Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2007

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Yearbook

of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2007

Edited by J.-L. Vincent

With 192 Figures and 82 Tables

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INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE

2007 ANNUAL

UPDATE

JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT

2007

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Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD, FCCM, FCCP Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital

Free University of Brussels Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels Belgium

ISBN 0-387-49517-7 Printed on acid-free paper.

ISBN 978-0387-49517-0

ˇ 2007 Springer Science + Business Media Inc.

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 223 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, elec- tronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.

The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.

Printed in Germany 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

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Table of Contents

Biomarkers

The Diagnosis of Sepsis: The Present and the Future . . . . 3 A.S. McLean, B. Tang, and S.J. Huang

Procalcitonin: Nice to know, Need to know, or Needs further Research? . . . 10 J.-U. Jensen, J. Løken, and T. Mohr

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Hormokines as Biomarkers

in Severe Infections . . . 22 M. Christ-Crain and B. Müller

Novel Biomarkers and the Outcome from Critical Illness and Major Surgery . . 32 D. Fallaha, G. Hillis, and B.H. Cuthbertson

Molecular Approaches to Detection of Bacteria in Critical Care Patients . . . 44 J.L. Flanagan, S.V. Lynch, and J. Wiener-Kronish

Sepsis and Infection: Management

Understanding and Optimizing Outcome in Neonates with Sepsis

and Septic Shock . . . 55 K.N. Haque

Effects of Vasoactive Agents on the Gastrointestinal Microcirculation

in Septic Shock . . . 69 J. Pottecher, S. Deruddre, and J. Duranteau

Hemodynamic Effects of Activated Protein C in Septic Shock . . . 75 N. Sennoun, O. Desebbe, and B. Levy

Adrenomedullin in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Dysfunction and Sepsis . . 81 C. Ertmer, H. Van Aken, and M. Westphal

Antioxidants for the Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction in Critical Illness . . 96 B. Mullan, M. Duffy, and D. McAuley

Plasma Cortisol: Time to look Deeper? . . . 106 J. Cohen, J. Prins, and B. Venkatesh

Glucose Control and Monitoring in the ICU . . . 113 C. De Block and P. Rogiers

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Severe Lung Infections

Current Concepts of Severe Pneumococcal Community-acquired Pneumonia . . 133 M. Luj´an, C. Mu˜noz-Almagro, and J. Rello

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit . . . 145 M.C.J. Kneyber and F.B. Plötz

Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Non-AIDS Immunocompromised Patients . . . 157 G. Boll´ee, S. de Miranda, and E. Azoulay

Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction

The Role of Neutrophil-Derived Myeloperoxidase in Organ Dysfunction

and Sepsis . . . 173 N.S. MacCallum, G.J. Quinlan, and T.W. Evans

Are Mitochondria Responsible for Improved Outcomes in Recent Studies? . . . . 188 A. Johnston and T. Whitehouse

The Impact of Chronic Disease on Response to Infection . . . 197 M.C. Reade, E.B. Milbrandt, and D.C. Angus

Immunomodulatory Effects of General Anesthetics . . . 208 L.C. Lemaire and T. van der Poll

Critical Illness Stress-induced Immune Suppression . . . 217 J.A. Carcillo

Transcription Factors and Nuclear Cofactors in Muscle Wasting . . . 229 P.-O. Hasselgren

Organ Dysfunction in the ICU: A Clinical Perspective . . . 238 Y. Sakr, C. Sponholz, and K. Reinhart

Lipids

Sphingolipid Metabolism in Systemic Inflammation . . . 249 H.P. Deigner, E. Gulbins, and R.A. Claus

Statins in Sepsis and Acute Lung Injury . . . 267 M. van der Heijden, A.B.J. Groeneveld, and G.P. van Nieuw Amerongen

Potential Mechanisms by which Statins Modulate the Development

of Acute Lung Injury . . . 276 T. Craig, C. O’Kane, and D. McAuley

Acute Lung Injury

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Acute Lung Injury . . . 291 G.M. Albaiceta and A. Fueyo

The Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Lung Injury and Repair . . . 299 J. Varet and A.B. Millar

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Cell Regeneration in Lung Injury . . . 310 Z. Bromberg, C.S. Deutschman, and Y.G. Weiss

The Extracellular Matrix of the Lung: The Forgotten Friend! . . . 320 P. Pelosi, P. Severgnini, and P.R. Rocco

