TAP WATER VS BOTTLED WATER:

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www.aqua www.aquawww.aqua www.aqua----syn.eusyn.eusyn.eusyn.eu con con con

con il patrocinio il patrocinio il patrocinio il patrocinio didididi Regione Siciliana

Assessorato Regionale dell’Istruzione e Formazione Professionale Dipartimento Regionale dell’Istruzione e Formazione Professionale

UNIVERSITÀ degli STUDI di CATANIA Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche,

Chirurgiche

e Tecnologie Avanzate "F. G. Ingrassia"

Ordine dei Tecnologi Alimentari di Sicilia e Sardegna

Catania (Italy), 19 March Catania (Italy), 19 March Catania (Italy), 19 March

Catania (Italy), 19 March 2015201520152015

WORKSHOP WORKSHOP WORKSHOP WORKSHOP

LA QUALITÀ DELLE ACQUE MINERALI NATURALI LA QUALITÀ DELLE ACQUE MINERALI NATURALI LA QUALITÀ DELLE ACQUE MINERALI NATURALI LA QUALITÀ DELLE ACQUE MINERALI NATURALI

THE THE THE

THE QUALITY OF NATURAL MINERAL WATERQUALITY OF NATURAL MINERAL WATERQUALITY OF NATURAL MINERAL WATERQUALITY OF NATURAL MINERAL WATER

Tap Water vs Bottled Tap Water vs Bottled Tap Water vs Bottled

Tap Water vs Bottled Water: Quality Water: Quality Water: Quality MattersWater: Quality MattersMattersMatters Acque

Acque Acque

Acque del rubinetto vs acqua in botiglie: del rubinetto vs acqua in botiglie: del rubinetto vs acqua in botiglie: aspetti del rubinetto vs acqua in botiglie: aspetti aspetti qualitativiaspetti qualitativiqualitativiqualitativi Prof.

Prof.Prof.

Prof. MiquelMiquelMiquelMiquel SalgotSalgotSalgot–Salgot–– University of Barcelona–University of BarcelonaUniversity of BarcelonaUniversity of Barcelona

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TAP WATER VS BOTTLED WATER:

QUALITY MATTERS

AC Q U E D E L RU B I N E T TO V S AC Q U E D E L RU B I N E T TO V S AC Q U E D E L RU B I N E T TO V S AC Q U E D E L RU B I N E T TO V S AC Q UA I N B OT I G L I E :

AC Q UA I N B OT I G L I E :

A S P E T T I Q UA L I TAT I V I

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Miquel Miquel Miquel

Miquel Salgot Salgot Salgot Salgot

Soil Science Unit Soil Science Unit Soil Science Unit Soil Science Unit and

and and and

Water Research Institute Water Research Institute Water Research Institute Water Research Institute Water Research Institute Water Research Institute Water Research Institute Water Research Institute University of Barcelona University of Barcelona University of Barcelona University of Barcelona Spain

Spain Spain

Spain

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DRINKING WATER

Tap Tap Tap Tap Bottle Bottle Bottle Bottle

Domestic filters Domestic filters Domestic filters Domestic filters Fountains

Fountains Fountains Fountains Wells

Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells Wells

Cisterns Cisterns Cisterns Cisterns

Other (public vendors…)

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USES OF BOTTLED WATER USES OF BOTTLED WATER USES OF BOTTLED WATER USES OF BOTTLED WATER USES OF BOTTLED WATER USES OF BOTTLED WATER USES OF BOTTLED WATER USES OF BOTTLED WATER

- Drinking Drinking Drinking Drinking

- Preparing Tea & Coffee Preparing Tea & Coffee Preparing Tea & Coffee Preparing Tea & Coffee - Cooking Cooking Cooking Cooking

- Cleaning teeth Cleaning teeth Cleaning teeth Cleaning teeth - Ironing Ironing Ironing Ironing

- Lab analysis Lab analysis Lab analysis Lab analysis - Lab analysis Lab analysis Lab analysis Lab analysis

- Personal reserve in trips Personal reserve in trips Personal reserve in trips Personal reserve in trips

- Other Other Other Other

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BOTTLED WATER

An industry on the move!

The public supports this beverage’s popularity The public supports this beverage’s popularity The public supports this beverage’s popularity The public supports this beverage’s popularity

¹¹¹¹

There are people and organizations which do not!

What are you drinking? When? With or without bottle?

