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Restorative Justice, Bologna, October 18 Michael Tonry, Bio and Abstract * * * * Bio

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Restorative Justice, Bologna, October 18 Michael Tonry, Bio and Abstract

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Bio

Michael Tonry is McKnight Presidential Professor of Criminal Law and Policy and director of the Institute on Crime and Public Policy at the University of Minnesota. Previously he was Professor of Law and Public Policy and director of the Institute of Criminology at the University of Cambridge. He has advised governments in the United States, Canada, England and Wales, the Netherlands, Germany, and Sweden on a variety of criminal law subjects. He is author of ten books and editor of dozens on a wide range of topics including sentencing, community penalties, imprisonment, criminal law theory, and punishment philosophy.

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Abstract

Restorative Justice offers approaches for dealing with crime, disorder, and antisocial behavior can ameliorate the alienation, stigmatization, and expense associated with traditional criminal justice processes. It can replace the cold formalism of the criminal law with human interactions that take account of the distinctive characteristics and circumstances of individual victims and offenders and aspire to positive agreed outcomes that rebuild relationships and communities. Many, probably all, pre-modern societies resolved disputes by means of processes that resemble contemporary restorative justice. Some modern Inuit communities in North America, aboriginal communities in Australia, and Maori communities in New Zealand still do. Contemporary restorative justice initiatives data from establishment of hundreds of Victim Offender Reconciliation Programs in the United States if the 1970s and conferencing and sentencing circles initiatives, patterned on pre-modern models, in the 1980s and 1990s in many countries.

A sizable, moderately sophisticated literature has accumulated on the effects of these new initiatives on future offending, compliance with agreed outcomes, and victim and offender satisfaction. Some European countries, especially in Scandinavia, have incorporated mediation into their criminal justice systems.

Conferencing and circle systems tend to operate outside the criminal justice system, with some exceptions, most notably in Australia and New Zealand. Restorative justice programs of various sorts are operated by schools, police, prosecutors’ offices, courts, and prisons.

La giustizia riparativa offre approcci alla gestione della criminalità, del disordine e dei comportamenti antisociali che possono migliorare l’alienazione, la stigmatizzazione e i costi associati alle misure del sistema di giustizia penale tradizionale. Può sostituire il freddo formalismo della legge penale con interazioni umane che tengano conto delle peculiari caratteristiche e circostanze delle vittime e degli

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autori e aspira a ottenere una soluzione condivisa ai problemi creati dal comportamento criminale o deviante che sia in grado di ricostruire le relazioni e rinsaldare le comunità.

Molte, forse tutte, le società pre-moderne risolvevano i conflitti attraverso procedure che assomigliano molto alle pratiche contemporanee di giustizia riparativa. Alcune comunità Inuit contemporanee nel Nord America, le comunità aborigene in Australia e quelle Maori in Nuova Zelanda ancora lo fanno. I programmi di giustizia riparativa che si praticano oggi negli Stati Uniti prendono spunto dalle centinaia di Programmi di Riconciliazione tra Vittime e Autori degli anni Settanta e dalle “conferenze circolari” sviluppate negli anni Ottanta e Novanta in molti Stati, che si basano su quei modelli premoderni. Una ragguardevole mole di letteratura ha raccolto dati sugli effetti che tali iniziative hanno avuto sulla recidiva, sull’adempimento a quanto previsto nelle decisioni condivise, e sulla soddisfazione di vittime e di autori. Alcuni paesi Europei, specialmente in Scandinavia, hanno incorporato la mediazione nei loro sistemi di giustizia penale. Le pratiche di “conferenze circolari” tendono invece a svilupparsi fuori dal sistema penale, con alcune eccezioni in particolare in Australia e Nuova Zelanda. Programmi di giustizia riparativa di vario genere sono presente nelle pratiche di scuole, forze di polizia, uffici dei procuratori, corti e prigioni.

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