Mechanical Ventilation

Advances in Translaryngeal Tube Technology . . . 337 P.J. Young and M.C. Blunt

Is one Fixed Level of Assist Sufficient to Mechanically Ventilate Spontaneously Breathing Patients? . . . 348

C. Sinderby, L. Brander, and J. Beck

Patient-ventilator Interaction During Non-invasive Ventilation with the

Helmet Interface . . . 358 O. Moerer, C. Sinderby, and F. Brunet

Protective Ventilation in Respiratory Failure

Dynamic Lung Imaging Techniques in Mechanically Ventilated Patients . . . 371 I. Cinel, S. Jean, and R.P. Dellinger

Can We Protect the Lung from Acute Injury? . . . 381 B. Beck-Schimmer, D.R. Spahn, and T.A. Neff

Rationale for High-Frequency Oscillation as a Primary Lung-Protective Mode in Patients with ALI/ARDS . . . 388

H. Quiroz-Martinez and N.D. Ferguson

The Role of Protective Ventilation in Cardiac Surgery Patients . . . 398 D. Gommers and D. dos Reis Miranda

Alveolar Pressure/volume Curves Reflect Regional Lung Mechanics . . . 407 O. Stenqvist and H. Odenstedt

Cardiovascular Topics

Cardiovascular Surgery in the Aging World . . . 417 S. Wan and M.J. Underwood

Intensive Care Unit Arrhythmias . . . 431 S. M. Hollenberg

Diastolic (Dys)Function in Sepsis . . . 444 D.J. Sturgess, T.H. Marwick, and B. Venkatesh

Autonomic Dysfunction: A Relevant Component in Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome . . . 455

H. Schmidt, U. Müller-Werdan, and K. Werdan

Table of Contents VII

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Hemodynamic Monitoring

The Use of Hemodynamic Monitoring to Improve Patient Outcomes . . . 471 J. Wilson, M. Cecconi, and A. Rhodes

Using Mathematical Models to Improve the Utility of Quantitative ICU Data . . 479 S. Zenker, G. Clermont, and M.R. Pinsky

The Meaning of Hemodynamic Monitoring in Patients with Shock:

Role of Echocardiography . . . 493 A. Vieillard-Baron

Transpulmonary Thermodilution for Advanced Cardiorespiratory Monitoring . . 501 F. J. Belda, G. Aguilar, and A. Perel

Using Heart-Lung Interactions for Functional Hemodynamic Monitoring:

Important Factors beyond Preload . . . 511 J.C. Kubitz and D.A. Reuter

Diagnosis of Central Hypovolemia in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient . . . 520 N. Airapetian, J. Maizel, and M. Slama

Assessment of Fluid Responsiveness in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient . . . . 531 J.-L. Teboul, B. Lamia, and X. Monnet

Passive Leg Raising . . . 542 X. Monnet, C. Richard, and J.-L. Teboul

Extravascular Lung Water Measurement . . . 549 B. Maddison, T. Best, and R.M. Pearse

Intravenous Fluid Therapy

Fluid Management in Sepsis: Colloids or Crystalloids? . . . 563 G. Marx, T. Schuerholz, and K. Reinhart

Balanced Volume Replacement Strategy: Fact or Fiction? . . . 574 J. Boldt

Renal Failure

Cystatin C as a Marker of Renal Function in Critically Ill Patients at Risk

of or with Acute Renal Failure . . . 583 A.A.N.M. Royakkers, M.J. Schultz, and P.E. Spronk

Adjustment of Antimicrobial Regimen in Critically Ill Patients Undergoing

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy . . . 592 D. Kuang and C. Ronco

Abdominal Pathologies

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome . . . 609 M.L.N.G. Malbrain, N. Van Regenmortel, and M.L. Cheatham

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Gut Absorption Capacity in the Critically Ill . . . 627 M.M. Berger, L. Soguel Alexander, and R.L. Chiol´ero

The Liver

Critical Illness and the Hepatic Microcirculation: A Review . . . 643 B. van der Hoven, D. Gommers, and J. Bakker

The Hepatic Response to Severe Injury . . . 651 M.G. Jeschke and D.N. Herndon

The Management of Liver Trauma . . . 666 A.B. Cresswell, M.J. Bowles, and J.A. Wendon

The Pathology and Management of Intracranial Hypertension in Acute

Liver Failure . . . 678 N. Murphy

Neurological Issues

Continuous EEG Monitoring In the ICU . . . 693 P. Mellado, J. Diedler, and T. Steiner