1: Hogan, C. (Water Technology, Feb. 1, 2015)

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FIGHTING AGAINST…

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NOWADAYS NOWADAYS NOWADAYS NOWADAYS NOWADAYS NOWADAYS NOWADAYS NOWADAYS

Most of what we eat and drink comes in a Most of what we eat and drink comes in a Most of what we eat and drink comes in a Most of what we eat and drink comes in a package

package package package

Reasons for choosing bottled water Reasons for choosing bottled water Reasons for choosing bottled water Reasons for choosing bottled water

---- Refreshing taste Refreshing taste Refreshing taste Refreshing taste ---- Healthfulness Healthfulness Healthfulness Healthfulness ---- Reliable quality Reliable quality Reliable quality Reliable quality

---- Zero calories and additives Zero calories and additives Zero calories and additives Zero calories and additives ---- Zero calories and additives Zero calories and additives Zero calories and additives Zero calories and additives ---- Convenience Convenience Convenience Convenience

---- Safety Safety Safety Safety ---- Value Value Value Value

Is there a difference with tap water

Is there a difference with tap water? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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ONCE UPON A TIME (50 YEARS AGO)

Bottled water was sold in Pharmacies Bottled water was sold in Pharmacies Bottled water was sold in Pharmacies Bottled water was sold in Pharmacies - Minero Minero----medicinal Minero Minero medicinal medicinal medicinal

- Purgative Purgative Purgative Purgative - Purgative Purgative Purgative Purgative

- Stomach Stomach----ache Stomach Stomach ache ache ache - Diarrhoea Diarrhoea Diarrhoea Diarrhoea

- … … … …

BUT BEFORE

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HISTORY

The need to carry (safe) water goes back to The need to carry (safe) water goes back to The need to carry (safe) water goes back to The need to carry (safe) water goes back to

the very first society: hunters, groups on the very first society: hunters, groups on the very first society: hunters, groups on the very first society: hunters, groups on the move needed containers to transport the move needed containers to transport the move needed containers to transport the move needed containers to transport water with them

water with them water with them water with them

Goatskins, gourds, clay pots…

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RELIGION OR BUSINESS?

The veneration of spring waters thousands of years ago was at the beginning

Magic?

Magic? Magic?

Magic?: : the water came to the surface, literally flowing out of rock, could not be easily explained, much less the

mysterious minerals, carbonation, heat and smells of the strange waters… (from the hell: no business)

Springs and wells were better explained by a divine

presence (business)

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MYSTICS

Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous Stories from around the world speak of waters with miraculous

healing powers healing powers healing powers healing powers healing powers healing powers healing powers healing powers

According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or According to local legend, different wells could cure the sick or

restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to restore movement to the lame, eyesight to the blind, fertility to the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy,

the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy, the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy, the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy, the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy, the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy, the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy, the barren, relief from rickets, whooping coughs, leprosy, paralysis…

paralysis…

Spring waters really can have curative powers

Spring waters really can have curative powers Spring waters really can have curative powers

Spring waters really can have curative powers

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BEGINNINGS

The medieval market for The medieval market for The medieval market for

The medieval market for holy waters holy waters holy waters holy waters provided the original template provided the original template provided the original template provided the original template for the commercial branding of water, satisfying the demands of for the commercial branding of water, satisfying the demands of for the commercial branding of water, satisfying the demands of for the commercial branding of water, satisfying the demands of the the

the the pilgrimage trade (relics: bones of saints, woodchips from the pilgrimage trade (relics: bones of saints, woodchips from the pilgrimage trade (relics: bones of saints, woodchips from the pilgrimage trade (relics: bones of saints, woodchips from the holy cross, Holy

holy cross, Holy holy cross, Holy

holy cross, Holy L L Land water, Jordan river water…) L and water, Jordan river water…) and water, Jordan river water…) and water, Jordan river water…)

The next development was the practice of “taking the waters” in The next development was the practice of “taking the waters” in The next development was the practice of “taking the waters” in The next development was the practice of “taking the waters” in

person, at spas person, at spas person, at spas person, at spas person, at spas person, at spas person, at spas person, at spas In the late 1800s In the late 1800s In the late 1800s

In the late 1800s’ people were able, thanks to the development of ’ people were able, thanks to the development of ’ people were able, thanks to the development of ’ people were able, thanks to the development of bottling technology, to take home the waters from the spa, and bottling technology, to take home the waters from the spa, and bottling technology, to take home the waters from the spa, and bottling technology, to take home the waters from the spa, and the bottled water market took off

the bottled water market took off the bottled water market took off the bottled water market took off

