Universit` a degli Studi di Padova
DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE MATEMATICHE, FISICHE E NATURALI Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Fisica
Tesi di Laurea Magistrale
Caratterizzazione di una nuova sorgente di plasma magnetizzato in radiofrequenza
Laureando:
Marco Marcante Matricola 1036681
Relatore:
Dott. Emilio Martines
Correlatore:
Dott. Matteo Zuin
Anno Accademico 2014-2015
■♥"#♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡
■❧ ♣❛$$♦ $✉❝❝❡$$✐✈♦ ❛❧ ♣+♦❣❡--♦ ✐♥-❡+♥❛③✐♦♥❛❧❡ ✐♥ ❢❛$❡ ❞✐ +❡❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ $✉❧❧❛ ❢✉$✐♦♥❡ -❡+♠♦♥✉✲
❝❧❡❛+❡ ❝♦♥-+♦❧❧❛-❛✱ ■❚❊❘✱ $❛+8 ✐❧ ♣+♦❣❡--♦ ❉❊▼❖♥$-+❛-✐♦♥ <♦✇❡+ <❧❛♥-✳ ❚+❛ ❣❧✐ ♦❜❜✐❡--✐✈✐
♣+✐♠❛+✐ ❞✐ ■❚❊❘ ❝✬A B✉❡❧❧♦ ❞✐ +❛❣❣✐✉♥❣❡+❡ ❧❛ ♣+♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❡ ❧✬❛✉-♦✲$♦$-❡♥-❛♠❡♥-♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♣❧❛$♠❛
❢✉$✐♦♥✐$-✐❝♦ ♣❡+ ✉♥❛ ❞✉+❛-❛ $✉♣❡+✐♦+❡ ❛✐ 60 ♠✐♥✉-✐✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛♥❞♦ ❡ ♠✐❣❧✐♦+❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ❝♦♥♦$❝❡♥③❡
$✉❧❧❛ ✜$✐❝❛ ❞❡✐ ♣❧❛$♠✐✳ ▲✬♦❜❜✐❡--✐✈♦ ♣+✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡ ❞✐ ❉❊▼❖ ❝♦♥$✐$-❡+8✱ ✐♥✈❡❝❡✱ ♥❡❧ ❞✐♠♦$-+❛+❡ ❧❛
$♦$-❡♥✐❜✐❧✐-8 ♥❡❧❧♦ $❢+✉--❛♠❡♥-♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❡♥❡+❣✐❛ -❡+♠♦♥✉❝❧❡❛+❡ ❛ ❢✉$✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥-+♦❧❧❛-❛ ♣❡+ ❧❛ ♣+♦✲
❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛ ❡❧❡--+✐❝❛✱ ❡ B✉✐♥❞✐ ❞❛+❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥♦$❝❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ❜❛$❡ ❡ ❣❧✐ $-❛♥❞❛+❞ ♣❡+ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐③③♦
❝♦♠♠❡+❝✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ -❛❧❡ -❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❉✐ ❝♦♥$❡❣✉❡♥③❛✱ ✉♥♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ♦❜❜✐❡--✐✈✐ ❝+✉❝✐❛❧✐ ❞✐ ❉❊▼❖ $❛+8
❧✬❡✣❝✐❡♥③❛ ❡♥❡+❣❡-✐❝❛✱ ❡ B✉✐♥❞✐ ❧✬♦--✐♠✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ -✉--✐ ✐ $✐$-❡♠✐ ❞✐ ✉♥ +❡❛--♦+❡✳ ❚+❛ B✉❡$-✐✱
✉♥ +✉♦❧♦ ♣+✐♠❛+✐♦ A $✈♦❧-♦ ❞❛❣❧✐ ✐♥✐❡--♦+✐ ❞✐ ❢❛$❝✐ ♥❡✉-+✐ ♣❡+ ✐❧ +✐$❝❛❧❞❛♠❡♥-♦ ❛❞❞✐③✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❞❡❧
♣❧❛$♠❛✳ ■♥ ♣❛+-✐❝♦❧❛+❡✱ ❧❡ $♦+❣❡♥-✐ ✐♥ +❛❞✐♦❢+❡B✉❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐ ♣❡+ ❣❧✐ ✐♥✐❡--♦+✐ ❞✐ ❢❛$❝✐ ♥❡✉-+✐
❝❤❡ ✈❡++❛♥♥♦ ✐♥$-❛❧❧❛-✐ $✉ ■❚❊❘ $♦♥♦ ❣✐8 ✐♥ ❢❛$❡ ❞✐ $♣❡+✐♠❡♥-❛③✐♦♥❡ ❛❧ ❈♦♥$♦+③✐♦ ❘❋❳ ✐♥
❝♦❧❧❛❜♦+❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❧✬❯♥✐✈❡+$✐-8 ❞✐ <❛❞♦✈❛ ❝♦❧ ♣+♦❣❡--♦ ❙<■❉❊❘✳ ❙<■❉❊❘ A ✉♥❛ $♦+❣❡♥-❡ ❝❤❡
♣+♦❞✉❝❡ ✐♦♥✐ ❉− ❡ ❍− ❧❛✈♦+❛♥❞♦ ❛ 1 ▼❍③✳
■❧ ♣+❡$❡♥-❡ ❧❛✈♦+♦ ❞✐ -❡$✐ ❤❛ ❝♦♠❡ ♦❜❜✐❡--✐✈♦ ❧♦ $-✉❞✐♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ♥✉♦✈❛ -✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞✐ $♦+❣❡♥-❡ ❞✐
♣❧❛$♠❛ ❛ +❛❞✐♦❢+❡B✉❡♥③❛✱ ❝❤❡ ♣♦-+❡❜❜❡ ✐♥ ❢✉-✉+♦ ❡$$❡+❡ ✉-✐❧✐③③❛-❛ ♥❡❧❧❛ +❡❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥❛
♥✉♦✈❛ $♦+❣❡♥-❡ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐ ❡♥❡+❣❡-✐❝❛♠❡♥-❡ ♣✐M ❡✣❝✐❡♥-❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣✐❡❣❛+❡ ♥❡❧ ♣+♦❣❡--♦ ❉❊▼❖✳ <✐M
✐♥ ❞❡--❛❣❧✐♦ $✐ ✉-✐❧✐③③❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛♠❡+❛ ❞❛ ✈✉♦-♦✱ ❞♦✈❡ $✐ ❝❛+❛--❡+✐③③❛ ✉♥ ♣❧❛$♠❛ ♣+♦❞♦--♦ ❛--+❛✲
✈❡+$♦ ❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ -❡♥$✐♦♥❡ ❛ +❛❞✐♦❢+❡B✉❡♥③❛ ❛❞ ✉♥ ❡❧❡--+♦❞♦ ❝♦$-✐-✉✐-♦ ❞❛ ♠❛❣♥❡-✐
♣❡+♠❛♥❡♥-✐✳ ■❧ ♣❧❛$♠❛ +✐$✉❧-❛♥-❡ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❝❛+❛--❡+✐③③❛-♦ ♠✐$✉+❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ $❡❣✉❡♥-✐ B✉❛♥-✐-8✿ -❡♥$✐♦✲
♥✐ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡$❝♦ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛$♠❛ ❛❧ ✈❛+✐❛+❡ ❞❡❧ -✐♣♦ ❞✐ ❣❛$ ✉$❛-♦ ✭❛+❣♦♥✱ ❛③♦-♦✱ ❡❧✐♦✱ ♥❡♦♥✮✱ ♣+❡$$✐♦♥❡
❞❡❧ ❣❛$ ✭❞❛ ∼ 10−4 ♠❜❛+ ❛ ∼ 102 ♠❜❛+✮ ❡ ❢+❡B✉❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ❧❛✈♦+♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ $♦+❣❡♥-❡ ❞✐ -❡♥$✐♦♥❡
✭❞❛ 400 ❍③ ❛ 15 ▼❍③ ♦❧-+❡ ❛❧❧❛ ❉❈✮✳ ▲❡ ♠✐$✉+❡ $♦♥♦ $-❛-❡ ❝♦♥❢+♦♥-❛-❡ ❝♦♥ B✉❡❧❧❡ ♦--❡♥✉-❡
❞✉+❛♥-❡ ❧✬✉-✐❧✐③③♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❡❧❡--+♦❞♦ ♥♦♥ ♠❛❣♥❡-✐③③❛-♦✳ ■♥♦❧-+❡✱ A $-❛-♦ ✈❛❧✉-❛-♦ ✐❧ -❡♠♣♦ ❞✐
+✐❝♦♠❜✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♦♥✐❝❛ ✐♥ ❛+❣♦♥ ❛❧ ✈❛+✐❛+❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣+❡$$✐♦♥❡ ❡ ♣♦-❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ $♦+❣❡♥-❡ ❘❋ ♣❡+
✉♥❛ ❞❛-❛ ❢+❡B✉❡♥③❛✳ ❈♦♥ ✉♥❛ $♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐+ +❡❛❧✐③③❛-❛ ❛♣♣♦$✐-❛♠❡♥-❡ ✐♥ B✉❡$-❛ -❡$✐
♣❡+ ❧❛✈♦+❛+❡ ✐♥ ❘❋ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣❧❛$♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡-✐③③❛-♦✱ $♦♥♦ $-❛-❡ +✐❝❛✈❛-❡ ♠✐$✉+❡ ❞✐ -❡♠♣❡+❛-✉+❛
❡❧❡--+♦♥✐❝❛✱ ❞❡♥$✐-8 ✐♦♥✐❝❛ ✭✉❣✉❛❧❡ ❛ B✉❡❧❧❛ ❡❧❡--+♦♥✐❝❛✮✱ ♣♦-❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ♣❧❛$♠❛ ❡ ❢+❡B✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐
❝♦❧❧✐$✐♦♥❡ ❛❧ ✈❛+✐❛+❡ ❞❡✐ $❡❣✉❡♥-✐ ♣❛+❛♠❡-+✐✿ ❞✐$-❛♥③❛ +❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❞❛❧❧❛ $♦+❣❡♥-❡ ❘❋✱ ♣+❡$$✐♦♥❡
❞❡❧ ❣❛$✱ ❢+❡B✉❡♥③❛ ❡ ♣♦-❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ $♦+❣❡♥-❡ ❘❋✳ ➮ $-❛-❛ ❡$❡❣✉✐-❛ ✐♥♦❧-+❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♣♣❛-✉+❛ ❞❡❧
✐✐✐
✵✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯❩■❖◆❊
❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡(✐❝♦ ❣❡♥❡*❛(♦ ❞❛❧ ♠❛❣♥❡(❡ ✉(✐❧✐③③❛(♦ ❝♦♠❡ ❡❧❡((*♦❞♦✱ ✈❛❧✉(❛♥❞♦ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐
✈❛❧✐❞✐(1 ♥❡❧❧✬✐♥(❡*♣*❡(❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝✉*✈❡ ❝❛*❛((❡*✐3(✐❝❤❡ ■✲❱ ❞❡❧❧❛ 3♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐*✳
▲❛ (❡3✐ : 3(*✉((✉*❛(❛ ✐♥ ✻ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧✐ ♣*❡❝❡❞✉(✐ ❞❛❧❧❛ ♣*❡❢❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ❝❤❡ ✐♥(*♦❞✉❝❡ ❧❡ ♠♦(✐✈❛③✐♦♥✐
❞❡❧❧❛ 3❝❡❧(❛ ♥❡❧❧♦ 3(✉❞✐❛*❡ ❝♦♠❡ 3♦*❣❡♥(❡ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐ ✉♥ ♣❧❛3♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡(✐③③❛(♦ ✐♥ *❛❞✐♦❢*❡=✉❡♥③❛✳
■❧ ♣*✐♠♦ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ ❞❡3❝*✐✈❡ ❡3❛✉3(✐✈❛♠❡♥(❡ ❧✬❛♣♣❛*❛(♦ 3♣❡*✐♠❡♥(❛❧❡ ❡ ❧❛ 3(*✉♠❡♥(❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❛
❧❛❜♦*❛(♦*✐♦ ✉(✐❧✐③③❛(❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦♥❡ ❧❡ ❝❛*❛((❡*✐3(✐❝❤❡ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛*✐✳
■❧ 3❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ ✐♥(*♦❞✉❝❡ ✐♥✐③✐❛❧♠❡♥(❡ ❧❛ (❡♦*✐❛ ❞❡❧❧♦ 3(*❛(♦ ❞✐ ❉❡❜②❡ ♣❡* ♣♦✐ ❞❡❞✐❝❛*3✐
❛❧❧❛ (❡♦*✐❛ ❝❤❡ 3(❛ ❛❧❧❛ ❜❛3❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ 3♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐* ♥❡❧ ❝❛3♦ ❝❤❡ 3✐❛ ✐♠♠❡*3❛ ✐♥ ✉♥ ♣❧❛3♠❛
♥♦♥ ♠❛❣♥❡(✐③③❛(♦✱ ♠❛❣♥❡(✐③③❛(♦ ❡ ✐♥ ✉♥ ♣❧❛3♠❛ ✐♥ ❘❋✳ ❱✐❡♥❡ ♣♦✐ ❞❡3❝*✐((❛ ✐♥ ❞❡((❛❣❧✐♦ ❧❛
*❡❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ 3♦♥❞❛ ✉3❛(❛ ♣❡* =✉❡3(♦ ❧❛✈♦*♦ 3✉❧❧❛ ❜❛3❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ 3✉❞❞❡((❛ (❡♦*✐❛✳
■❧ (❡*③♦ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ ❞❡3❝*✐✈❡ ✐♥ ❞❡((❛❣❧✐♦ ❧❡ 3♦*❣❡♥(✐ ❘❋ ❛❞ ❛❧(❛ (❡♥3✐♦♥❡ ✐♠♣✐❡❣❛(❡✱ ❝❤❡ 3❢*✉((❛♥♦
❧❛ *✐3♦♥❛♥③❛ ❞✐ ❝✐*❝✉✐(✐ ▲❈✳ ❙♦♥♦ ✐❧❧✉3(*❛(✐ ❣❧✐ 3❝❤❡♠✐ ❡❧❡((*✐❝✐ ❡ ✐ *❛❣✐♦♥❛♠❡♥(✐ ✉3❛(✐ ♣❡* ♣♦(❡*
♦♣❡*❛*❡ ✐♥ ✉♥ ✐♥(❡*✈❛❧❧♦ ❞✐ ❢*❡=✉❡♥③❡ ❝❤❡ ✈❛♥♥♦ ❞❛✐ 400 ❍③ ❛✐ 15 ▼❍③ ✜♥♦ ❛ (❡♥3✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ 2
❦❱♣♣✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❛*(❡ ❛❧❧❛ (❡♦*✐❛ ❞❡✐ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣✐ ✜3✐❝✐ ❝❤❡ 3(❛♥♥♦ ❞✐❡(*♦ ❛❧❧❛ ❜❛3❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣*♦✲
❣❡((❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✐♥❞✉((♦*✐ ♣❡* ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ❛ ❢*❡=✉❡♥③❡ ❞❡❧❧✬♦*❞✐♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❞❡❝✐♥❡ ❞✐ ▼❍③✳ ■♥♦❧(*❡
✉♥❛ ♣❛*(❡ : *✐3❡*✈❛(❛ ❛✐ (❡3( ❡3❡❣✉✐(✐ ♣❡* ♦((✐♠✐③③❛*❡ ❧❡ ♣*❡3(❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❣❧✐ ✐♥❞✉((♦*✐✳
■❧ =✉❛*(♦ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ ✐❧❧✉3(*❛ ❝♦♠❡ 3♦♥♦ 3(❛(✐ ❛❝=✉✐3✐(✐ ✐ ❞❛(✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❞✐✈❡*3❡ ❝❛♠♣❛❣♥❡ ❞✐ ♣*❡3❡ ❞❛(✐✱
✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❝❤❡ ❧✬❛♥❛❧✐3✐ ❞❡✐ ❞❛(✐ ✐♠♣✐❡❣❛(❛ ♣❡* ♦((❡♥❡*❡ ❧❡ =✉❛♥(✐(1 ❞❡*✐✈❛(❡ 3♦♣*❛ ❡❧❡♥❝❛(❡
❡ ❢♦*♥❡♥❞♦ ✐♥♦❧(*❡ ❣❧✐ ✐♥(❡*✈❛❧❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✈❛*✐❛❜✐❧✐ ❡3♣❧♦*❛(✐ ❞✉*❛♥(❡ ❧❡ ♠✐3✉*❡✳
◆❡❧ =✉✐♥(♦ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ 3♦♥♦ ♠♦3(*❛(✐ ❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥(❛(✐ ✐ *✐3✉❧(❛(✐ ♦((❡♥✉(✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❞✐✈❡*3❡ ❛❝=✉✐3✐③✐♦♥✐✱
♠❡♥(*❡ ♥❡❧ 3❡3(♦ ❝❛♣✐(♦❧♦ 3♦♥♦ *✐♣♦*(❛(❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉3✐♦♥✐ ❝♦♠♣❧❡33✐✈❡ 3✉❧ ❧❛✈♦*♦ 3✈♦❧(♦✱ ✐ *✐3✉❧(❛(✐
♦((❡♥✉(✐ ❡ ✐ ♣♦33✐❜✐❧✐ 3✈✐❧✉♣♣✐ ❢✉(✉*✐✳
✐✈
■♥❞✐❝❡
■♥"#♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡ ✐✐✐
❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✜❣✉#❡ ✐①
❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ "❛❜❡❧❧❡ ①✐✐✐
2#❡❢❛③✐♦♥❡ ①✈
✶ ❆♣♣❛#❛"♦ 8♣❡#✐♠❡♥"❛❧❡ ✶
✶✳✶ ❆❧❧✬✐♥'❡)♥♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛♠❡)❛ ❞❛ ✈✉♦'♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✶✳✶ ▲✬❡❧❡'')♦❞♦ ❝❡♥')❛❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✶✳✷ ❈❛❜❧❛❣❣✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✷ ❆❧❧✬❡7'❡)♥♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛♠❡)❛ ❞❛ ✈✉♦'♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✷✳✶ ❋♦'♦❞✐♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✶✳✷✳✷ ❙')✉♠❡♥'❛③✐♦♥❡ ✉'✐❧✐③③❛'❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ❚❡♦#✐❛ ❞❡❧❧♦ 8"#❛"♦ ❞✐ ❉❡❜②❡ ❡ ❙♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐# ✶✶
✷✳✶ ❋✐7✐❝❛ ❞❡❧❧♦ 7')❛'♦ ❞✐ ❉❡❜②❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✷ ❚❡♦)✐❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ 7♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐) ♣❡) ✉♥ ♣❧❛7♠❛ ♥♦♥ ♠❛❣♥❡'✐③③❛'♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✷✳✸ ❚❡♦)✐❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ 7♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐) ♣❡) ✉♥ ♣❧❛7♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡'✐③③❛'♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✈
■◆❉■❈❊
✷✳✹ ❚❡♦&✐❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐& ❛✉1♦✲❝♦♠♣❡♥+❛1❛ ✐♠♠❡&+❛ ✐♥ ✉♥ ♣❧❛+♠❛ ✐♥ ❘❋ ✷✷
✷✳✹✳✶ ❈♦+1&✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐& ♣✐❛♥❛ ❛✉1♦✲❝♦♠♣❡♥+❛1❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✺ ❆❝=✉✐+✐③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸ ❙♦#❣❡♥'✐ ✐♥ #❛❞✐♦❢#❡,✉❡♥③❛ ✷✾