The Acute and Chronic Management of Large Cerebral Infarcts . . . 705 E.M. Manno, A.R. Rabinstein, and E.F.M. Wijdicks

Cooling Therapies after Neuronal Injury: Direct Brain Cooling and Systemic Hypothermia . . . 715

P.J.D. Andrews, E.L. Anderson, and M. Saxena

Non-traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . 721 J.I. Suarez

Promising Concepts in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage . . . 732 A.M. Naidech

Nitric Oxide Metabolism after Traumatic Brain Injury . . . 739 L. Rangel-Castilla and C.S. Robertson

Modulation of Blood Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury . . . 748 M. Leone, P. Visintini, and C. Martin

The Delirious Patient in the ICU . . . 757 K.H. Polderman and A.J.C. Slooter

Management of Burns

Emergency Room and Acute Care of the Critically Ill Burned Patient . . . 767 E. Bittner, L. Grecu, and J.A.J. Martyn

Early Manipulation of Metabolic Changes due to Severe Burns in Children . . . 778 W.B. Norbury, M.G. Jeschke, and D.N. Herndon

Antithrombin in Burn Trauma . . . 791 P. Enkhbaatar, L.D. Traber, and D.L. Traber

Table of Contents IX

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Hematological Alterations

The Critically Ill Red Blood Cell . . . 799 E. Almac and C. Ince

Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Pediatric ICU . . . 813 J. Lacroix, M. Tucci, and F. Gauvin

Thrombocytopenia in Intensive Care Patients . . . 823 M. Levi, J.J. Hofstra, and S. Opal

Point-of-care Coagulation Monitoring: Current Status of Viscoelastic Techniques 834 M.T. Ganter and C.K. Hofer

Monitoring of Hemostasis in Emergency Medicine . . . 847 S. Kozek-Langenecker

Oral Anticoagulant Overdose and Bleeding Risk . . . 861 C.J. Wiedermann

Does Sex Make a Difference?

Insight into the Mechanism of Gender-specific Response to Trauma-hemorrhage 869 M.A. Choudhry, K.I. Bland, and I.H. Chaudry

Sex-Related Differences in Response to Global Ischemic Insult and Treatment . . 880 J.G. Wigginton, P.E. Pepe, and A.H. Idris

Influence of Gender on Outcome of Severe Sepsis . . . 889 C. Adrie, E. Azoulay, and J.-F. Timsit

Prognosis and Long-term Outcomes

The Changing Prognostic Determinants in the Critically Ill Patient . . . 899 R. Moreno, B. Jordan, and P. Metnitz

Chronic Critical Illness . . . 908 S.L. Camhi and J.E. Nelson

To Be or not To Be ... Vegetative . . . 918 M. Boly, A.M. Owen, and S. Laureys

Quality and Management

Intermediate Respiratory Care Units . . . 929 M. Ferrer and A. Torres

The Impact of Noise in the Intensive Care Unit . . . 942 R.J. Pugh, C. Jones, and R.D. Griffiths

Alarms: Transforming a Nuisance into a Reliable Tool . . . 950 G. Murias, B. Sales, and L. Blanch

X Table of Contents

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Ethical and Legal Dilemmas in Accessing Critical Care Services . . . 958 N.M. Danjoux and L. Hawryluck

Emergency Care for the VIP Patient . . . 969 E.C. Mariano and J.A. McLeod

Brain Death: Compliance, Consequences and Care of the Adult Donor . . . 976 D.J. Powner

Disasters

Update on Avian Influenza for Critical Care Physicians . . . 989 C. Sandrock

Critical Care Pandemic Preparedness Primer . . . 999 M.D. Christian, S.E. Lapinsky, and T.E. Stewart

Pathobiology of Blast Injury . . . 1011 A.M. Dennis and P.M. Kochanek

Personal Reflections on Emergency Preparedness and the Response to a

Major Natural Disaster: Hurricane Katrina . . . 1023 N.E. McSwain Jr

Subject Index . . . 1030 Table of Contents XI

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List of Contributors

Adrie C

Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit Delafontaine Hospital

2, rue du Dr Delafontaine 93205 Saint Denis France

Aguilar G

Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care

University Hospital Avenida Blasco Ibanez 17 46010 Valencia

Spain Airapetian N Intensive Care Unit Department of Nephrology CHU Sud

80054 Amiens Cedex 1 France

Albaiceta GM

Department of Intensive Care

University Hospital Central de Asturias Celestino Villamil s/n

33006 Oviedo Spain Almac E

Clinical Physiology Department Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

