALMENO 10 ANNI DI DI DISTANZA DAGLI EPISODI. DISTANZA DAGLI EPISODI.

(23)

Disturbi di personalità (cluster B) Comportamento

deviante

RISCHI PER IL BULLO RISCHI PER IL BULLO

deviante (comportamenti

violenti) Ansia

Depressione

Abuso di sostanze

A.

A. SouranderSourander etet al. al. ArchArch PediatrPediatr AdolescAdolesc MedMed. 2007;120;397. 2007;120;397--404404

(24)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

M. Harvey et al Journal of Business Ethics 85:27

M. Harvey et al Journal of Business Ethics 85:27––40, 2009.40, 2009.

(25)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

(26)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

The innate and social characteristics of the bully can also be key dimensions in better understanding and predicting bullying behavior in a global organization.

BULLY BULLY

behavior in a global organization.

Is there a biological

connection between inherited characteristics

and aggression?

(27)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

THERE IS A STRONG CONNECTION BETWEEN

INHERITED GENES AND THE PROPENSITY FOR INDIVIDUALS TO

BECOME AGGRESSIVE IN CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS.

(28)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

THERE APPEAR TO BE

THERE APPEAR TO BE THREE THREE LEADING BIOLOGICAL LEADING BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON INFLUENCES ON THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION

THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR

BRAIN BRAIN RELATED RELATED ISSUES ISSUES

MUTATION MUTATION OF SPECIFIC GENES OF SPECIFIC GENES

OVERLY DEVELOPED OVERLY DEVELOPED

IMMUNE SYSTEM IMMUNE SYSTEM

(29)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

THERE APPEAR TO BE THREE LEADING BIOLOGICAL

THERE APPEAR TO BE THREE LEADING BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON INFLUENCES ON THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION

THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR

Brain

Brain related related issues issues The frontal lobes of the brain are thought to

Brain

Brain related related issues issues The frontal lobes of the brain are thought to influence self-control, maturity, judgment, tactfulness, reasoning, and aggression.

The prefrontal cortex uptake of glucose (i.e., the fuel for the brain) is significantly lower for pathological antisocial aggressive

individuals.

(30)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

Mutation

Mutation of of specific specific genes genes

THERE APPEAR TO BE THREE LEADING BIOLOGICAL

THERE APPEAR TO BE THREE LEADING BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON INFLUENCES ON THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION

THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR

Researchers have discovered in impulsive

Mutation

Mutation of of specific specific genes genes Researchers have discovered in impulsive aggressive males a mutation in genes that code for an enzyme, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA).

This gene metabolizes the brain chemicals

serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. If

the gene malfunctions and does not metabolize

the appropriate amount of these chemicals,

high levels of aggression and antisocial (e.g.,

bullying) behavior can occur.

(31)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

Overly

Overly developed developed immune system immune system

THERE APPEAR TO BE THREE LEADING BIOLOGICAL

THERE APPEAR TO BE THREE LEADING BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON INFLUENCES ON THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION

THE PROPENSITY TO EXHIBIT AGGRESSION BEHAVIOR BEHAVIOR

Researchers have found that

Overly

Overly developed developed immune system immune system Researchers have found that

aggressive behavior is associated with a strong immune system

However, it should not be concluded that individuals with these three However, it should not be concluded that individuals with these three conditions

conditions would would automatically automatically become become bullies bullies; ; rather rather these biological these biological conditions appear to coincide with a certain percentage of individuals conditions appear to coincide with a certain percentage of individuals

that

that exhibit exhibit bullying bullying tendencies tendencies..

(32)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

(33)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

INTERNAL ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT

The organization’s cultural norms provide the basic The organization’s cultural norms provide the basic parameters of

parameters of acceptable and unacceptable behavior acceptable and unacceptable behavior in the in the work setting; which in turn, defines

work setting; which in turn, defines the level of acceptance the level of acceptance of deviant behavior, such as bullying

of deviant behavior, such as bullying..

(34)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

(35)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

BULLIED

The bullied individual may be a ‘willing’

target of the bullying activities, in that target of the bullying activities, in that they have the characteristics of ‘prey.’

they have the characteristics of ‘prey.’

These individuals can appear to These individuals can appear to

be passive and not well connected in the be passive and not well connected in the organization or not a part of an existing in

organization or not a part of an existing in--group. group.

(36)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

BULLIED

This lack of identification with political This lack of identification with political

or social power bases signals to the bullying or social power bases signals to the bullying that

that these individuals are likely targets of these individuals are likely targets of

This situation can escalate into a learned This situation can escalate into a learned

helplessness of the bullied individual helplessness of the bullied individual perpetuating the bullying/bullied cycle.

perpetuating the bullying/bullied cycle.

that

that these individuals are likely targets of these individuals are likely targets of bullying behaviors

bullying behaviors. .

(37)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

(38)

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

BYSTANDERS

The reaction of ‘others’ (bystanders) to bullying The reaction of ‘others’ (bystanders) to bullying behavior can define the parameters of acceptance and behavior can define the parameters of acceptance and

reaction to the bullying behavior.

(39)

Examining the ethical ‘variance’ among the Examining the ethical ‘variance’ among the

various macro as well as organizational cultures would various macro as well as organizational cultures would

A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL A MODEL OF BULLYING IN GLOBAL

ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

CONCLUSION

various macro as well as organizational cultures would various macro as well as organizational cultures would

appear to be a productive means to examine bullying appear to be a productive means to examine bullying

activities in global organizations.

CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE LEVEL AND TYPES OF CAUSES, AS WELL AS, THE RESOLUTION LEVEL AND TYPES OF CAUSES, AS WELL AS, THE RESOLUTION