✸✳✶ ✹✵✵ ❍③✲✹ ❦❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳✷ ✷✵ ❦❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✸ ❚❡♦&✐❛ ♣❡& ✐♥❞✉11♦&✐ ❛❞ ❛❧1❡ ❢&❡=✉❡♥③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✸✳✶ C❡&❞✐1❡ ♥❡✐ ♥✉❝❧❡✐ ❛❞ ❛❧1❡ ❢&❡=✉❡♥③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✸✳✷ C❡&❞✐1❡ ♥❡✐ ❝♦♥❞✉11♦&✐ ❛❞ ❛❧1❡ ❢&❡=✉❡♥③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✸✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❧♦ ❞✐ ❉♦✇❡❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✸✳✹ C&❡+1❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡✐ ❝❛✈✐ ♣❡& ✐♥❞✉11♦&✐ ❛❞ ❛❧1❡ ❢&❡=✉❡♥③❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✸✳✹ 1 ▼❍③✲15 ▼❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✺ ❉❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹ ▼✐3✉#❡ 3♣❡#✐♠❡♥'❛❧✐ ❡ ❆♥❛❧✐3✐ ❞❛'✐ ✹✸
✹✳✵✳✶ ▼✐+✉&❡ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡& ✉♥ ♣❧❛+♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡1✐③③❛1♦ ✐♥ ❘❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✵✳✷ ▼✐+✉&❡ ❞✐ 1&❛♥+✐❡♥1✐ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ❡ ❞✐+✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♣❧❛+♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡1✐③③❛1♦
✐♥ &❛❞✐♦❢&❡=✉❡♥③❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹✳✶ ▼✐+✉&❡ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡1✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥1❡ β ♣❡& ❧❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐1K ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥1❡&♣&❡✲
1❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝✉&✈❡ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✷ ❆♥❛❧✐+✐ ❞❡✐ ❞❛1✐ &❛❝❝♦❧1✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✷✳✶ ▼✐+✉&❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝♦&&❡♥1❡ ✐♦♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ +❛1✉&❛③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✷✳✷ ▼✐+✉&❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ 1❡♠♣❡&❛1✉&❛ ❡❧❡11&♦♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✷✳✸ ❋✐&❡❜❛❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✷✳✹ ▼✐+✉&❡ ❞❡❧ ♣♦1❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ♣❧❛+♠❛ ❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞❡♥+✐1K ✐♦♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✈✐
■◆❉■❈❊
✹✳✷✳✺ ▼✐&✉(❡ ❞✐ ❢(❡,✉❡♥③❛ ❝♦❧❧✐&✐♦♥❛❧❡ 3(❛ ❡❧❡33(♦♥✐ ❡ ❛3♦♠✐ ♥❡✉3(✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺ ❘✐#✉❧&❛&✐ #♣❡*✐♠❡♥&❛❧✐ ❡ ❞✐#❝✉##✐♦♥❡ ✺✾
✺✳✶ ❈✉(✈❡ ❞✐ 9❛&❝❤❡♥ ❞✐ ♣❧❛&♠✐ ♠❛❣♥❡3✐③③❛3✐ ✐♥ (❛❞✐♦❢(❡,✉❡♥③❛ ♣❡( ❞✐✈❡(&✐ ❣❛& ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷ ❈♦♥❢(♦♥3♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝✉(✈❡ ❞✐ 9❛&❝❤❡♥ 3(❛ ✉♥ ♣❧❛&♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡3✐③③❛3♦ ❡ ♥♦♥ ♠❛❣♥❡✲
3✐③③❛3♦ ✐♥ ❘❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺✳✸ ❚(❛♥&✐❡♥3✐ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡&❝♦ ❡ ❞✐&✐♥♥❡&❝♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♣❧❛&♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡3✐③③❛3♦ ✐♥ ❘❋ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✻✹
✺✳✹ ❆♥❞❛♠❡♥3♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡3✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❡ &❡♥③❛ ❝✐❧✐♥❞(♦ ❞✬❛❝❝✐❛✐♦✱ ❞❡❧ ❝♦❡✣✲
❝✐❡♥3❡ β ♣❡( ❧❛ ✈❛❧✐❞✐3G ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥3❡(♣(❡3❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝✉(✈❡ (✐❝❛✈❛3❡ ❞❛❧❧❛ &♦♥❞❛ ❞✐
▲❛♥❣♠✉✐( ❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❢(❡,✉❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ❣✐(❛③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺✳✺ ❘✐&✉❧3❛3✐ ♦33❡♥✉3✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ &♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐( ♣❡( ✉♥ ♣❧❛&♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡3✐③③❛3♦ ✐♥
❘❋ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✺✳✶ ❈✉(✈❡ ❞✐ ❚❡✱ ❱♣ ❡ ♥✐ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦&✐③✐♦♥❡ (❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡(&❡
♣♦3❡♥③❡ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✺✳✷ ❈✉(✈❡ ❞✐ ❚❡✱ ❱♣✱ ♥✐ ❡ ν❡✲♥ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣(❡&&✐♦♥❡ ❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦&✐③✐♦♥❡
(❛❞✐❛❧❡ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺✳✺✳✸ ❈✉(✈❡ ❞✐ ❚❡✱ ❱♣ ❡ ♥✐ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦&✐③✐♦♥❡ (❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡(&❡
❢(❡,✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛(✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✺✳✹ ❈✉(✈❡ ❞✐ ❚❡✱ ❱♣ ❡ ♥✐ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣(❡&&✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡(&❡ ❢(❡,✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐
♣♦❧❛(✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❡ ♣♦3❡♥③❛ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✺✳✺✳✺ ❈✉(✈❡ ❞✐ ❚❡✱ ❱♣✱ ♥✐❡ ν❡✲♥ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦3❡♥③❛ ❛ ❞✐✈❡(&❡ ❢(❡,✉❡♥③❡
❞✐ ♣♦❧❛(✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❡ ♣(❡&&✐♦♥✐ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✺✳✺✳✻ ❈♦♥❢(♦♥3♦ ❞✐ ❚❡✱ ❱♣ ❡ ♥✐ ♥❡❧ ❝❛&♦ &✐❛ ♦ ♥♦♥ &✐❛ ♣(❡&❡♥3❡ ✐❧ ❝✐❧✐♥❞(♦
❞✬❛❝❝✐❛✐♦ ✐♥ ❛(❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉#✐♦♥✐ ✽✸
❆ ❆♣♣❡♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✽✺