Drinking water. A history. Salzman (2012) Overlook Duckwood

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MORE HISTORY

Vicus Vicus Vicus Vicus Vicus Vicus Vicus

Vicus calidus calidus calidus calidus calidus calidus calidus calidus – – – – – – – – Vichy: Julius Vichy: Julius Vichy: Julius Vichy: Julius Vichy: Julius Vichy: Julius Vichy: Julius Vichy: Julius Caesar Caesar Caesar Caesar Caesar Caesar Caesar Caesar Fachingen

Fachingen Fachingen Fachingen Fachingen Fachingen Fachingen

Fachingen near near near near near near near near Wiesbaden: Goethe Wiesbaden: Goethe Wiesbaden: Goethe Wiesbaden: Goethe Wiesbaden: Goethe Wiesbaden: Goethe Wiesbaden: Goethe Wiesbaden: Goethe Aachen

Aachen Aachen Aachen Aachen Aachen Aachen

Aachen////////Aix Aix Aix Aix Aix---la Aix Aix Aix la la la la la la la---Chapelle Chapelle Chapelle Chapelle Chapelle////////Aquisgran Chapelle Chapelle Chapelle Aquisgran Aquisgran Aquisgran Aquisgran ((((((((Aquis Aquisgran Aquisgran Aquisgran Aquis Aquis Aquis Aquis Aquis Aquis Aquis grani grani grani grani grani grani grani grani////////um um um um um um um um): Karl der ): Karl der ): Karl der ): Karl der ): Karl der ): Karl der ): Karl der ): Karl der Grosse Grosse Grosse Grosse Grosse Grosse Grosse Grosse

Pilgrimages also led to holy water Pilgrimages also led to holy water Pilgrimages also led to holy water Pilgrimages also led to holy water Pilgrimages also led to holy water Pilgrimages also led to holy water Pilgrimages also led to holy water Pilgrimages also led to holy water

--- Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business Entrepreneurial church officials created intriguing business opportunities (from Greek times and even before)

opportunities (from Greek times and even before)

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Remember: Many pilgrims wanted to bring water back with them for the family

Was it real or a fake? How to demonstrate?

Bottled water marketing: each holy well produced its own special flasks that could only be

obtained at that site obtained at that site

Ceramic works with special seals: water branding

through packaging

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What if you take the water home with you?

Business!!!!!!!

Spas developed a vigorous trade in bottled mineral waters

From Poland spring (1845) and Vittel (1855) on,

rapid advances in bottling technology and

industrial processes: large-scale production

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Bottled water remained safe for long periods of time far from its original source (maintaining quality)

The rapid growth of the bottled water market can be attributed to a number of fortunate events

- Bottling technology

- Railroad development: dependable railroad lines

to spa towns brought more people, which

increased the interest in and knowledge of

their waters; freight rail made transport of

heavy bottles feasible and affordable

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Large amounts of bottled mineral water could be transported far distances to people who had enjoyed the waters at their origin or, even

more important, had never even visited there

at all

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- Water is now viewed as much as a commodity as a public good

- The highest-margin product in restaurants and

convenience stores (airports) for far more

than gasoline …

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In the USA today, at a time when more clean tap water is delivered to more people than ever before, sales of bottled water are gushing through the roof

In the face of this growth, environmentalists, church

groups (no more business), and local governments have turned their sights on bottled water, denouncing the packaging waste and transport impacts (loval

the packaging waste and transport impacts (loval market)

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WATER AND ENERGY

The amount of water and energy used to produce bottled The amount of water and energy used to produce bottled The amount of water and energy used to produce bottled The amount of water and energy used to produce bottled

water is less than for the other types of packaged water is less than for the other types of packaged water is less than for the other types of packaged water is less than for the other types of packaged beverages

beverages beverages

beverages

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RATIONALE

There is a discussion on the choice of bottled water There is a discussion on the choice of bottled water There is a discussion on the choice of bottled water There is a discussion on the choice of bottled water

for drinking for drinking for drinking for drinking

Even towns are trying to fight against the use of Even towns are trying to fight against the use of Even towns are trying to fight against the use of Even towns are trying to fight against the use of

bottled water bottled water bottled water bottled water

Is there a problem of quality or a waste management Is there a problem of quality or a waste management Is there a problem of quality or a waste management Is there a problem of quality or a waste management

problem

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IS QUALITY / SAFETY THE QUESTION?

