UNIVERSITY OF PISA
FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES
Political – Social Sciences Department
Graduation Thesis
Collaboration in “emergency”.
How to develop efficient collaboration in
emergency situations.
Relaters:
Prof. Giuseppe Sica
Dr. Raffello Elvio Martini
Candidate:
Andrea PAOLINELLI
Index
Analytical Summary p. 7
Preface p. 10
CHAPTER 1: Outline of the research
1.1 What we mean by Sociology of Education. p. 13
1.2 What we mean by “Emergency”. p. 15
1.3 What we mean by Collaboration. p. 18
1.4 The research context. State of the art “in and from” Haria–2. p. 21
CHAPTER 2: How to organise for emergency
2.1 Macrosocial educational assumptions. p. 26
2.2 People in charge of works: a potential organization. p. 29
2.3 A latent urgency to be planned. p. 37
2.4 Which motivations? How to create motivations. p.
CHAPTER 3: The guide group, description of the collaboration processes
3.1 Describing the operative context: the “guide group” and the software. p. 503.2 How to create the conditions. p. 56
3.2.1 Creating trust, improving awareness. The agreement. p. 58
3.2.2 To improve communication. p. 63
3.2.3 Formation of the prefixed organs. Haria–2 the development of software. p. 67
CHAPTER 4: The competence of collaboration. (how to develop its processes)
4.1 Formative methodological techniques p. 72
4.1.1 Communication: to improve awareness. (To be able to be) p. 72
4.1.2 Formation: competence of relationship. (To be able to stay) p. 76
4.2 Scientific techniques: the software. (To be able to do) p. 87
5. Critical conclusions
p. 906.1 – Schemes of the introduction about V. Cesareo for Referential Authors and themes
of the relative Sociology of Education p. 95
6.2 – Communicating in Emergency conditions. 24/06/04 Province of Pisa, active
seminar p. 98
6.3 – Meeting ‘Citizenship & Security’ – Which role for the authority p. 137
6.4 – Planning project p. 141
6.5 – “Logotherapeutic” Map p. 142
6.6 – Simplified model of event–behaviour relationship p. 143
6.7 – Structure of the relationships among variables p. 144
6.8 – Model of the risk communication p.
145
6.9 – Genealogy of the analysis of social net p. 146
6.10 – History of a project p. 147
7. Reasoned bibliography
p. 1487.1 – For a better comprehension of what we mean by Sociology of Education connected to the Formation theme:
7 7.1.1. – About the group and organizational problems; p. 149
8 7.1.2. – About collaboration, in particular, the themes of Competence of relationship,
Communication, Awareness, Motivation, Techniques; p. 156
7.1.3. – About the background (dictionaries, various). p. 159
7.2. – For a better comprehension of what we mean by Emergency:
9 7.2.1. – In the civil culture and deepening about organization; p. 164
10 7.2.2. – In the law; p. 169
11 7.2.3. – For other aspects of Psychology. p. 172
Analytical Summary
People live in society. A wide, complex, field of analysis, a universe of planets1. The
ways to study it are various, intersecting, interdisciplinary: a “net”.
People live in society and they interact to obtain by the “society system” the greatest “personal” profit. Everything happens in a determined “vital real or virtual space”, the one in which our affairs are performed. Here people search for a favourable, or certainly positive balance, for his “role”. But they can’t act alone. Today the world is so complex that it is useful, efficacious, efficient, to collaborate to develop excellence2 and not only it.
1 The big metaphor refers to the system plant of Lanzara G.F., 1981, Comportamento ed evoluzione del sistema
scolastico Italiano – un’analisi sistemica –“, Milella, Lecce, passim cap. 1°. For the importance of the system borders
cfr. Churchmann C.W., 1971, Introduzione all’analisi per sistemi, Etas Kompass, Milano; ed anche Lanzara G.F. – Pardi F., 1980, L’interpretazione della complessità. Metodi sistemico e scienze sociali., Guida Editori, Napoli, cap. 2°.
2 I think it is useful to insert here the coding quoted by Spaltro E., 1999, Il gruppo – Sintesi e schemi di psichica plurale,
Edizioni Pendragon, Bologna p. 65.
EFFICIENCY “corresponds to the relationship between product and cost […]” and “it is strongly affected by the power feeling – such us by the perception of being active – in comparison with the evaluation metre […]” of product and cost, such us the efficiency is affected by the subjective dimension of the man. (E=K P/C)
EFFICACIOUSNESS “ is the relation between an obtained result and a fixed objective. Always with the power feeling. The realization of not prefixed objectives isn’t important, and this is a big limit […]”. (E=K P’/C’)
EXCELLENCE is the relationship in which “the reached result is compared with the best possible result […] obviously a subjective concept. The excellence is strictly connected to the idea of quality life, us to the subjective balance product/cost that everyone makes while he works. Always present the power feeling” (E’=K P’/C’’). And not only. This
Collaborating becomes then very important in several situations, as for example the extra–ordinary ones, where “the not–normality condition”, becomes “emergency”. The reflection will lead us through a reading of normality to what is possible to do, what happens while we are speaking and how to better relate, taking from the interdisciplinary synergy, or better transdisciplinary3, the incentive not to dissipate energies.
