of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2005

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Yearbook of Intensive Care

and Emergency Medicine

2005

Edited by J.-L. Vincent

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Yearbook

of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2005

Edited by J.-L. Vincent

With 168 Figures and 71 Tables

1 2

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Prof. Jean-Louis Vincent

Head, Department of Intensive Care

Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium

ISBN 3-540-23476-4 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

ISSN 0942-5381

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag.

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Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com

° Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about the application of operative techniques and medications contained in this book.

In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.

Typesetting: K+V Fotosatz, Beerfelden Printing: Strauss Offsetdruck, Mærlenbach Bookbinding: J. Schåffer, Grçnstadt

SPIN 11371182 21/3130-5 4 3 2 1 0 ± Printed on acid-free paper

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Respiratory Failure Exacerbations of COPD:

The Role of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation . . . . 3 L. Appendini, A. Patessio, and C.F. Donner

Acute Respiratory Failure after Abdominal Surgery . . . . 10 G. Ferreyra, V. Squadrone, and V.M. Ranieri

Tracheostomy in Critically Ill Patients:

The Right Technique in the Right Patient . . . . 19 P. Pelosi, A. Lombardo, and P. Severgnini

Percutaneous Tracheostomy: Past, Present,

and Future Persp ectives . . . . 30 C. Byhahn, K. Westphal, and B. Zwissler

Acute Lung Injury

Role of iNOS-derived Excessive Nitric Oxide

in the Pathogenesis of Acute Lung Injury . . . . 41 P. Enkhbaatar, J. Parkinson, and D.L. Traber

Ischemia-reperfusion Injury of the Lung: Role of Surfactant . . 49 N.P. van der Kaaij, A.J.J.C. Bogers, and B. Lachmann

Biomarkers for Pulmonary Injury in Critically Ill Patients . . . 63 R.M. Determann, M.B. Vroom, and M.J. Schultz

Pharmacology of Acute Lung Injury . . . . 73 S. Tasaka and A. Ishizaka

The Mechanism of Ventilator-induced Lung Injury:

Role of Dynamic Alveolar Mechanics . . . . 80 J. DiRocco, D. Carney, and G. Nieman

Table of Contents

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Ventilation-perfusion Distribution Analysis

to Assess Ventilatory Modes . . . 93 J. Bickenbach, R. Dembinski, and R. Kuhlen

Modulators of Ventilator-induced Lung Injury . . . 103 L.E. Ferrer and J.J. Marini

Assessment of Alveolar Recruitment: New Approaches . . . 116 G.K. Wolf and J.H. Arnold

Lung Biop sy in Acute Resp iratory Distress Syndrome . . . 129 S.Y. Donati, C. Doddoli, and L. Papazian

Cardiac Crises

The Critically Ill Cardiac Surgery Patient:

How to Avoid Postoperative Catastrophe? . . . 141 J. Boldt and A. Lehmann

B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Assess Cardiac Function

in the Critically Ill . . . 151 A.S. McLean and S.J. Huang

Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction . . . 161 W.J. Brady, A. Baer, and C.A. Ghaemmaghami

Quantifying Cardiac Dyssynchrony in Man . . . 179 M.R. Pinsky

Diastolic Heart Failure and Critical Illness . . . 197 R. Pirracchio and A. Mebazaa

Severe Heart Failure in the ICU . . . 212 F. Ginsberg and J. E. Parrillo

Weaning-induced Cardiac Dysfunction . . . 239 B. Lamia, X. Monnet, and J.L. Teboul

Circulatory Shock

Resuscitation from Circulatory Shock:

An Approach Based on Oxygen-derived Parameters . . . 249 B. Vallet, E. Wiel, and G. Lebuffe

Is There a Place for Epinephrine in the Management

of Sep tic Shock? . . . 259 B. Levy, S. Gibot, and P.E. Bollaert

Table of Contents VI

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Resuscitation

New Options for Pharmacological Management

of Cardiac Resuscitation . . . 269 M.H. Weil, W. Tang, and S. Sun

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Instructions

Provided by Emergency Medical Dispatchers . . . 280 J.G. Wigginton, L.P. Roppolo, and P.E. Pepe

Thrombolytic Therapy

During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation . . . 290 F. Spæhr and B.W. Bættiger