1105 AZ Amsterdam Netherlands

Anderson EL

Department of Anesthesia,

Intensive Care, and Pain Management Western General Hospital

Crew Road South Edinburgh, EH4 2XU United Kingdom Andrews PJD

Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management

Western General Hospital Crew Road South

Edinburgh, EH4 2XU United Kingdom Angus DC

Department of Critical Care University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

605 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States Azoulay E

Medical Intensive Care Unit Hˆopital St Louis

1, avenue Claude Vellefaux 75010 Paris

France Bakker J

Department of Intensive Care, room H-602

Erasmus University Medical Center PO Box 2040

3000 CA Rotterdam Netherlands

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Beck J

Department of Pediatrics St Michael’s Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto, ONM5B 1W8 Canada

Beck-Schimmer B

Institute of Anesthesiology University Hospital

Rämistrasse 100, Hof E 111 8091 Zurich

Switzerland Belda FJ

Hospital Clinico Universitario Avenida Blasco Ibanez 17 46010 Valencia

Spain Berger MM

Department of Intensive Care and Burns Center

CHUV BH-08.660 Rue du Bugnon 1011 Lausanne Switzerland Best T

Department of Anesthesiology Kings College Hospital NHS Trust Denmark Hill

London, SE5 9RS United Kingdom Bittner E

Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care

Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit Street

Boston, MA 02114 United States Blanch L

Critical Care Center

Institut Universitari Parc Pauli Parc Tauli s/n

08208 Sabadell Spain

Bland KI

Center for Surgical Research The University of Alabama 1670 University Boulevard Volker Hall, Room G094 Birmingham, AL 35294–0019 United States

Blunt M

Department of Critical Care Queen Elizabeth Hospital King’s Lynn, PE30 4ET United Kingdom Boldt J

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen Bremserstrasse 79

67063 Ludwigshafen Germany

Boll´ee G

France Boly M

Cyclotron Research Center and Neurology Department University Hospital

Sart Tilman – B30 4000 Li`ege Belgium Bowles MJ

Liver Transplant Surgical Service Institute of Liver Studies

King’s College Hospital Denmark Hill

London, SE5 9RS United Kingdom Brander L

Department of Intensive Care University Hospital Inselspital 3010 Bern

Switzerland XIV List of Contributors

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Bromberg Z

Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Hadassah Medical Organization Kiryat Hadassah

P.O Box 12000 Jerusalem, 91120 Israel

Brunet F

Department of Critical Care Room 4–012, Bond Wing 30 Bond Street

Toronto, ON M5B 1W Canada

Camhi SL

Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine

Mount Sinai School of Medicine Box 1232

One Gustave L. Levy Place New York, NY 10029 United States Carcillo JA

Department of Critical Care Medicine Children’s Hospital

3705 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 United States Cecconi M

General Intensive Care Unit St George’s Hospital Blackshaw Road London, SW17 0QT United Kingdom Chaudry IH

Cheatham ML

Department of Surgical Education Orlando Regional Medical Center 86 West Underwood St.

Suite 201

Orlando, FL 32806 United States Chiol´ero RL.

CHUV BH-08.660 Rue du Bugnon 1011 Lausanne Switzerland Choudhry MA

Christ-Crain M

Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital

Petersgraben 4 4031 Basel Switzerland Christian MD

Department of Infectious Diseases and Critical Care

McMaster University 1280 Main Street Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8 Canada

Cinel I

Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Critical Care Medicine

Cooper University Hospital One Cooper Plaza

Dorrance Building, Suite 393 Camden, NJ 08103

United States

List of Contributors XV

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Claus RA

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine

Friedrich-Schiller University Hospital Erlanger Allee 101

07747 Jena Germany Clermont G

Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

607 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States Cohen J

Department of Intensive Care Royal Brisbane Hospital Herston Road

Herston, QLD 4029 Australia

Craig T

Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Clinical Science

Queen’s University Grosvenor Road Belfast, BT12 6BJ United Kingdom Cresswell AB

Liver Transplant Surgical Service Institute of Liver Studies

King’s College Hospital Denmark Hill

London, SE5 9RS United Kingdom Cuthbertson BH

Health Services Research Unit Aberdeen Hospital

Foresterhill

Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD United Kingdom Danjoux NM

Policy Analyst – Critical Care Strategy Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care 585 University Avenue NCSB 11C-1165 Toronto, ON M5G 2N2

Canada

De Block C

Department of Diabetology, Metabolism, and Clinical Nutrition University Hospital