❆✳✶ ▼❡3♦❞✐ ❞✐ ♠✐&✉(❛ ❡ ❜❛((❡ ❞✐ ❡((♦(❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
❆✳✶✳✶ ▼✐&✉(❡ ❞✐ 3❡♥&✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✈✐✐
■◆❉■❈❊
❆✳✶✳✷ ▼✐&✉(❡ ❞✐ (❡&✐&+❡♥③❛ ♦❤♠✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
❆✳✶✳✸ ▼✐&✉(❡ ❞✐ ♣♦+❡♥③❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
❆✳✶✳✹ ▼✐&✉(❡ ❞✐ ♣(❡&&✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
❆✳✶✳✺ ▼✐&✉(❡ ❞✐ ♣♦&✐③✐♦♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
❆✳✷ ■♥❝❡(+❡③③❡ &✉✐ ♣❛(❛♠❡+(✐ ❞✐ ♣❧❛&♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣&❛✜❛ ✾✶
✈✐✐✐
❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ✜❣✉*❡
✶ ❚❡♠♣❡%❛'✉%❛ ❡ ❞❡♥+✐'- ❞✐ ♣❧❛+♠✐ ✐♥ ♥❛'✉%❛ ❡ ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦%❛'♦%✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✈
✷ 5♦'❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡%♦ ❛'♦♠✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✈✐
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉%❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥'❡%♥❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛♠❡%❛ ❞❛ ✈✉♦'♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉%❛③✐♦♥❡ ❣❡♦♠❡'%✐❝❛ ❞❡✐ ♠❛❣♥❡'✐ ✐♠♣✐❧❛'✐ ❡ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❧✐♥❡❡ ❞✐ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✸ ■♠♠❛❣✐♥✐ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛+♠❛ ✐♥ ❛%❣♦♥ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✹ ■♥♥❡+❝♦ ❞✐ ♣❧❛+♠❛ +✉❧❧❛ ✢❛♥❣✐❛ ❝❤❡ ♣♦%'❛ ✐❧ +❡❣♥❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ +♦%❣❡♥'❡ ❘❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✺ ❈❛♠❡%❛ ❞❛ ✈✉♦'♦✱ ✈✐+'❛ ❡+'❡%♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✻ ❙'%✉''✉%❛ ♣❡% ✐❧ +✉♣♣♦%'♦ ❞❡❧ ❢♦'♦❞✐♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥+✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧♦ +'%❛'♦ ❞✐ ❉❡❜②❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✷ ❈✉%✈❛ ❝❛%❛''❡%✐+✐'✐❝❛ I(V ) ❞✐ ✉♥❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐%✱ ✐♠♠❡%+❛ ✐♥ ✉♥ ♣❧❛+♠❛
♥♦♥ ♠❛❣♥❡'✐③③❛'♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷✳✸ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❡❧❡''%✐❝♦ ❡K✉✐✈❛❧❡♥'❡ ❞❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐% ❛✉'♦✲❝♦♠♣❡♥+❛'❛
❛❞♦''❛'♦ ✐♥ K✉❡+'♦ ❧❛✈♦%♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✹ ❙'%✉''✉%❛ ✐♥'❡%♥❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✺ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝✐%❝✉✐'❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ +✐+'❡♠❛ ❞✐ ❛❝K✉✐+✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞❛'✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ +♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐% ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝✐%❝✉✐'❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❧✐♠❡♥'❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛+♠❛✱ ❧❛✈♦%❛♥❞♦ ❛ 400 ❍③−4 ❦❍③ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳✷ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝✐%❝✉✐'❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛❧✐♠❡♥'❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛+♠❛✱ ❧❛✈♦%❛♥❞♦ ❛ 20 ❦❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✐①
❊▲❊◆❈❖ ❉❊▲▲❊ ❋■●❯❘❊
✸✳✸ ❊✛❡%%✐ '✉❧❧❛ ❞✐'%,✐❜✉③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞❡♥'✐%1 ❞✐ ❝♦,,❡♥%❡ ✐♥ ✉♥ ❝❛✈♦ ❝♦♥❞✉%%♦,❡ ♣❡,
✐♥%❡,❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ✐ ❝❛♠♣✐ ♠❛❣♥❡%✐❝✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✹ 9❛,❛♠❡%,✐ ❣❡♦♠❡%,✐❝✐ ❞✐ ✉♥ ✐♥❞✉%%♦,❡ ❛ '✐♠♠❡%,✐❛ ❝✐❧✐♥❞,✐❝❛ ♠✉❧%✐'%,❛%♦ ✈✐'%♦
✐♥ '❡③✐♦♥❡ ❛''✐❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✺ ❆♥❞❛♠❡♥%♦ ❞❡❧ ,❛♣♣♦,%♦ ❞❡✐ ❝♦♥%,✐❜✉%✐ ❞✐ RAC ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ A ∝ √
f ♣❡, ✉♥
✐♥❞✉%%♦,❡ ♠✉❧%✐'%,❛%♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸✳✻ ❆❧❝✉♥✐ ❡'❡♠♣✐ ❞✐ ✐♥❞✉%%♦,✐ ,❡❛❧✐③③❛%✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✸✳✼ ❙❝❛♥'✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❢,❡@✉❡♥③❛ ❛ ♣♦%❡♥③❛ ❝♦'%❛♥%❡ ♣❡, %,❡ %✐♣✐ ❞✐ ❝❛✈♦ ❛ ♣❛,✐%1 ❞❡❣❧✐
❛❧%,✐ ♣❛,❛♠❡%,✐ ❣❡♦♠❡%,✐❝✐✱ ♥❡❧ ❝❛'♦ ❛ 9 ❡ 14 '♣✐,❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✽ ❙❝❛♥'✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ♣♦%❡♥③❛ ❛❧❧❛ ❢,❡@✉❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ,✐'♦♥❛♥③❛ ❞❛%❛ ❞❛❧❧❛ ✜❣✉,❛ ✸✳✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✾ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝✐,❝✉✐%❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛♣♣❛,❛%♦ '♣❡,✐♠❡♥%❛❧❡ %,❛ 1 ❡ 15 ▼❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✶✵ ❈♦♠❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛ ❢,❡@✉❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ,✐'♦♥❛♥③❛ ♣❡, ✉♥ ✐♥❞✉%%♦,❡ ❞❛ 16 '♣✐,❡ ❛❣✲
❣✐✉♥❣❡♥❞♦ ❧❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐%1 ♣❛,❛''✐%❡ ❞❡❧ '✐'%❡♠❛ ❛ ♣❛,✐%1 ❞✐ ♣♦%❡♥③❛ ❢♦,♥✐%❛ ❛ 10
❲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✶✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝✐,❝✉✐%❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❛♣♣❛,❛%♦ '♣❡,✐♠❡♥%❛❧❡ ❧❛✈♦,❛♥❞♦ ✐♥ ❝♦,,❡♥%❡ ❝♦♥%✐♥✉❛ ❉❈ ✹✷
✹✳✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛ ❝✐,❝✉✐%❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ '✐'%❡♠❛ ❞✐ ❛❝@✉✐'✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞❛%✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ '♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐, ❡
✐❧ ❢♦%♦❞✐♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✷ 9❛,%❡ ✐♦♥✐❝❛ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ❝✉,✈❛ ❝❛,❛%%❡,✐'%✐❝❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ '♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐,✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✸ ❘❛♣♣,❡'❡♥%❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ '❝❛❧❛ '❡♠✐✲❧♦❣❛,✐%♠✐❝❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ Ie ♥❡❧ ❝❛'♦ ❞♦✈❡ ❛♣♣❛✐♦♥♦
❞✉❡ ♣♦♣♦❧❛③✐♦♥✐ ❡❧❡%%,♦♥✐❝❤❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡,'❡ %❡♠♣❡,❛%✉,❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✹ ❈✉,✈❛ ❝❛,❛%%❡,✐'%✐❝❛ ■✲❱ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ %✐♣✐❝❛ ✜,❡❜❛❧❧ ❞✉,❛♥%❡ ❧❡ ❛❝@✉✐'✐③✐♦♥✐ ❝♦♥ ❧❛
'♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐,✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✺ ▲✬✐♠♠❛❣✐♥❡ ♠♦'%,❛ ❧❛ ❢♦,♠❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ '❡❝♦♥❞♦ ♣❧❛'♠❛ '✉❧❧❛ '♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣✲
♠✉✐, ❝❤❡ ❝♦'%✐%✉✐'❝❡ ❧❛ ✜,❡❜❛❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✻ ❚❛''♦ ❞✐ ❝♦❧❧✐'✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❡❧❡%%,♦♥✐ ❝♦♥ ❛%♦♠✐ ♥❡✉%,✐ ❞✐ ❛,❣♦♥ ❛ '❡❝♦♥❞❛ ❞❡❧ %✐♣♦
❞✐ ✉,%♦ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ %❡♠♣❡,❛%✉,❛ ❡❧❡%%,♦♥✐❝❛❬✶✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✶ ❈✉,✈❡ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡'❝♦ ♣❡, ❧✬❛,❣♦♥ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣,❡''✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡,'❡ ❢,❡@✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐
♣♦❧❛,✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
①
❊▲❊◆❈❖ ❉❊▲▲❊ ❋■●❯❘❊
✺✳✷ ❈✉%✈❡ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ❧✬❛③♦3♦ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣%❡++✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ❢%❡5✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐
♣♦❧❛%✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✸ ❈✉%✈❡ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ❧✬❡❧✐♦ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣%❡++✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ❢%❡5✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐
♣♦❧❛%✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✹ ❈✉%✈❡ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ✐❧ ♥❡♦♥ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣%❡++✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ❢%❡5✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐
♣♦❧❛%✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✺ V ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ✐♥ ❛%❣♦♥ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣%❡++✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ +❡♥③❛ ♠❛❣♥❡3❡ ❛ 1.3
▼❍③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺✳✻ V ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ✐♥ ❛%❣♦♥ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣%❡++✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ +❡♥③❛ ♠❛❣♥❡3❡ ❛ 4 ▼❍③✳ ✻✸
✺✳✼ V ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ✐♥ ❛%❣♦♥ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣%❡++✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ +❡♥③❛ ♠❛❣♥❡3❡ ❛ 9.5
▼❍③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✽ ❚%❛♥+✐❡♥3❡ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ❧❛ ❧✉♠✐♥♦+✐3B ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ 3❡♠♣♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ♣♦3❡♥③❡✳ ✻✺
✺✳✾ ❚%❛♥+✐❡♥3❡ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ❧❛ ❝♦%%❡♥3❡ ❡❧❡33%♦♥✐❝❛ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ 3❡♠♣♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡
♣♦3❡♥③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✶✵ ❚%❛♥+✐❡♥3❡ ❞✐ ❞✐+✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ❧❛ ❧✉♠✐♥♦+✐3B ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ 3❡♠♣♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡
♣♦3❡♥③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✶✶ ❚%❛♥+✐❡♥3❡ ❞✐ ❞✐+✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ❧❛ ❝♦%%❡♥3❡ ❡❧❡33%♦♥✐❝❛ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ 3❡♠♣♦ ❛
❞✐✈❡%+❡ ♣♦3❡♥③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✶✷ ❚%❛♥+✐❡♥3❡ ❞✐ ❞✐+✐♥♥❡+❝♦ ♣❡% ❧❛ ❧✉♠✐♥♦+✐3B ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ 3❡♠♣♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡
♣%❡++✐♦♥✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✶✸ ❈❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡3✐❝♦ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐+3❛♥③❛ %❛❞✐❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺✳✶✹ ❈♦❡✣❝✐❡♥3❡ β ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐+3❛♥③❛ %❛❞✐❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✺✳✶✺ ❋%❡5✉❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ❣✐%❛③✐♦♥❡ fciclo ♣❡% ❣❧✐ ❡❧❡33%♦♥✐ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐+3❛♥③❛ %❛❞✐❛❧❡✳ ✻✾