Suspended Animation for Delayed Resuscitation . . . 298 X. Wu, T. Drabek, and P.M. Kochanek

Intraabdominal Pressure

The Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

in the Critically Ill Patient . . . 315 T. Standl and A. Gottschalk

Non-invasive Modulation of Intraabdominal Pressure . . . 325 F. Valenza and L. Gattinoni

Severe Infections

Rational Use of Antibiotics in the ICU:

Optimum Efficacy for the Lowest Costs . . . 337 A.R.H. van Zanten and K.H. Polderman

Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics

During Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy . . . 349 W.A. Krueger, T.H. Schroeder, and M. Hansen

Impact of Methicillin Resistance on the Outcome

of Severe Staphylococcus aureus Infections . . . 360 A. Combes, C.E. Luyt, and J.L. Trouillet

Clostridiumdifficile-associated Disease . . . 369 S. Buyse, E. Azoulay, and B. Schlemmer

Table of Contents VII

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Sepsis and MOF: Basic Mechanisms

The TREMs: A Multifaceted Family of Immunoreceptors . . . 385 S. Gibot and B. Levy

Role of Mannose-Binding Lectin in Host Defense . . . 394 A.N. Tacx, M.H.L. Hart, and A.B.J. Groeneveld

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Sepsis . . . 402 J.M. Handy

Localized Coagulation Activation and Fibrin Deposition

in Critically Ill Patients . . . 412 M. Levi, G. Choi, and M. Schultz

The Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems:

Essential Regulators of the Immune Response . . . 421 D.J. van Westerloo, I.A.J. Giebelen, and T. van der Poll

Sepsis: Clinical Aspects

Severe Sepsis in the Elderly . . . 437 T.D. Girard, S.M. Opal, and E.W. Ely

Extravascular Lung Water in Sepsis . . . 449 M.Y. Kirov, V.V. Kuzkov, and L.J. Bjertnaes

Procalcitonin on the Dusty Way to the Holy Grail:

A Progress Report . . . 461 M. Christ-Crain and B. Mçller

Statins in Critical Illness . . . 477 P. Kruger, K. Kostner, and B. Venkatesh

Blood Transfusions

Anemia in Critically Ill Patients . . . 491 E. Potolidis, E. Vakouti, and D. Georgopoulos

Physiology, Benefits, and Risks

of Red Blood Cell Transfusion . . . 505 C. Marcucci, C. Madjdpour, and D.R. Spahn

Table of Contents VIII

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The Microvasculature

The Microcirculation during Wound Healing

after Oral Maxillofacial Surgical Procedures . . . 519 J.A.H. Lindeboom, K.R. Mathura, and C. Ince

Modulation of Microcirculatory Disorders

by Coagulatory Inhibitors . . . 528 J.N. Hoffmann, J.M. Fertmann, and M.D. Menger

Sublingual Capnometry in Pediatric Patients . . . 537 N.M. Mehta and J.H. Arnold

Cardiorespiratory Monitoring

New Echocardiographic Parameters of Fluid Responsiveness in Ventilated Patients . . . 553

A. Vieillard-Baron and F. Jardin

Echo and PiCCO: Friends or Foe? . . . 561 F. Michard

Lithium Dilution Cardiac Output

and Arterial Pulse Power Analysis . . . 575 J. Maynar, M. Jonas, and F. Labaien

Venous Ultrasonography in Medical Intensive Care . . . 584 S. Samy Modeliar, M.A. Sevestre-Pietri, and M. Slama

Mixed and Central Venous Oxygen Saturation . . . 592 R.M. Pearse and A. Rhodes

Cost-effectiveness of Minimally Invasive Hemodynamic

Monitoring . . . 603 M.L.N.G. Malbrain, T.J.R. De Potter, and D. Deeren

Gas Exchange Measurement in the ICU . . . 632 T.S. Walsh and F. Monaco

Neurologic Crises

Management of Large Hemispheric Infarction . . . 647 K.E. Wartenberg and S.A. Mayer

Inducing Hypothermia in the ICU:

Practical Aspects and Cooling Methods . . . 661 K.H. Polderman

Table of Contents IX

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Metabolic Alterations

Making Strong Ion Difference

the ªEuroº for Bedside Acid-Base Analysis . . . 675 J.A. Kellum

Plasma High Volume Hemofiltration:

Rationale and Early Clinical Experience . . . 686 R. Ratanarat, A. Brendolan, and C. Ronco

Liver Transplantation in the Management

of Fulminant Hepatic Failure . . . 695 M.A. Silva, E. Esmat, and D.F. Mirza

Sedation

Sedation Strategies in the Critically Ill . . . 711 S. Mehta

Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit . . . 721 E.W. Ely

Quality Issues

The Critically Ill Obese Patient: A Management Challenge . . . 737 J. Varon and P. Marik

Computers in the ICU: Fasten Your Seatbelts! . . . 745 J. Decruyenaere and K. Colpaert

Reducing ICU Mortality: To What Extent? . . . 755 P.H.J. van der Voort

Improving Palliative Care

for Patients in the Intensive Care Unit . . . 760 J.R. Curtis

Subject Index . . . 773 Table of Contents

X

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List of Contributors

Appendini L

Salvatore Maugeri Foundation IRCCS

Scientific Institute of Veruno Division of Pneumology Via Revislate 13 28010 Veruno Italy Arnold JH

Department of Anesthesia Division of Critical Care Medicine Children's Hospital

300 Longwood Ave Boston, MA 02115 USA

Azoulay E

Department of Intensive Care Medicine

HÖpital Saint-Louis 10, avenue Claude Vellefaux 75010 Paris

France Baer A

Department of Internal Medicine University of Virginia School of Medicine

Charlottesville, VA USA

Bickenbach J

Department of Anesthesiology Universitåtsklinikum Aachen Pauwelsstraûe 30

52074 Aachen Germany Bjertnaes LJ

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital 9038 Tromso Norway

Bogers AJJC Department

of Cardiothoracic Surgery Erasmus MC

PO Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam The Netherlands Boldt J

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen Bremserstraûe 79

67063 Ludwigshafen Germany

Bollaert PE Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Central

29 bld Marchal de Lattre de Tassigny

54035 Nancy France Bættiger BW

Department of Anesthesiology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 69120 Heidelberg Germany Brady WJ

Brendolan A

Department of Nephrology San Bortolo Hospital Viala Rodolfi 37 3610 Vicenza Italy

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List of Contributors XII

Buyse S Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Saint-Louis 10, avenue Claude Vellefaux 75010 Paris

France Byhahn C

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine J.-W.-Goethe-University Hospital Center

Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 D-60590 Frankfurt Germany

Carney D

Department of Surgery Upstate Medical University 750 E Adams St

Syracuse, NY 13210 USA

Choi G Department

of Intensive Care Medicine

Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam

Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Christ-Crain M

Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital

Petersgraben 4 4031 Basel Switzerland Colpaert K Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Ghent University Hospital 185 De Pintelaan 9000 Ghent Belgium Combes A Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Institute of Cardiology

Groupe Hospitalier Piti-Salptri re 47, boulevard de l'HÖpital

75651 Paris cdex 13 France

Curtis JR

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Harborview Medical Center, Box 359762

325 Ninth Avenue Seattle, WA 98104-2499 USA

Deeren D

Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Gasthuisberg Herestraat 49

3000 Leuven Belgium Decruyenaere J Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Ghent University Hospital 185 De Pintelaan 9000 Ghent Belgium Dembinski R Anesthesiology Clinic Universitåtsklinikum Aachen Pauwelsstraûe 30

52074 Aachen Germany De Potter TJR

Department of Cardiology Cardiovascular Center OLV Hospital Moorselbaan 164 9300 Aalst Belgium Determann RM Department

of Intensive Care Medicine G3-228

Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands DiRocco J

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List of Contributors XIII

Doddoli C

Department of Thoracic Surgery HÖpital Ste Marguerite

13009 Marseille France Donati SY Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Ste Marguerite 13009 Marseille France Donner CF

Scientific Institute of Veruno Division of Pneumology Via Revislate 13 28010 Veruno Italy Drabek T Department

of Critical Care Medicine Safar Center for Resuscitation Research

University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

3434 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA

Enkhbaatar P

Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch 610 Texas Avenue

Galveston, TX 77555-0833 USA

Ely EW

Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine

Center for Health Sciences Research 6th Floor Medical Center East #6109 Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37232-8300