In some cases, bottled water regulations are In some cases, bottled water regulations are In some cases, bottled water regulations are In some cases, bottled water regulations are

substantially more stringent than for tap water substantially more stringent than for tap water substantially more stringent than for tap water substantially more stringent than for tap water b

b b

but also conversely ut also conversely ut also conversely ut also conversely

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SAFETY / HEALTH

Is it safe to drink water?

Is it safe to drink bottled water?

Is it safe to drink spring water in the field?

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HEALTH

Drinking zero Drinking zero Drinking zero

Drinking zero----calories beverages, such calories beverages, such calories beverages, such calories beverages, such as water, instead of sugary drinks is as water, instead of sugary drinks is as water, instead of sugary drinks is as water, instead of sugary drinks is regularly cited as key component of a regularly cited as key component of a regularly cited as key component of a regularly cited as key component of a more healthful lifestyle and efforts to more healthful lifestyle and efforts to more healthful lifestyle and efforts to more healthful lifestyle and efforts to more healthful lifestyle and efforts to more healthful lifestyle and efforts to more healthful lifestyle and efforts to more healthful lifestyle and efforts to reduce the prevalence of obesity in reduce the prevalence of obesity in reduce the prevalence of obesity in reduce the prevalence of obesity in adults and children

adults and children adults and children

adults and children

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HEALTH / TERMS OF DISCUSSION - Obesity Obesity Obesity Obesity

- Fluorosis (bone and teeth) Fluorosis (bone and teeth) Fluorosis (bone and teeth) Fluorosis (bone and teeth)

- Migration of bottle and cap components Migration of bottle and cap components Migration of bottle and cap components Migration of bottle and cap components - Microbiology Microbiology Microbiology Microbiology

- Economy Economy Economy Economy

- The fountain of perennial youth (a tale of several The fountain of perennial youth (a tale of several The fountain of perennial youth (a tale of several The fountain of perennial youth (a tale of several civilizations)

civilizations)

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LUCAS CRANACH THE OLD

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Ponce de León Florida

Perhaps they were

searching for health by water…

(salutem per acqua)

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SENSATIONS

Part of the attraction for bottled water is its Part of the attraction for bottled water is its Part of the attraction for bottled water is its Part of the attraction for bottled water is its

perceived purity perceived purity perceived purity perceived purity

A big part of the bottled water boom is due to A big part of the bottled water boom is due to A big part of the bottled water boom is due to A big part of the bottled water boom is due to

concerns over health and safety of tap water concerns over health and safety of tap water concerns over health and safety of tap water concerns over health and safety of tap water Is bottled water healthier than tap water?

Is bottled water healthier than tap water?

Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market Drinking water myths still alive: Is there a market

power of “natural” bottled waters and millions of power of “natural” bottled waters and millions of power of “natural” bottled waters and millions of power of “natural” bottled waters and millions of pilgrims voyage to Lourdes every year…

pilgrims voyage to Lourdes every year… pilgrims voyage to Lourdes every year…

pilgrims voyage to Lourdes every year…

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COMMON KNOWLEDGE?

Montezuma’s revenge Montezuma’s revenge Montezuma’s revenge Montezuma’s revenge Delhi Belly

Delhi Belly Delhi Belly Delhi Belly

Mummy Tummy Mummy Tummy Mummy Tummy Mummy Tummy Karachi Crouch Karachi Crouch Karachi Crouch Karachi Crouch

20 to 50% of international travelers suffer from diarrhea and 20 to 50% of international travelers suffer from diarrhea and 20 to 50% of international travelers suffer from diarrhea and 20 to 50% of international travelers suffer from diarrhea and

abdominal cramping every year abdominal cramping every year abdominal cramping every year abdominal cramping every year abdominal cramping every year abdominal cramping every year abdominal cramping every year abdominal cramping every year

Bottled water?

Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe

Europe, USA vs … , USA vs … , USA vs … , USA vs … , USA vs … , USA vs … , USA vs … , USA vs …

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DEVELOPMENT / SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS

Half a century ago, bottled water occupied a niche, elite Half a century ago, bottled water occupied a niche, elite Half a century ago, bottled water occupied a niche, elite Half a century ago, bottled water occupied a niche, elite

market market market

market – – – – a chic symbol for the healthy and wealthy a chic symbol for the healthy and wealthy a chic symbol for the healthy and wealthy a chic symbol for the healthy and wealthy

Nowadays, bottled water has become the drink of choice in Nowadays, bottled water has become the drink of choice in Nowadays, bottled water has become the drink of choice in Nowadays, bottled water has become the drink of choice in

the classroom, workplace, conferences, restaurants, the classroom, workplace, conferences, restaurants, the classroom, workplace, conferences, restaurants, the classroom, workplace, conferences, restaurants, health clubs, sporting events…

health clubs, sporting events…

Which is the primary way of drinking water: bottle or tap?