✺✳✶✻ Te ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐+3❛♥③❛ %❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ♣♦3❡♥③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✶✼ VP ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐+3❛♥③❛ %❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ♣♦3❡♥③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✺✳✶✽ ni ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐+3❛♥③❛ %❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ♣♦3❡♥③❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✺✳✶✾ Te ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣%❡++✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡%+❡ ❞✐+3❛♥③❡ %❛❞✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
①✐
❊▲❊◆❈❖ ❉❊▲▲❊ ❋■●❯❘❊
✺✳✷✵ VP ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣/❡00✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ❞✐02❛♥③❡ /❛❞✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺✳✷✶ ni ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣/❡00✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ❞✐02❛♥③❡ /❛❞✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✷✷ νe−n ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣/❡00✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ❞✐02❛♥③❡ /❛❞✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✷✸ Te ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐02❛♥③❛ /❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✷✹ VP ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐02❛♥③❛ /❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺✳✷✺ ni ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❞✐02❛♥③❛ /❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺✳✷✻ Te ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣/❡00✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ♣♦2❡♥③❡ ❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✼✼
✺✳✷✼ VP ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣/❡00✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ♣♦2❡♥③❡ ❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✼✽
✺✳✷✽ ni ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣/❡00✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ♣♦2❡♥③❡ ❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✼✽
✺✳✷✾ Te ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦2❡♥③❛ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ♣/❡00✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✼✾
✺✳✸✵ VP ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦2❡♥③❛ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ♣/❡00✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✽✵
✺✳✸✶ ni ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦2❡♥③❛ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ♣/❡00✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✽✵
✺✳✸✷ νe−n ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦2❡♥③❛ ❛ ❞✐✈❡/0❡ ♣/❡00✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❢/❡7✉❡♥③❡ ❞✐ ♣♦❧❛/✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳ ✽✶
✺✳✸✸ Te ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦0✐③✐♦♥❡ /❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ 0❡♥③❛ ♠❛❣♥❡2❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✺✳✸✹ VP ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦0✐③✐♦♥❡ /❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ 0❡♥③❛ ♠❛❣♥❡2❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✺✳✸✺ ni ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣♦0✐③✐♦♥❡ /❛❞✐❛❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ 0❡♥③❛ ♠❛❣♥❡2❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
①✐✐
❊❧❡♥❝♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ '❛❜❡❧❧❡
✷✳✶ #❛%❛♠❡(%✐ ❝♦,(%✉((✐✈✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ,♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐% ❛✉(♦✲❝♦♠♣❡♥,❛(❛ %❡❛❧✐③③❛(❛ ✐♥
7✉❡,(♦ ❧❛✈♦%♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✶ ❘❡,✐,(❡♥③❛ ♣❡% ✉♥ ❝❛✈♦ ✐♥ %❛♠❡ ❞✐ ❞✐❛♠❡(%♦ 1 ♠♠ ❛ 20◦❈ ♣❡% ❞✐✈❡%,❡ ❢%❡7✉❡♥③❡
❞✐ ❧❛✈♦%♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✷ ❙(✐♠❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐(> ♣❛%❛,,✐(❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸✳✸ ■♥❞✉((♦%✐ %❡❛❧✐③③❛(✐ ❝♦♠❡ ✐♥ ,❡③✳ ✸✳✸✳✹✱ %✐♣♦%(❛♥❞♦ fris ❡ Vppmax ♠✐,✉%❛(❡ ❝♦♥
❧❛ ,❝❛(♦❧❛ ❘❋■ ❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝❛♠❡%❛ ❞❛ ✈✉♦(♦ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❛(❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✶ ■♥(❡%✈❛❧❧✐ ❡,♣❧♦%❛(✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❝✉%✈❡ ❞✐ #❛,❝❤❡♥ ♣❡% ❧✬❛%❣♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✷ ■♥(❡%✈❛❧❧✐ ❡,♣❧♦%❛(✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❝✉%✈❡ ❞✐ #❛,❝❤❡♥ ♣❡% ❧✬❛③♦(♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✸ ■♥(❡%✈❛❧❧✐ ❡,♣❧♦%❛(✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❝✉%✈❡ ❞✐ #❛,❝❤❡♥ ♣❡% ❧✬❡❧✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✹ ■♥(❡%✈❛❧❧✐ ❡,♣❧♦%❛(✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❝✉%✈❡ ❞✐ #❛,❝❤❡♥ ♣❡% ✐❧ ♥❡♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✺ ■♥(❡%✈❛❧❧✐ ❡,♣❧♦%❛(✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❝✉%✈❡ ❞✐ #❛,❝❤❡♥ ♣❡% ❧✬❛%❣♦♥ ❝♦♥ ✐ ❞✐✈❡%,✐ (✐♣✐ ❞✐
❡❧❡((%♦❞✐ ❝❡♥(%❛❧✐ ✉(✐❧✐③③❛(✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹✳✻ ■♥(❡%✈❛❧❧✐ ❡,♣❧♦%❛(✐ ♣❡% ❧❡ ♠✐,✉%❡ ❞✐ (%❛♥,✐❡♥(✐ ❞✐ ✐♥♥❡,❝♦ ❡ ❞✐,✐♥♥❡,❝♦ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛,♠❛✳ ✹✽