USA Esmat E The Liver Unit

3rd Floor Nuffield House Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham B15 23TH United Kingdom

Ferreyra G

Department of Anesthesiology Ospedale S. Giovanni Battista Corso Dogliotti 14

10126 Torino Italy Ferrer LE Regions Hospital 640 Jackson Street St. Paul, MN 55101 USA

Fertmann JM

Department of Surgery Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich-Groûhadern Marchioninistraûe 15 81377 Mçnchen Germany Gattinoni L

Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine IRCCS

Ospedale Maggiore di Milano Via F. Sforza 35

20122 Milan Italy

Georgopoulos D Department

of Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Heraklion Greece

Ghaemmaghami CA

Gibot S Department

54035 Nancy France Giebelen IAJ

Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine

Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9, C2-321 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands

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List of Contributors XIV

Ginsberg F

Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden

University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey One Robert Wood Johnson Place New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1977 USA

Girard TD

Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine

Center for Health Sciences Research 6th Floor Medical Center East #6109 Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN 37232-8300

USA Gottschalk A

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Academic Hospital of the University of Cologne

Goten Straûe 1 42653 Solingen Germany Groeneveld ABJ Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre De Boelelaan 1117

1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Handy JM

The Magill Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine

Chelsea and Westminster Hospital 369 Fulham Road

London United Kingdom Hansen M

Department of Anesthesiology Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus Auerbachstraûe 110 70376 Stuttgart Germany Hart MHL Sanquin Research

Central Laboratory for Blood Transfusion Services Plesmanlaan 125 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands

Hoffmann JN

Department of Surgery Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich-Groûhadern Marchioninistraûe 15 81377 Munich Germany Huang SJ Department

of Intensive Care Medicine University of Sidney Nepean Campus PO Box 63 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia

Ince C

Department of Physiology Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Ishizaka A

Division of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Medicine

Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-8582

Japan Jardin F Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Ambroise Par

9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle 92104 Boulogne cdex France

Jonas M Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Southampton Hospitals University Trust

Tremona Road

Southampton SO16 7BQ United Kingdom KellumJA Department

of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15216 USA

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List of Contributors XV

Kirov MY

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Northern State Medical University Troitsky Avenue 51

163000 Arkhangelsk Russian Federation Kochanek PM Department

of Critical Care Medicine Safar Center for Resuscitation Research

Kostner K

Department of Medicine University of Queensland Princess Alexandra

& Wesley Hospitals Brisbane, Queensland 4102 Australia

Krueger WA

Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital

Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tçbingen Germany Kruger P

Department of Intensive Care University of Queensland Princess Alexandra

& Wesley Hospitals Brisbane, Queensland, 4102 Australia

Kuhlen R

Department of Anesthesiology Universitåtsklinikum Aachen Pauwelsstraûe 30

52074 Aachen Germany Kuzkov VV

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Northern State Medical University Troitsky Avenue 51

163000 Arkhangelsk Russian Federation

Labaien F Department

Santiago Apostol University Hospital Olaguibel 29

01004 Vitoria Spain Lachmann B

Department of Anesthesiology Erasmus MC

PO Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam The Netherlands Lamia B

Medical Intensive Care Unit CHU de Bictre

78, Av du gnral Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin Bictre Cedex France

Lebuffe G Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Claude Huriez Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rue Michel Polonowski 59037 Lille Cedex France

Lehmann A

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen Bremserstr. 79

67063 Ludwigshafen Germany

Levi M

Department of Internal Medicine Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Levy B

Department

54035 Nancy France

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List of Contributors XVI

LindeboomJAH Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Lombardo A Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi Viale Borri 57 21100 Varese Italy Luyt CE Department

75651 Paris Cedex 13 France

Madjdpour C

1011 Lausanne Switzerland Malbrain MLNG Department

of Intensive Care Medicine ZiekenhuisNetwerk Campus Stuivenberg Lange Beeldekensstraat 267 2606 Antwerpen 6 Belgium

Marcucci C

1011 Lausanne Switzerland Marik P

Department of Medicine Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA

USA Marini JJ

Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care

Regions Hospital 640 Jackson Street St. Paul, MN 55101 USA

Mathura KR

Department of Physiology Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Mayer SA