Which is the primary way of drinking water: bottle or tap? Which is the primary way of drinking water: bottle or tap?

Which is the primary way of drinking water: bottle or tap?

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Or a com- bina- tion?

How do you

clean this

bottle

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PURE WATER?

There is no pure water in nature There is no pure water in nature There is no pure water in nature There is no pure water in nature

Water dissolves a lot of substances, both organic and inorganic Water dissolves a lot of substances, both organic and inorganic Water dissolves a lot of substances, both organic and inorganic Water dissolves a lot of substances, both organic and inorganic Water’s particular nature (quality) derives from its downward path Water’s particular nature (quality) derives from its downward path Water’s particular nature (quality) derives from its downward path Water’s particular nature (quality) derives from its downward path

through the earth and its upward path as it ascends through through the earth and its upward path as it ascends through through the earth and its upward path as it ascends through through the earth and its upward path as it ascends through geological layers, emerging at the sources

geological layers, emerging at the sources geological layers, emerging at the sources geological layers, emerging at the sources

The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and The nature of the passage creates the difference: calcium and

magnesium, sodium, iron, radioactivity…

The precise composition (the terroir) depends on the local geology The precise composition (the terroir) depends on the local geology The precise composition (the terroir) depends on the local geology The precise composition (the terroir) depends on the local geology

^1,2^1,2^1,2^1,2

2. Drinking water. A history. Salzman (2012) Overlook Duckwood 1. Like wine with soils?

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REAL MEDICINE?

Sulfates and bicarbonates: gastrointestinal ailments Sulfates and bicarbonates: gastrointestinal ailments Sulfates and bicarbonates: gastrointestinal ailments Sulfates and bicarbonates: gastrointestinal ailments Calcium strengthens bones and teeth

Calcium strengthens bones and teeth Calcium strengthens bones and teeth Calcium strengthens bones and teeth Lithium: depression

Lithium: depression Lithium: depression Lithium: depression Iron: anemia

Iron: anemia Iron: anemia Iron: anemia

Also negative Also negative Also negative Also negative

Fluor: fragile bones and teeth Fluor: fragile bones and teeth Fluor: fragile bones and teeth Fluor: fragile bones and teeth

But But But But But But

But But nice nice nice nice nice nice nice nice architecture architecture architecture architecture architecture architecture architecture architecture

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The chemical content /physical characteristics of mineral waters often provided real medical benefits

Breaking-up kidney stones / Curing urinary complaints Soothe digestive complaints

Skin diseases Arthritis

Confusion Confusion

Drinking, bathing and other turments

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New niche markets:

- If your water tastes bad to you, how does it taste to your pet… How healthy is it?

USA: Pet Refresh, Woof Water…

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Why are so many people buying so much bottled water?

Is bottled water really better for you than tap water?

Should you feel guilty about it?

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Marketing: water in a bottle

Differences among brands: price or marketing

Branding: Glacier, Fiji, Arctic Falls, Poland spring…

Dasani and Aquafina: fully treated tap water + minerals added back in for taste

minerals added back in for taste

Old brands: quality and therapeutic qualities

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No longer sources but brands!

Not a single source can provide all the water sold under a name to meet the demand

Why?

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Convenience

- Store displays, vending machines, PET bottles Style

- Water snobbery, stylish bottles, water sommelier, - Water snobbery, stylish bottles, water sommelier,

water taste description: different tastes and

carbonates

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Taste

- Tap water with “bad” taste and odor, lay people can not distinguish brands, Europe is different from the States, cold suppresses taste

Fitness and Health Fitness and Health

- Alternative to soft drinks and juices

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Nutritional label:

No fat, no cholesterol, no carbohydrates Main components

Independent laboratory tests

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Cities, universities, restaurants…

restricted bottled water due to the package

Compare with ice cubes in terms of quality?

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For sure quality matters, but marketing …

is marketing

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Fortune-tellers, priests & priestess, run to occupy emergences, used to build temples and protected sources from any pollution

and protected sources from any pollution

(the present protected area)