✹✳✼ ❊✛❡((♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡(✐❝♦ Bk ,✉❧❧❛ ❞✐,(♦%,✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝✉%✈❛ ❝❛%❛((❡%✐,(✐❝❛
❞❡❧❧❛ ,♦♥❞❛ ❞✐ ▲❛♥❣♠✉✐% ♣❡% ❣❧✐ ❡❧❡((%♦♥✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✽ ❚❛❜❡❧❧❛ %✐❛,,✉♥(✐✈❛ ❞❡❧❧❡ ♠✐,✉%❡ ,✈♦❧(❡ ❞✐ Te✱ ni ❡ VP ✐♥ ❆%❣♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹✳✾ ■♥(❡%✈❛❧❧✐ ❡,♣❧♦%❛(✐ ♣❡% Te✱ ni✱ VP ✐♥ ❆%❣♦♥ ❝♦♥ ❡ ,❡♥③❛ ❝✐❧✐♥❞%♦ ❝❡♥(%❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
①✐✐✐
❊▲❊◆❈❖ ❉❊▲▲❊ ❚❆❇❊▲▲❊
✹✳✶✵ ■♥&❡(✈❛❧❧✐ ❡-♣❧♦(❛&✐ ♣❡( ❧❡ ♠✐-✉(❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❢(❡4✉❡♥③❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞✐ ❝♦❧❧✐-✐♦♥❡ ❢(❛ ❡❧❡&&(♦♥✐
❡ ❛&♦♠✐ ♥❡✉&(✐ ❞✐ ❆(❣♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
❆✳✶ ❈♦♥✈❡(-✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ✇❛&& ❞❡❧❧✬❡((♦(❡ ❛--♦❝✐❛&♦ ❛❧❧✬♦♣❡(❛&♦(❡ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥&❡(✲
✈❛❧❧♦ ❞✐ -❝❛❧❛ ✉-❛&♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
❆✳✷ A(❡❝✐-✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧♦ -&(✉♠❡♥&♦ -✉❧❧❡ ♠✐-✉(❡ ❞✐ ♣♦&❡♥③❛ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✐♥&❡(✈❛❧❧♦
✉-❛&♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
❆✳✸ ▼✐♥✐♠❛ ✈❛(✐❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧✬✉❧&✐♠❛ ❝✐❢(❛ -✐❣♥✐✜❝❛&✐✈❛ ♣❡( ❧❡ ❧❡&&✉(❡ ❞✐ ♣(❡--✐♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✽✽
❆✳✹ ❈❛❧✐❜(❛③✐♦♥✐ ♦&&❡♥✉&❡ ♣❡( ❧❛ ♣♦-✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ -♦♥❞❛ ❛ ❞✐✈❡(-❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉(❛③✐♦♥❡
❞❡❧❧✬❡❧❡&&(♦❞♦ ❝❡♥&(❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
①✐✈
!❡❢❛③✐♦♥❡
❙✐ ❞❡✜♥✐&❝❡ ♣❧❛&♠❛ ✉♥ ❣❛& ❝❤❡ &✐❛ /♦/❛❧♠❡♥/❡ ♦ ♣❛1③✐❛❧♠❡♥/❡ ✐♦♥✐③③❛/♦ ✱ ❡ ❝❤❡ ❛❜❜✐❛ ❞❡♥&✐/5
&✉✣❝✐❡♥/❡ ♣❡1 ❞❛1 ❧✉♦❣♦ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥✐ ❞✐ /✐♣♦ ❝♦❧❧❡//✐✈♦✳ ▲♦ &/❛/♦ ❞✐ ♣❧❛&♠❛✱ ❝❤❡ ♣✉; ❡&&❡1❡
❝♦♥&✐❞❡1❛/♦ ✐❧ <✉❛1/♦ &/❛/♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♠❛/❡1✐❛✱ = 1❡❧❛/✐✈❛♠❡♥/❡ ♣♦❝♦ ❢1❡<✉❡♥/❡ &✉❧❧❛ ❚❡11❛ ✭❢❛♥♥♦
❡❝❝❡③✐♦♥❡ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥✐ <✉❛❧✐ ❧❡ ✜❛♠♠❡✱ ❢✉❧♠✐♥✐ ❡ ❛✉1♦1❡ ❜♦1❡❛❧✐✮✱ ♠❛ = <✉❡❧❧♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥/❡ ♥❡❧❧✬✉✲
♥✐✈❡1&♦✳ ■♥ ❡✛❡//✐✱ ❧❛ ♠❛/❡1✐❛ &✐ /1♦✈❛ ♥❡❧❧♦ &/❛/♦ ❞✐ ♣❧❛&♠❛ ✐♥ ✉♥ ✐♥/❡1✈❛❧❧♦ ❡&/1❡♠❛♠❡♥/❡
✈❛&/♦ ❞✐ ❝♦♥❞✐③✐♦♥✐ ❞✐ ❞❡♥&✐/5 ❡ /❡♠♣❡1❛/✉1❛ ❝♦♠❡ &✐ ♣✉; ♦&&❡1✈❛1❡ ✐♥ ✜❣✉1❛ ✶✳
❋✐❣✉1❛ ✶✿ ❚❡♠♣❡1❛/✉1❛ ❡ ❞❡♥&✐/5 ❞✐ ♣❧❛&♠✐ ✐♥ ♥❛/✉1❛ ❡ ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦1❛/♦1✐♦
①✈
✵✳ "❘❊❋❆❩■❖◆❊
▲❡ "❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❜❛+❛"❡ +✉❧❧✬✉"✐❧✐③③♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♣❧❛+♠❛ "2♦✈❛♥♦ ♠♦❧"❡♣❧✐❝✐ ❛♠❜✐"✐ ❞✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡✳
●2❛③✐❡ ❛❧❧❛ ♣♦++✐❜✐❧✐"6 ❞✐ ❛❝❝❡❧❡2❛2❡ ❣❧✐ ✐♦♥✐✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥"❡ ❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ♠♦❞❡+"❡ ❞✐✛❡2❡♥③❡ ❞✐
♣♦"❡♥③✐❛❧❡✱ ❛❞ ❡♥❡2❣✐❡ ♥♦♥ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥"❡ 2❛❣❣✐✉♥❣✐❜✐❧✐ ❛""2❛✈❡2+♦ ✐❧ +❡♠♣❧✐❝❡ 2✐+❝❛❧❞❛♠❡♥"♦ ❞✐ ✉♥
❣❛+ ♥❡✉"2♦✱ ❡ ❧❛ ♣♦++✐❜✐❧✐"6 ❞✐ ✐♠♣❛2"✐2❡ :✉❡+"❛ ❡♥❡2❣✐❛ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✐❡2❛ ❞✐2❡③✐♦♥❛❧❡✱ ✐ ♣❧❛+♠✐ 2✐+✉❧✲
"❛♥♦ ♣❛2"✐❝♦❧❛2♠❡♥"❡ ❛❞❛""✐ ♣❡2 ✐❧ "2❛""❛♠❡♥"♦ ❞❡✐ ♠❛"❡2✐❛❧✐✳ ❚2❛ ❧❡ ♣2✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✐ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐
♠❡♥③✐♦♥✐❛♠♦ ❧✬❡2♦+✐♦♥❡ ✭+♣✉""❡2✐♥❣✮ ❞✐ ❛"♦♠✐ ❞✐ ✉♥ ♠❛"❡2✐❛❧❡ ❡ ❧❛ +✉❝❝❡++✐✈❛ 2✐❞❡♣♦+✐③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐
❡++✐ +✉ ❞✐ ✉♥ +✉❜+"2❛"♦✱ ❝❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥♦ ❧❡ ♣2♦♣2✐❡"6 ❞❡❧❧❡ +✉♣❡2✜❝✐✳ ◆❡❧❧✬✐♥❞✉+"2✐❛ ♠✐❝2♦❡❧❡"✲
"2♦♥✐❝❛ B ♠♦❧"♦ ✉+❛"♦ ❧♦ +❝❛✈♦ ✭❡"❝❤✐♥❣✮ ❞✐ "2✐♥❝❡❡ ❞✐ ❣2❛♥❞❡③③❛ ♠✐❝2♦♠❡"2✐❝❛ ❡ ❢♦2♠❛ ♠♦❧"♦
2❡❣♦❧❛2❡✳ ■ ♣❧❛+♠✐ ❤❛♥♥♦ ✉"✐❧✐"6 ❛♥❝❤❡ ❞❛❧ ♣✉♥"♦ ❞✐ ✈✐+"❛ ❝❤✐♠✐❝♦✱ ✐♥ :✉❛♥"♦ +✐ "2♦✈❛♥♦ ✐♥
✉♥♦ +"❛"♦ ❞✐ ♥♦♥ ❡:✉✐❧✐❜2✐♦ ❝❤❡ ❢❛✈♦2✐+❝❡ 2❛③✐♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ +❛2❡❜❜❡2♦ ❛❧"2✐♠❡♥"✐ ❞✐✣❝✐❧✐ ❞❛ ♦""❡♥❡2❡✳
❆❧"2❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❛ ♠❡♥③✐♦♥❛2❡ +♦♥♦ ❧✬✉+♦ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛+♠❛ ✐♥ +♣❡❝✐❛❧✐ "✐♣✐ ❞✐ ❧❛♠♣❛❞❡✱ +❝❤❡2♠✐
❛❧ ♣❧❛+♠❛✱ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛③✐♦♥✐ ♥❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ +"❡2✐❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ♥❡❧ +❡""♦2❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❡❧✐♠✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ 2✐✜✉"✐
♣❡2✐❝♦❧♦+✐✱ ♥❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣2♦♣✉❧+✐♦♥❡ +♣❛③✐❛❧❡ ❡ ♥❡❣❧✐ ✉❧"✐♠✐ ❛♥♥✐ ♥❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❜✐♦♠❡❞✐❝♦✳
F❡2 ❝2❡❛2❡ ✉♥ ♣❧❛+♠❛ B ♥❡❝❡++❛2✐♦ ✉♥ ♠❡❝❝❛♥✐+♠♦ ❝❤❡ ♣❡2♠❡""❛ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛2❡ ✉♥❛ ❢2❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❡
♣❛2"✐❝❡❧❧❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❣❛+ ✐♥✐③✐❛❧♠❡♥"❡ ♥❡✉"2♦✳ ▲❛ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥+✐+"❡ +♦❧✐"❛♠❡♥"❡ ♥❡❧❧✬❛+♣♦2"❛2❡
✉♥ ❡❧❡""2♦♥❡ ❞❛❧❧✬❛"♦♠♦✱ ♦""❡♥❡♥❞♦ ✉♥ ✐♦♥❡ ♣♦+✐"✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ ❝❛2✐❝❛ +e✳ ❙♦❧♦ ✐♥ ♣❧❛+♠✐ ♠♦❧"♦
❝❛❧❞✐✱ ✐♥ ♣❛2"✐❝♦❧❛2❡ :✉❡❧❧✐ ❞✬✐♥"❡2❡++❡ ❢✉+✐♦♥✐+"✐❝♦✱ +✐ ♣♦++♦♥♦ ❛✈❡2❡ ❛"♦♠✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛"✐ ♣✐H ✈♦❧"❡✳