Wilrijkstraat 10 2650 Edegem Belgium Deigner HP

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine

University Hospital Friedrich-Schiller- University

Erlanger Allee 101 07747 Jena Germany Dellinger RP

Department of Critical Care Medicine Cooper University Hospital

One Cooper Plaza

United States de Miranda S

France Dennis AM

Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh

3434 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15260 United States Deruddre S

Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicˆetre

78 avenue du Général Leclerc 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre France

XVI List of Contributors

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Desebbe O

Medical Intensive Care Unit Hˆopital de Brabois

Tour Drouet 6

54500 Vandoeuvre les Nancy France

Deutschman C

University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

3400 Spruce Street

Philadelphia, PA 19104–4283 United States

Diedler J

Neurological Intensive Care Unit University Hospital

Im Neuenheimer Feld 400 69120 Heidelberg

Germany

dos Reis Miranda D

3000 CA Rotterdam Netherlands Duffy M

Regional Intensive Care Unit Royal Group of Hospitals Grosvenor Road

Belfast, BT12 6BA United Kingdom Duranteau J

Enkhbaatar P

Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch 610 Texas Avenue

Galveston, TX 77555 United States

Ertmer C

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care

University Hospital Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33 48149 Muenster

Germany Evans TW

Department of Critical Care Royal Brompton Hospital Sydney Street

London SW3 6NP United Kingdom Fallaha D

Department of Intensive Care Aberdeen Hospital

Foresterhill

Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD United Kingdom Ferguson ND

Department of Critical Care Toronto Western Hospital 399 Bathurst Street, F2–150 Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada

Ferrer M

Department of Pneumology Hospital Clinic

Villarroel 170 080036 Barcelona Spain

Flanagan JL

Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care University of California Box 0542; Room Science 255 513 Parnassus Avenue San Francisco, CA 94143 United States

Fueyo A

Department of Functional Biology Instituto Universitario de Oncologia del Principado de Asturias

Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo

Spain

List of Contributors XVII

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Ganter MT

Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care University of California

1001 Potrero Avenue, Room 3c-38 San Francisco, CA 94110

United States Gauvin F

Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine

Sainte-Justine Hospital 3175 Cˆote Sainte-Catherine Montreal, QB H3T 1C5 Canada

Gommers D

3000 CA Rotterdam Netherlands Grecu L

Boston, MA 02114 United States Griffiths RD

Division of Metabolic and Cellular Medicine

School of Clinical Science Duncan Building, UCD University of Liverpool Liverpool, LK69 3GA United Kingdom Groeneveld ABJ

Department of Adult Intensive Care Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU University Medical Center PO Box 7057

1007 MB Amsterdam Netherlands

Gulbins E

Institute of Molecular Biology University Duisburg

Hufelandstrasse 55 45122 Essen Germany Haque KN

Neonatal Department St Helier University Hospital Wrythe Lane

Carshalton, SM5 1AA United Kingdom Hasselgren P-O Department of Surgery

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center 330 Brookline Avenue ST919

Boston, MA 02215 United States Hawryluck L

Critical Care Department Toronto General Hospital

585 University Avenue NCSB 11C-1176 Toronto, ON M5G 2N2

Canada Herndon DN

Department of Surgery

Shriners Hospitals for Children 815 Market Street

Galveston, TX 77550 United States Hillis G

Department of Cardiology Aberdeen Hospital Foresterhill

Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD United Kingdom Hofer CK

Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Triemli City Hospital Birmensdorferstr. 497 8063 Zurich

Switzerland XVIII List of Contributors

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Hofstra JJ

Department of Intensive Care Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

Hollenberg SM

Divisions of Cardiovascular Disease and Critical Care Medicine

366 Dorrance Camden, NJ 08103 United States Huang SJ

Department of Intensive Care Nepean Clinical School University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2750 Australia

Idris A

Department of Surgery and Emergency Medicine

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

5323 Harry Boulevard, Mail Code 8579 Dallas, TX 75391–8579

United States Ince C

Clinical Physiology Department Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

Jean S

Department of Cardiovascular Diseases and Critical Care Medicine

United States

Jensen J-U

Department of Clinical Microbiology 445 University Hospital

Kettegard All´e 30 2650 Hvidovre Denmark Jeschke MG

Department of Surgery Shriners Hospital for Children Galveston Burns Unit

815 Market Street Galveston, TX 77550 Johnston A

Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine Royal Center for Defense Medicine and Department of Medicine University Hospital