Division of Stroke and Critical Care Neurological Institute

710 West 168th Street New York, NY 10032 USA

Maynar J Department

Santiago Apostol University Hospital Olaguibel 29

01004 Vitoria Spain McLean AS Department

of Intensive Care Medicine University of Sidney Nepean Campus PO Box 63 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia

Mebazaa A

Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and SMUR Lariboisi re University Hospital University Paris VII

2 rue Ambroise Par

75475 Paris Cdex France

Mehta NM Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Children's Hospital 30 Longwood Avenue Boston, MA 02115 USA

Mehta S

Division of Critical Care Medicine and Respirology

Department of Medicine Mount Sinai Hospital

600 University Avenue, Suite 1825A Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5 Canada

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List of Contributors XVII

Menger MD Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery University of Saarland 66421 Homburg Germany Michard F

Surgical Intensive Care Unit Marie Lannelongue Hospital University Paris XI 133 avenue de la Rsistance 92350 le Plessis Robinson France

Mirza DF Liver Unit

3rd Floor Nuffield House Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham B15 23TH United Kingdom Monaco F

Medical Intensive Care Unit Department of Surgical and Anesthesiological Sciences Federico Secondo of Naples Via Pansini 5

80100 Naples Italy Monnet X

Mçller B

Department of Internal Medicine University Hospitals

Petersgraben 4 4031 Basel Switzerland Nieman G

Opal SM

Infectious Disease Division Brown University School of Medicine

Providence, RI USA

Papazian L Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Sainte-Marguerite 13009 Marseille

France Parkinson J

Department of Immunology Berlex Biosciences

Richmond, CA USA

Parrillo JE Cardiovascular

and Critical Care Services Cooper University Hospital One Cooper Plaza Camden, NJ 08103 USA

Patessio A

Scientific Institute of Veruno Division of Pneumology Via Revislate 13 28010 Veruno Italy Pearse RM Department

of Intensive Care Medicine 1st Floor St James' wing St. George's Hospital Blackshaw Road London SW17 0QT United Kingdom Pelosi P Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi Viale Borri 57 21100 Varese Italy Pepe PE

Department of Emergency Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Mail Code 8579

Dallas, TX 75390-8579 USA

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List of Contributors XVIII

Pinsky MR Department

of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine

606 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA

Pirracchio R

Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and SMUR Lariboisi re University Hospital University Paris VII

2 rue Ambroise Par

75475 Paris Cdex France

Polderman KH Department

of Intensive Care Medicine VU University Medical Center PO Box 7057

1007 MB Amsterdam The Netherlands Potolidis E Department

of Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Heraklion Greece Ranieri VM

10126 Torino Italy Ratanarat R

Department of Nephrology San Bortolo Hospital Viala Rodolfi 37 3610 Vicenza Italy Rhodes A Department

of Intensive Care Medicine 1st Floor St James' wing St. George's Hospital Blackshaw Road London SW17 0QT United Kingdom

Ronco C

Department of Nephrology St. Bortolo Hospital Viale Rodolfi 36100 Vicenza Italy

Roppolo LP

Department of Surgery

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Mail Code 8579

Samy Modeliar S

Department of Intensive Care Nephrology

CHU Sud

80054 Amiens Cedex 1 France

Schlemmer B Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Saint-Louis 10, avenue Claude Vellefaux 75010 Paris

France Schroeder TH

Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3 72076 Tçbingen Germany Schultz MJ

Department of Intensive Care and Laboratory of Experimental Medicine

Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam

Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Severgnini P Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi Viale Borri 57 21100 Varese Italy

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List of Contributors XIX

Sevestre-Pietri MA

CHU Sud

Silva MA Liver Unit

3rd Floor Nuffield House Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham B15 23TH United Kingdom Slama M

CHU Sud

Spahn DR

1011 Lausanne Switzerland Spæhr F

Department of Anesthesiology University of Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 110 69120 Heidelberg Germany Squadrone V

10126 Torino Italy Standl T

Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine Academic Hospital

of the University of Cologne Goten Straûe 1

42653 Solingen Germany Sun S

Institute of Critical Care 1695 North Sunrise Way, Bldg. #3 Palm Springs, CA 92262 USA

Tacx AN Department

of Intensive Care Medicine VU Medical Centre De Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands Tang W