For this purpose, after clearing what I mean by emergency and by collaboration and after a general view of the research in the first chapter, I will propose an analysis about the organization in emergency: what macrosocial educational assumptions, what potential specificity for people in charge of works in the new professional figure of the Disaster Manager, what urgency of a planning over the project through for example the ‘logotherapeutic’ technique and finally which trust development of community pushes motivations.
Not only. In the third chapter, I will compete with other discoveries of research about the necessity of a guide group and about how to create the idea of the participation, as a means to rebuild an often dispersed accord, referring to the development and the efficaciousness of the software Haria–2 more and more innovative and improved by us.
Finally, to complete the global vision of the research I felt bound to speak about the evolution of group techniques, personally experimented, that centre the competence of collaboration, so proposing a participated formation.
concept will be taken again by him later underlining six critical dimensions.
See also Caretti P. – De Siervo U., 1996, Istituzioni di diritto pubblico, G. Giappichelli editore, Torino, pp. 367–68 for the first two concepts (efficaciousness = relation between obtained result and fixed objectives; efficiency = relation between obtained result and used resources).
3 Cfr. http://www.hyperborea.com/sica/ e Sica G. (a cura di), 1997, La formazione attraverso la psicologia di comunità
nell’emergenza, Andrea Vallerini Editore, Pisa, pp. 7 e 116, so the three Knowledges (To know, To be able to do, To
be able to be, about which I will speak later), according to the matrix and/or the application context can be: Monodisciplinare:
effectively considered as unique discipline by the academic organisation in the university because provided with a typical scientific statute.
Multi-Pluridisciplinare:
sum of disciplines that don’t interact methodologically but through an informative organization star-shaped. Interdisciplinare:
when the competent heterogeneouses have to act contextually and terminally oriented and scientifically as in an équipe.
We know ourselves. That is we develop gradual awareness of what we feel we need and also what we can put at the service of the others and of ourselves. Education has to be lived, elaborated, like a main road for a self–awareness of way with…, but caring the “weight” of relationships.
To collaborate, to become an integrated group and integrating in dangerous situations, this “being ourselves” is immersed in a “being ourselves with the others” and we must be able to manage it. Here is the ‘Marathon’, the ‘psychodrama’, staying in the net, children education, but also connection techniques like the Focus Group and the T– Group.
Preface
I have reflected a lot about how to elaborate all that concerns the emergency theme, a charming theme, about which I have research ed enough examining deeply a world, about which we daily discuss, without understanding its importance, not knowing well both the events and the complexities.
It was more difficult focusing the centrality of collaboration and of the cooperative system preceding the event, leaving in this way another aspect in which I shaped myself, and that I faced and experimented, but that would have taken me certainly the space of at least another thesis.
So starting again from the purpose and the objective of this work in the end also very specialist, that is mainly the one of reading the complexity of the matter and of pressing a sure incipit at the ‘culturalization’ of the risk , I have created a working and expositive scheme of what refers in concrete terms to the urgency of people in danger (that isn’t certainly all that concerns the term “emergency”), but with a style preceding uneasiness, through a personal and group formation, thanks to a team of trainers that can lead to
an educative support above all for people in charge of works, eventually to revisit cyclically.
What this thesis should stimulate then, thanks to the use of software HARIA–2 improved, is a collaboration with a series of periodical aimed training, that, can be verified in an operative centre, with the participation of people, at this point, also only once/twice a year, for an eventual correction to introduce to the verified emergency plan.
Finally, only some right and proper thanks and an underlining.
The first thanks heartily for the collaboration goes to Prof. Sica for the material and the general supervision of all the specialist thesis on the argument, and obviously also to Dr. Martini for the interest showed in itinere and in particular for the methodological help of chapt. 2.4 and for the collaborative processes of chapt. 3.
A big thanks also to everyone that with their contribution, also indirect, helped me in the research and lead me to reflect and to mature a critical positive position about the matter. I refer, besides the already mentioned relaters, to Dr. Torti, to the entire association EPII–GN4, to my way friends Massimiliano, Paolo, to the Civil Protection of
Lucca in particular Dr. Santini and Dr. Gianfranca, who helped me with the online translation, Enza and Alessia, and all the people who supported me as my family, Valentina, Emanuele and my friends.
4 Emergency Psychology International Institute - Gianpaolo Nicolai – of studies and researches through a continuous
training for and by environment, ossia l’Istituto Internazionale per la psicologia dell’emergenza «Gianpaolo Nicolai» di studi e ricerche attraverso la formazione permanente per e con l’ambiente è “nato il 25 gennaio 2003 per iniziativa di un gruppo di psicologi da tempo impegnati in attività operative, di studio e di ricerca nel campo della gestione delle emergenze. L’Istituto promuove studi e ricerche in aree che, a diversi livelli, comportano la gestione di emergenze, ossia di eventi causati da disastri naturali, ma anche da eventi bellici o atti terroristici, senza dimenticare micro
In the end, I want to point that owing to, for exigencies of space and reading, only for the quotation from the dictionaries written in the entire thesis, I referred to the international notation, but without quoting stylistically the beginnings of paragraphs; I also apologize in advance for not quoting the total number of pages of Reasoned Bibliography, making it homogeneous for defect, being in some cases an important text, but for me not available anymore.