■❧ ♣♦"❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ♦✈✈❡2♦ ❧✬❡♥❡2❣✐❛ ♥❡❝❡++❛2✐❛ ♣❡2 ❧✬❡+"2❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❡❧❡""2♦♥❡ ❞❡❧
❣✉+❝✐♦ ♣✐H ❡+"❡2♥♦✱ B ♠♦+"2❛"♦ ✐♥ ✜❣✉2❛ ✷✳
❋✐❣✉2❛ ✷✿ F♦"❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♥✉♠❡2♦ ❛"♦♠✐❝♦✳
■ ♣2♦❝❡++✐ ❝❤❡ ♣♦++♦♥♦ ♣♦2"❛2❡ ❛❧❧❛ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❛"♦♠♦ +♦♥♦ ♠♦❧"❡♣❧✐❝✐✳ ■❧ ♠❡"♦❞♦ ❞✐
①✈✐
✵✳ "❘❊❋❆❩■❖◆❊
✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ♣✐' ✉)✐❧✐③③❛)♦ ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦,❛)♦,✐♦ - ♣❡, ❝♦❧❧✐/✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐✳ 1❡, ♦))❡♥❡,❡ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐
❝❤❡ /✐❛♥♦ ✐♥ ❣,❛❞♦ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛,❡ ❣❧✐ ❛)♦♠✐ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❣❛/✱ ♦✈✈❡,♦ ❝❤❡ ❛❜❜✐❛♥♦ ❡♥❡,❣✐❛ ❝✐♥❡)✐❝❛
/✉♣❡,✐♦,❡ ❛❧ ♣♦)❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡ ✭5 − 25 ❡❱✮✱ - ♥❡❝❡//❛,✐♦ ❛❝❝❡❧❡,❛,❧✐ ♣❡, ♠❡③③♦ ❞✐ ✉♥
❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡,❛❧❡✱ /✐ ♣♦//♦♥♦ ❛✈❡,❡ ✐ /❡❣✉❡♥)✐ ❝❛/✐✿
• ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ /)❛③✐♦♥❛,✐♦ ✭♦ ❧❡♥)❛♠❡♥)❡ ✈❛,✐❛❜✐❧❡✮❀
• ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ ❛ ,❛❞✐♦❢,❡?✉❡♥③❛ ✭1 − 100 ▼❍③✮❀
• ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ ❛//♦❝✐❛)♦ ❛ ♠✐❝,♦♦♥❞❡ ✭0.5 − 100 ●❍③✮❀
• ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ ❛//♦❝✐❛)♦ ❛ ,❛❞✐❛③✐♦♥❡ ✐♥❢,❛,♦//❛ ♦ ♥❡❧ ✈✐/✐❜✐❧❡✱ ❞♦✈❡ ✐❧ ❧✐♠✐)❡ /✉♣❡,✐♦,❡ -
♥❡❧❧✬✉❧),❛✈✐♦❧❡))♦✱ ❛❧❧❡ ❢,❡?✉❡♥③❡ ❞♦✈❡ ❧❛ ,❛❞✐❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞✐✈❡♥)❛ ✐♦♥✐③③❛♥)❡ ❡ ?✉✐♥❞✐ ❝❛♠❜✐❛
✐❧ ♣,♦❝❡//♦ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✳
▲❛ ♥✉♦✈❛ )✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞✐ /♦,❣❡♥)❡ ❞✐ ♣❧❛/♠❛ ❝❤❡ /✐ ✈✉♦❧❡ /)✉❞✐❛,❡ ✐♥♥❡/❝❛ ✐ ♣,♦❝❡//✐ ❞✐ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡
♣❡, ❝♦❧❧✐/✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐ ❛❝❝❡❧❡,❛)✐ ❞❛ ❝❛♠♣✐ ❡❧❡)),✐❝✐✱ ♠❡))❡♥❞♦ ✐♥/✐❡♠❡ ❧❡ ♣,♦♣,✐❡)E ❞✐
❝♦♥✜♥❛♠❡♥)♦ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛/♠❛ ♠❛❣♥❡),♦♥ ❞❡)❡,♠✐♥❛)❡ ❞❛❧❧❛ ♣,❡/❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡)✐❝♦
✭♥♦,♠❛❧♠❡♥)❡ ✉/❛)♦ ❛ )❡♥/✐♦♥❡ ❝♦♥)✐♥✉❛ ♦ ♣✉❧/❛)❛✮✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛)♦ ❛✐ ✈❛♥)❛❣❣✐ ❞❛)✐ ❞❛ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦
❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ ✐♥ ,❛❞✐♦❢,❡?✉❡♥③❛✳
▲❛ )❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ /❝❛,✐❝❛ ♠❛❣♥❡),♦♥ ❤❛ ,✐❝❡✈✉)♦ ♣❛,)✐❝♦❧❛,✐ ❛))❡♥③✐♦♥✐ ♥❡❧❧❛ ♣,♦♣✉❧/✐♦♥❡ /♣❛③✐❛❧❡
❛❞ ❡✛❡))♦ ❍❛❧❧✱ ❞✐/♣♦/✐)✐✈✐ ♠❛❣♥❡),♦♥ /♣✉))❡,✐♥❣✱ ❡❝❝✳
■❧ /✉♦ ♣,✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ❞✐ ❢✉♥③✐♦♥❛♠❡♥)♦ /✐ ♣✉H ✈❡❞❡,❡ ♥❡❧ ❝❛/♦ /❡♠♣❧✐❝❡ ❞✐ /❝❛,✐❝❛ ❝♦♥)✐♥✉❛ ♦ ♣✉❧/❛)❛✱
✉)✐❧✐③③❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ♠❛❣♥❡)❡ ♣❡,♠❛♥❡♥)❡ ❛ /✐♠♠❡),✐❛ ❝✐❧✐♥❞,✐❝❛ ♣♦❧❛,✐③③❛)♦ ♥❡❣❛)✐✈❛♠❡♥)❡✱ ❝❤❡
❢❛ ❞❛ ❝❛)♦❞♦ ❢,❡❞❞♦ ❡ ❧❡ ♣❛,❡)✐ ❝♦♥❞✉)),✐❝✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛♠❡,❛ ❞✐ ❝♦♥✜♥❛♠❡♥)♦ ❝♦♠❡ ❛♥♦❞♦✱ ❝♦♥
♣♦)❡♥③✐❛❧❡ ❞✐ ,✐❢❡,✐♠❡♥)♦ ❛ )❡,,❛✳ ▲✬✐♥♥❡/❝♦ ✐♥✐③✐❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ ♣❧❛/♠❛ /♦❧✐)❛♠❡♥)❡ ❛✈✈✐❡♥❡ ),❛♠✐)❡
✐❧ ,✐/❝❛❧❞❛♠❡♥)♦ ❞✐ ✉♥ /❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❝❛)♦❞♦ ✭✐♥ ❣❡♥❡,❡ ✉♥ ✜❧❛♠❡♥)♦ ✐♥ )✉♥❣/)❡♥♦✮ ❝❤❡ ❡♠❡))❡
❡❧❡)),♦♥✐ ♣❡, ❡♠✐//✐♦♥❡ )❡,♠♦✐♦♥✐❝❛✳ ●❧✐ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐ ❡♠❡//✐ /♦♥♦ ❛❝❝❡❧❡,❛)✐ ❞❛❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ ❡
❛))✐,❛)✐ ✈❡,/♦ ❧❡ ♣❛,❡)✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛♠❡,❛ ❡ ?✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝?✉✐/)❛♥♦ /✉✣❝✐❡♥)❡ ❡♥❡,❣✐❛ ❝✐♥❡)✐❝❛ ✐♦♥✐③③❛♥♦
♣❡, ❝♦❧❧✐/✐♦♥❡ ❣❧✐ ❛)♦♠✐ ♥❡✉),✐ ❞❡❧ ❣❛/✱ ♣,♦❞✉❝❡♥❞♦ ✉❧)❡,✐♦,✐ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐ ❝❤❡ ❝♦♥),✐❜✉✐/❝♦♥♦
❛❧❧❛ ✐♦♥✐③③❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ♠❡♥),❡ ❣❧✐ ✐♦♥✐ ✈❡♥❣♦♥♦ ❛❝❝❡❧❡,❛)✐ ✈❡,/♦ ✐❧ ♠❛❣♥❡)❡ ❝❤❡ ✐♠♣❛))❛♥❞♦ /✉❧❧❛
/✉♣❡,✜❝✐❡ ❡❞ ❡♠❡))♦♥♦ ♥✉♦✈✐ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐ ♣❡, ❡♠✐//✐♦♥❡ /❡❝♦♥❞❛,✐❛✳ ■❧ ♠♦)♦ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐✱ ✐♥
❛//❡♥③❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡)✐❝♦ - ❞❛)♦ ❞❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥),✐❜✉)♦ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ ❡
❞✐ ?✉❡❧❧♦ ❞♦✈✉)♦ ❛❣❧✐ ✉,)✐ ✭❡❧❡)),♦♥❡✲❡❧❡)),♦♥❡✱ ❡❧❡)),♦♥❡✲✐♦♥❡ ❡❞ ❡❧❡)),♦♥❡✲❛)♦♠♦ ♥❡✉),♦✮✳ ▲❛
✈❡❧♦❝✐)E ♠❡❞✐❛ ❝❤❡ ♥❡ ,✐/✉❧)❛ - ♣❛,❛❧❧❡❧❛ ❛❧❧❡ ❧✐♥❡❡ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦ ✭❝❤❡ /♦♥♦ ❝✐,❝❛ ,❛❞✐❛❧✐
♥❡❧ ♣✐❛♥♦ ❡?✉❛)♦,✐❛❧❡ ♥❡❧ ❝❛/♦ ❞✐ ❝❛♠❡,❛ ❡ ♠❛❣♥❡)❡ ❛ /✐♠♠❡),✐❛ ❝✐❧✐♥❞,✐❝❛✮✱ ✜♥♦ ❛❞ ❛♥♥✉❧❧❛,❡
❧❛ ❝❛,✐❝❛ ❡❧❡)),✐❝❛ ❛ ❝♦♥)❛))♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❡ ♣❛,❡)✐✳ ▲❛ ♣,❡/❡♥③❛ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥❡)✐❝♦ ❞✐♣♦❧❛,❡ ❝♦♠❡
?✉❡❧❧♦ ✉)✐❧✐③③❛)♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ ♣,❡/❡♥)❡ )❡/✐ ❝❤❡ ♥❡❧ ♣✐❛♥♦ ❡?✉❛)♦,✐❛❧❡ - ),❛/✈❡,/♦ ❛❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧❡)),✐❝♦✱
❝♦♥✜♥❛ ❣❧✐ ❡❧❡)),♦♥✐ ❡/❡,❝✐)❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❢♦,③❛ ✭❞✐ ▲♦,❡♥)③✮ /✉ ❞✐ ❡//✐ ❝❤❡ ♥♦♥ ❝♦♠♣✐❡ ❧❛✈♦,♦✱ ♠❛
❝❤❡ ♥❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ✐❧ ♠♦)♦ ♠❡❞✐♦✳ ▲❡ ♣❛,)✐❝❡❧❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❛♥♦ ✈❡,/♦ ❛❧❧❡ ♣❛,❡)✐ ♠❡♥),❡ /♣✐,❛❧❡❣❣✐❛♥♦
①✈✐✐