Birmingham B15 2TT United Kingdom Jones C

Intensive Care Unit Whiston Hospital Warrington Road Prescot L35 5DR United Kingdom Jordan B

Department of Medical Statistics University of Vienna

Währinger Gürtel 18–20 1090 Vienna

Austria Kneyber MCJ

Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Office 8 D 11

PO Box 7057

Kochanek PM

Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh

3434 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15260 United States

List of Contributors XIX

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Kozek-Langenecker S

Department of Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care

Clinical Division B Medical University Währinger Gürtel 18–20 1090 Vienna

Austria Kuang D

Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation

San Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 37 36100 Vicenza Italy

Kubitz JC

Department of Anesthesiology Hamburg-Eppendorf University Martinistrasse 52

20246 Hamburg Germany Lacroix J

Lamia B

Department of Medical Intensive Care Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicˆetre

78, rue du Général Leclerc 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre France

Lapinsky SE

Department of Intensive Care Mount Sinai Hospital

600 University Avenue Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada

Laureys S

Cyclotron Research Center and Neurology Department University Hospital

Sart Tilman – B30 4000 Li`ege Belgium Lemaire LC

Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital

Heidelberglaan 100 Room Q4.2.313 3584 CX Utrecht Netherlands Leone M

Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Nord

13915 Marseille France

Levi M

Department of Internal Medicine Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

Levy B

Medical Intensive Care Unit Hˆopital de Brabois

Tour Drouet 6

Løken J

Department of Intensive Care 542 University Hospital

Kettegard All´e 30 2650 Hvidovre Denmark Luj´an M

Pulmonary Department Institut Universitari Parc Tauli Parc Tauli s/n

XX List of Contributors

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Lynch SV

Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care University of California Box 0542, Room Science 255 513 Parnassus Avenue San Francisco, CA 94143 United States

MacCallum NS

London SW3 6NP United Kingdom Maddison B

William Harvey Research Institute Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry

John Vane Building Charterhouse Square London, EC1M 6BQ United Kingdom Maizel J

Medical Intensive Care Unit Department of Nephrology CHU Sud

80054 Amiens France

Malbrain MLNG Intensive Care Unit Ziekenhuis Netwerk Campus Stuivenberg Lange Beeldekenstraat 267 2060 Antwerp

Belgium Manno EM

Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic

20 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 United States Mariano EC

Center for Executive Medicine PO Box 30907

Phoenix, AZ 85046 United States

Martin C

Martyn JAJ

Boston, MA 02114 United States Marwick T

Department of Echocardiography Princess Alexandra Hospital Ipswich Road

Brisbane, Q4102 Australia Marx G

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Friedrich Schiller University Erlanger Allee 101

07747 Jena Germany McAuley D

Belfast, BT12 6BA United Kingdom McLean AS

McLeod JA

Center for Executive Medicine PO Box 30907

Phoenix, AZ 85046 United States

List of Contributors XXI

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McSwain NE Jr

Tulane University School of Medicine Department of Surgery

1415 Tulane Avenue New Orleans, LA 70112 United States

Mellado P

Germany Metnitz P

Department of Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care University Hospital Waehringer Guertel 18–20 1090 Vienna

Austria Milbrandt EB

605 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States Millar AB

Lung Research Group

Department of Clinical Science at North Bristol

Southmead Hospital Westbury on Trym Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom Moerer O

Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency, and Intensive Care Medicine

Georg-August-University Robert-Koch-Str. 40 37075 Göttingen Germany

Mohr T

Department of Intensive Care Y13 University Hospital

2600 Glostrup Denmark Monnet X

Moreno R

Intensive Care Unit

Hospital de Santo Antonio dos Capuchos

Alameda de Santo Antonio dos Capuchos

1169–050 Lisbon Portugal

Mullan B

Belfast, BT12 6BA United Kingdom Müller B

Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital

Petersgraben 4 4031 Basel Switzerland Müller-Werdan U

Department of Medicine III Martin-Luther-University Klinikum Kröllwitz Ernst-Grube-Str. 40 06097 Halle/Saale Germany

Mu˜noz-Almagro C Microbiology Department Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Passeig Sant Joan de Deu 2 08950 Esplugues

Barcelona Spain XXII List of Contributors

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Murias G

Intensive Care Unit

Clinica Bazterrica and Clinica Santa Isabel

Juncal 3002 Capital Federal Buenos Aires Argentina Murphy N

Department of Intensive Care Queen Elisabeth Hospital Birmingham, B15 2TM United Kingdom Naidech AM