Tasaka S

Division of Pulmonary Medicine Department of Medicine

Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-8582

Japan Teboul JL

Traber DL

Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch 610 Texas Avenue

Galveston, TX 77555-0833 USA

Trouillet JL Department

75651 Paris cdex 13 France

Vakouti E Department

of Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Heraklion Greece Valenza F

Institute of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Ospedale Maggiore di Milano IRCCS

Via F. Sforza 35 20122 Milan Italy

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List of Contributors XX

Vallet B

Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Claude Huriez Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rue Michel Polonowski 59037 Lille cdex France

van der Kaaij NP Department

of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Erasmus MC

PO Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam The Netherlands van der Poll T

Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine & AIDS Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9, C2-321 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands van der Voort PHJ Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Leeuwarden Medical Center P.O. Box 888

8901 BR Leeuwarden The Netherlands van Westerloo DJ

Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine

Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9, C2-321 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands van Zanten ARH Department

of Intensive Care Medicine Gelderse Vallei Hospital Willy Brandtlaan 10 6710 HN Ede The Netherlands Varon J

The University of Texas Health Science Center

St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital 2219 Dorington

Houston, TX 77030 USA

Venkatesh B Department

of Intensive Care Medicine University of Queensland Princess Alexandra

& Wesley Hospitals Brisbane, Queensland, 4102 Australia

Vieillard-Baron A Department

of Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Ambroise Par

9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle 92104 Boulogne cdex France

VroomMB Department

of Intensive Care Medicine G3-228

Academic Medical Center Meibergdreef 9

1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Walsh TS

Department of Anesthetics, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine Edinburgh Royal Infirmary Little France Crescent Edinburgh EH16 2SA Scotland

Wartenberg KE

Division of Stroke and Critical Care Neurological Institute

710 West 168th Street New York, NY 10032 USA

Weil MH

Westphal K

Department of Anesthesiology J.-W.-Goethe-University Hospital Center Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 D-60590 Frankfurt Germany

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List of Contributors XXI

Wiel E

Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine HÖpital Claude Huriez Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rue Michel Polonowski 59037 Lille Cedex France

Wigginton JG

Department of Surgery

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Mail Code 8579

Wolf GK

Department of Anesthesia Division of Critical Care Medicine Children's Hospital

300 Longwood Ave Boston, MA 02115 USA

Wu XDepartment

of Intensive Care Medicine Safar Center for Resuscitation Research

Zwissler B

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine J.-W.-Goethe-University Hospital Center

Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 60590 Frankfurt Germany

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ALI Acute lung injury

AMI Acute myocardial infarction APC Activated protein C

ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome ATP Adenosine triphosphate

BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage CHF Congestive heart failure CNS Central nervous system

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPB Cardiopulmonary bypass

CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CRP C-reactive protein

CT Computed tomography

CVP Central venous pressure

DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

DO2 Oxygen delivery EDV End-diastolic volume EKG Electrocardiogram EVLW Extravascular lung water FiO2 Inspired oxygen fraction

HFOV High frequency oscillatory ventilation HIV Human immunodeficiency virus IAP Intraabdominal pressure ICU Intensive care unit IFN Interferon

IL Interleukin LPS Lipopolysaccharide MAP Mean arterial pressure MOF Multiple organ failure MRI Magnetic resonance imaging NAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Common Abbreviations

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NF-jB Nuclear factor kappa-B NIV Non-invasive ventilation NO Nitric oxide

NOS Nitric oxide synthase PAC Pulmonary artery catheter PaO2 Partial pressure of oxygen

PAOP Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure PEEP Positive end-expiratory pressure pHi Gastric intramucosal pH RBC Red blood cell

RNA Ribonucleic acid ROS Reactive oxygen species SaO2 Arterial oxygen saturation ScvO2 Central venous oxygen saturation SvO2 Mixed venous oxygen saturation SVR Systemic vascular resistance TBI Traumatic brain injury

TEE Transesophageal echocardiography TGR Transforming growth factor TLR Toll-like receptor

TNF Tumor necrosis factor

VAP Ventilator-associated pneumonia VILI Ventilator-induced lung injury VO2 Oxygen uptake

WBC White blood cell Common Abbreviations

XXIV

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Respiratory Failure