Department of Anesthesiology

& Critical Care

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 N Lake Shore Drive, 11^thfloor Chicago, IL 60611

United States Neff TA

Switzerland Nelson JE

Department of Medicine Mount Sinai School of Medicine Box 1232

One Gustave L. Levy Place New York, NY 10029 United States Norbury WB

Department of Surgery

Shriners Hospitals for Children 815 Market Street

Galveston, TX 77550 United States Odenstedt H

Sahlgrenska University Hospital Bla Straket 5

413 45 Gothenburg Sweden

O’Kane C

Department of Clinical Biochemistry Institute of Clinical Science

Queen’s University Grosvenor Road Belfast, BT12 6BJ United Kingdom Opal S

Infectious Disease Division Brown Medical School 111 Brewster Street Pawtucket, RI 02860 United States Owen AM

MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit

15 Chaucer Road Cambridge, CB2 7EF United Kingdom Pearse RM

Anesthetic Laboratory St. Bartholomew’s Hospital 5^thFloor

38 Little Britain London, EC1A 7BE United Kingdom Pelosi P

Department of Anesthesiology B Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi

Viale Borri 57 21100 Varese Italy

Pepe PE

Department of Emergency Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

United States Perel A

Sheba Medical Center 52621 Tel Hashomer Israel

List of Contributors XXIII

(22)

Pinsky MR

607 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States Plötz FB

Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Office 8 D 11

PO Box 7057

Polderman KH

Department of Intensive Care University Medical Center PO Box 7057

Pottecher J

Powner DJ

Department of Neurosurgery University of Texas Health Sciences Center

6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.154 Houston, TX 77030

United States Prins J

Department of Endocrinology Princess Alexandra Hospital Ipswich Road

Woollongabba Q 4102 Australia

Pugh RJ

Intensive Care Unit Whiston Hospital Warrington Road Prescot L35 5DR United Kingdom

Quinlan GJ

London SW3 6NP United Kingdom Quiroz-Martinez H

Department of Critical Care Toronto Western Hospital 399 Bathurst Street, F2–150 Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada

Rabinstein AR

20 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 United States Rangel-Castilla L

Department of Neurosurgery

The University of Texas Medical Branch 301 University Blvd

Galveston, TX 77555–0833 United States

Reade MC

605 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States Reinhart K

Friedrich-Schiller University Erlanger Allee 103

07743 Jena Germany Rello J

Department of Intensive Care Joan XXIII University Hospital Carrer Dr. Mallafre Guasch 4 43007 Tarragona

Spain XXIV List of Contributors

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Reuter DA

Department of Anesthesiology Hamburg-Eppendorf University Martinistrasse 52

20246 Hamburg Germany Rhodes A

General Intensive Care Unit St George’s Hospital Blackshaw Road London, SW17 0QT United Kingdom Richard C

Robertson CS

Department of Neurosurgery Baylor College of Medicine 1709 Dryden Road, Suite 750 Houston, TX 77030

United States Rocco PR

Department of Pulmonary Investigation Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute Federal University

Ilha do Fundao, 21949–900 Rio de Janeiro

Brazil Rogiers P

Medical Intensive Care Unit General Hospital

Lindendreef 1 2020 Antwerp Belgium Ronco C

Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation

San Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 37 36100 Vicenza Italy

Royakkers AANM

Department of Intensive Care Gooi-Noord Hospital

Rijksstraatweg 1 1261 AN Blaricum Netherlands Sakr Y

07743 Jena Germany Sales B

University Institute Parc Pauli Parc Tauli s/n

Sandrock C

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Davis Medical Center 2825 J Street

Sacramento, CA 95816 United States

Saxena M

Department of Anesthesia,

Intensive Care, and Pain Management Western General Hospital

Crew Road South Edinburgh, EH4 2XU United Kingdom Schmidt H

Schuerholz T

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Friedrich Schiller University Erlanger Allee 101

07747 Jena Germany

List of Contributors XXV

(24)

Schultz MJ

Sennoun N

Mecical Intensive Care Unit Hˆopital de Brabois

Tour Drouet 6

Severgnini P

Department of Ambient Health and Safety

University of Insubria 21100 Varese

Italy Sinderby C

Department of Critical Care St Michael’s Hospital 30 Bond Street

Room 4–072, Queen Wing Toronto, ONM5B 1W8 Canada

Slama M.

Medical Intensive Care Unit Service of Nephrology CHU Sud

80054 Amiens France Slooter AJC

Department of Intensive Care University Medical Center PO Box 7057

Soguel Alexander L

CHUV BH-08.660 1011 Lausanne Switzerland

Spahn DR

Switzerland Sponholz C

07743 Jena Germany Spronk PE

Steiner T

Germany Stenqvist O

Sahlgrenska University Hospital Bla Straket 5

413 45 Gothenburg Sweden

Stewart TE

Department of Intensive Care Mount Sinai Hospital

600 University Avenue Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada

Sturgess D

Department of Intensive Care Princess Alexandra Hospital Ipswich Road

Brisbane, Q4102 Australia XXVI List of Contributors

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Suarez JI

Department of Neurology University Hospitals Case Medical Center

11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44106 United States Tang B

Teboul J-L

Timsit J-F

Medical Intensive Care Unit Hˆopital Michallon

38043 Grenoble France

Torres A

Departement of Pneumology Hospital Clinic

Villarroel 170 080036 Barcelona Spain

Traber DL

Galveston, TX 77555 United States Traber LD

Galveston, TX 77555 United States

Tucci M

Underwood MJ

Department of Cardiac Surgery Bristol Heart Institute

Bristol, BS2 8HW United Kingdom Van Aken H

University Hospital Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33 48149 Muenster

Germany

van der Heijden M

Department of Intensive Care and Physiology

Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU University Medical Center PO Box 7057

van der Hoven B

3000 CA Rotterdam Netherlands Van der Poll T

Center of Infection and Immunity and Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

Room G2–130 1105 AZ Amsterdam Netherlands

List of Contributors XXVII

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van Nieuw Amerongen P Department of Intensive Care and Physiology

Institute for Cardiovascular Research VU University Medical Center PO Box 7057

Van Regenmortel N Intensive Care Unit Ziekenhuis Netwerk Campus Stuivenberg Lange Beeldekenstraat 267 2060 Antwerp

Belgium Varet J

Lung Research Group

Department of Clinical Science at North Bristol

Southmead Hospital Westbury on Trym Bristol, BS10 5NB United Kingdom Venkatesh B

Department of Intensive Care Princess Alexandra Hospital Ipswich Road

Woollongabba, Q4102 Australia

Vieillard-Baron A

Medical Intensive Care Unit Hˆopital Ambroise Par´e 9, avenue Charles de Gaulle 92104 Boulogne

France Visintini P

Wan S

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital

Hong Kong

People’s Republic of China

Weiss YG

Department of Anesthesiology & CCM Hadassah Medical Organization Kiryat Hadassah

P.OB 12000 Jerusalem, 91120 Israel

Wendon JA

Institute of Liver Studies King’s College Hospital Denmark Hill

London, SE5 9RS United Kingdom Werdan K

Westphal M

University Hospital Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33 48149 Münster

Germany Whitehouse T

Department of Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital

Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom Wiedermann CJ

Division of Internal Medicine 2 Department of Medicine Central Hospital L. Böhler Street 5 39100 Bolzano Italy

Wiener-Kronish J

Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care University of California Box 0542, Room Science 255 513 Parnassus Avenue San Francisco, CA 94143 United States

XXVIII List of Contributors

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Wigginton JG

Department of Surgery and Emergency Medicine

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

United States Wijdicks EFM

20 First Street SW Rochester, MN 55905 United States Wilson J

General Intensive Care Unit St George’s Hospital Blackshaw Road London, SW17 0QT United Kingdom

Young PJ

Department of Critical Care Queen Elizabeth Hospital King’s Lynn, PE30 4ET United Kingdom Zenker S

607 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15261 United States

List of Contributors XXIX

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Common Abbreviations

ALI Acute lung injury

APACHE Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome

BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage

CABG Coronary artery bypass grafting CBF Cerebral blood flow

CNS Central nervous system

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CRP C-reactive protein

CSF Cerebrospinal fluid CT Computed tomography CVP Central venous pressure

DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation EKG Electrocardiogram

HSP Heat shock protein

ICAM Intercellular adhesion molecule ICP Intracranial pressure

ICU Intensive care unit IFN Interferon

IL Interleukin

LDL Low density lipoprotein LPS Lipopolysaccharide MAP Mean arterial pressure

MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase MCP Monocyte chemoattractant protein MOF Multiple organ failure

MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NF-κB Nuclear factor-kappa B NO Nitric oxide

NOS Nitric oxide synthase PAF Platelet activating factor PAI Plasminogen activator inhibitor PAOP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure RBC Red blood cell

ROS Reactive oxygen species

SAPS Simplified acute physiology score

SIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome